Lines and Angles PDF

74 MATHEMATICS Chapter 5 Lines and Angles 5.1 INTRODUCTION You already know how to identify different lines, line segments and angles in a given shape. Can you identify the different...

74 MATHEMATICS Chapter 5 Lines and Angles 5.1 INTRODUCTION You already know how to identify different lines, line segments and angles in a given shape. Can you identify the different line segments and angles formed in the following figures? (Fig 5.1) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Fig 5.1 Can you also identify whether the angles made are acute or obtuse or right? Recall that a line segment has two end points. If we extend the two end points in either direction endlessly, we get a line. Thus, we can say that a line has no end points. On the other hand, recall that a ray has one end point (namely its starting point). For example, look at the figures given below: (i) (ii) (iii) Fig 5.2 Here, Fig 5.2 (i) shows a line segment, Fig 5.2 (ii) shows a line and Fig 5.2 (iii) is that of a ray. A line segment PQ is generally denoted by the symbol PQ , a line AB is denoted by
 uuur the symbol AB and the ray OP is denoted by OP. Give some examples of line segments and rays from your daily life and discuss them with your friends. 2024-25  LINES AND ANGLES 75 Again recall that an angle is formed when lines or line segments meet. In Fig 5.1, observe the corners. These corners are formed when two lines or line segments intersect at a point. For example, look at the figures given below: (i) (ii) Fig 5.3 In Fig 5.3 (i) line segments AB and BC intersect at B to form angle ABC, and again line segments BC and AC intersect at C to form angle ACB and so on. Whereas, in Fig 5.3 (ii) lines PQ and RS intersect at O TRY THESE to form four angles POS, SOQ, QOR and ROP. An angle ABC is List ten figures around you represented by the symbol ∠ABC. Thus, in Fig 5.3 (i), the three angles and identify the acute, obtuse formed are ∠ABC, ∠BCA and ∠BAC, and in Fig 5.3 (ii), the four and right angles found in them. angles formed are ∠POS, ∠SOQ, ∠QOR and ∠POR. You have already studied how to classify the angles as acute, obtuse or right angle. Note: While referring to the measure of an angle ABC, we shall write m∠ABC as simply ∠ABC. The context will make it clear, whether we are referring to the angle or its measure. 5.2 RELATED ANGLES 5.2.1 Complementary Angles When the sum of the measures of two angles is 90°, the angles are called complementary angles. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Are these two angles complementary? Are these two angles complementary? Yes No Fig 5.4 Whenever two angles are complementary, each angle is said to be the complement of the other angle. In the above diagram (Fig 5.4), the ‘30° angle’ is the complement of the ‘60° angle’ and vice versa. 2024-25  76 MATHEMATICS THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE 1. Can two acute angles be complement to each other? 2. Can two obtuse angles be complement to each other? 3. Can two right angles be complement to each other? TRY THESE 1. Which pairs of following angles are complementary? (Fig 5.5) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Fig 5.5 2. What is the measure of the complement of each of the following angles? (i) 45º (ii) 65º (iii) 41º (iv) 54º 3. The difference in the measures of two complementary angles is 12o. Find the measures of the angles. 5.2.2 Supplementary Angles Let us now look at the following pairs of angles (Fig 5.6): (i) (ii) 2024-25  LINES AND ANGLES 77 (iii) Fig 5.6 (iv) Do you notice that the sum of the measures of the angles in each of the above pairs (Fig 5.6) comes out to be 180º? Such pairs of angles are called supplementary angles. When two angles are supplementary, each angle is said to be the supplement of the other. THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE 1. Can two obtuse angles be supplementary? 2. Can two acute angles be supplementary? 3. Can two right angles be supplementary? TRY THESE 1.Find the pairs of supplementary angles in Fig 5.7: (i) (ii) (iii) Fig 5.7 (iv) 2024-25 78 MATHEMATICS 2. What will be the measure of the supplement of each one of the following angles? (i) 100º (ii) 90º (iii) 55º (iv) 125º 3. Among two supplementary angles the measure of the larger angle is 44o more than the measure of the smaller. Find their measures. E XERCISE 5.1 1. Find the complement of each of the following angles: (i) (ii) (iii) 2. Find the supplement of each of the following angles: (i) (ii) (iii) 3. Identify which of the following pairs of angles are complementary and which are supplementary. (i) 65º, 115º (ii) 63º, 27º (iii) 112º, 68º (iv) 130º, 50º (v) 45º, 45º (vi) 80º, 10º 4. Find the angle which is equal to its complement. 5. Find the angle which is equal to its supplement. 6. In the given figure, ∠1 and ∠2 are supplementary angles. If ∠1 is decreased, what changes should take place in ∠2 so that both the angles still remain supplementary. 7. Can two angles be supplementary if both of them are: (i) acute? (ii) obtuse? (iii) right? 2024-25  LINES AND ANGLES 79 8. An angle is greater than 45º. Is its complementary angle greater than 45º or equal to 45º or less than 45º? 9. Fill in the blanks: (i) If two angles are complementary, then the sum of their measures is _______. (ii) If two angles are supplementary, then the sum of their measures is ______. (iii) If two adjacent angles are supplementary, they form a ___________. 10. In the adjoining figure, name the following pairs of angles. (i) Obtuse vertically opposite angles (ii) Adjacent complementary angles (iii) Equal supplementary angles (iv) Unequal supplementary angles (v) Adjacent angles that do not form a linear pair 5.3 PAIRS OF LINES 5.3.1 Intersecting Lines Fig 5.8 The blackboard on its stand, the letter Y made up of line segments and the grill-door of a window (Fig 5.8), what do all these have in common? They are examples of intersecting lines. Two lines l and m intersect if they have a point in common. This common point O is their point of intersection. THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE In Fig 5.9, AC and BE intersect at P. AC and BC intersect at C, AC and EC intersect at C. Try to find another ten pairs of intersecting line segments. Should any two lines or line segments necessarily intersect? Can you find two pairs of non-intersecting line segments in the figure? Can two lines intersect in more than one point? Fig 5.9 Think about it. 2024-25  80 MATHEMATICS TRY THESE 1. Find examples from your surroundings where lines intersect at right angles. 2. Find the measures of the angles made by the intersecting lines at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. 3. Draw any rectangle and find the measures of angles at the four vertices made by the intersecting lines. 4. If two lines intersect, do they always intersect at right angles? 5.3.2 Transversal You might have seen a road crossing two or more roads or a railway line crossing several other lines (Fig 5.10). These give an idea of a transversal. (i) Fig 5.10 (ii) A line that intersects two or more lines at distinct points is called a transversal. In the Fig 5.11, p is a transversal to the lines l and m. Fig 5.11 Fig 5.12 In Fig 5.12 the line p is not a transversal, although it cuts two lines l and m. Can you say, ‘why’? 2024-25  LINES AND ANGLES 81 5.3.3. Angles made by a Transversal In Fig 5.13, you see lines l and m cut by transversal p. The eight angles marked 1 to 8 have their special names: TRY THESE 1. Suppose two lines are given. How many transversals can you draw for these lines? 2. If a line is a transversal to three lines, how many points of intersections are there? 3. Try to identify a few transversals in your surroundings. Fig 5.13 Interior angles ∠3, ∠4, ∠5, ∠6 Exterior angles ∠1, ∠2, ∠7, ∠8 Pairs of Corresponding angles ∠1 and ∠5, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠3 and ∠7, ∠4 and ∠8 Pairs of Alternate interior angles ∠3 and ∠6, ∠4 and ∠5 Pairs of Alternate exterior angles ∠1 and ∠8, ∠2 and ∠7 Pairs of interior angles on the ∠3 and ∠5, ∠4 and ∠6 same side of the transversal Note: Corresponding angles (like ∠1 and ∠5 in Fig 5.14) include (i) different vertices (ii) are on the same side of the transversal and (iii) are in ‘corresponding’ positions (above or below, left or right) relative to the two lines. Fig 5.14 Alternate interior angles (like ∠3 and ∠6 in Fig 5.15) (i) have different vertices (ii) are on opposite sides of the transversal and (iii) lie ‘between’ the two lines. Fig 5.15 2024-25  82 MATHEMATICS TRY THESE Name the pairs of angles in each figure: 5.3.4 Transversal of Parallel Lines Do you remember what parallel lines are? They are lines on a plane that do not meet anywhere. Can you identify parallel lines in the following figures? (Fig 5.16) Fig 5.16 Transversals of parallel lines give rise to quite interesting results. D O THIS Take a ruled sheet of paper. Draw (in thick colour) two parallel lines l and m. Draw a transversal t to the lines l and m. Label ∠1 and ∠2 as shown [Fig 5.17(i)]. Place a tracing paper over the figure drawn. Trace the lines l, m and t. Slide the tracing paper along t, until l coincides with m. You find that ∠1 on the traced figure coincides with ∠2 of the original figure. In fact, you can see all the following results by similar tracing and sliding activity. (i) ∠1 = ∠2 (ii) ∠3 = ∠4 (iii) ∠5 = ∠6 (iv) ∠7 = ∠8 2024-25  LINES AND ANGLES 83 (i) (ii) (iii) Fig 5.17 (iv) This activity illustrates the following fact: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, each pair of corresponding angles are equal in measure. We use this result to get another interesting result. Look at Fig 5.18. When t cuts the parallel lines, l, m, we get, ∠3 = ∠7 (vertically opposite angles). But ∠7 = ∠8 (corresponding angles). Therefore, ∠3 = ∠8 You can similarly show that ∠1 = ∠6. Thus, we have the following result : If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, each pair of alternate interior angles are equal. This second result leads to another interesting property. Again, from Fig 5.18. Fig 5.18 2024-25  84 MATHEMATICS ∠3 + ∠1 = 180° (∠3 and ∠1 form a linear pair) But ∠1 = ∠6 (A pair of alternate interior angles) Therefore, we can say that ∠3 + ∠6 = 180°. Similarly, ∠1 + ∠8 = 180°. Thus, we obtain the following result: If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary. You can very easily remember these results if you can look for relevant ‘shapes’. The F-shape stands for corresponding angles: The Z - shape stands for alternate angles. DO THIS Draw a pair of parallel lines and a transversal. Verify the above three statements by actually measuring the angles. 2024-25  LINES AND ANGLES 85 TRY THESE Lines l || m; Lines a || b; l1, l2 be two lines t is a transversal c is a transversal t is a transversal ∠x=? ∠y=? Is ∠ 1 = ∠2 ? Lines l || m; Lines l || m; Lines l || m, p || q; t is a transversal t is a transversal Find a, b, c, d ∠z=? ∠x=? 5.4 CHECKING FOR PARALLEL LINES If two lines are parallel, then you know that a transversal gives rise to pairs of equal corresponding angles, equal alternate interior angles and interior angles on the same side of the transversal being supplementary. When two lines are given, is there any method to check if they are parallel or not? You need this skill in many life-oriented situations. A draftsman uses a carpenter’s square and a straight edge (ruler) to draw these segments (Fig 5.19). He claims they are parallel. How? Are you able to see that he has kept the corresponding angles to Fig 5.19 be equal? (What is the transversal here?) Thus, when a transversal cuts two lines, such that pairs of corresponding angles are equal, then the lines have to be parallel. Look at the letter Z(Fig 5.20). The horizontal segments here are parallel, because the alternate angles are equal. When a transversal cuts two lines, such that pairs of alternate interior angles are equal, the lines have to be parallel. Fig 5.20 2024-25 86 MATHEMATICS Draw a line l (Fig 5.21). Draw a line m, perpendicular to l. Again draw a line p, such that p is perpendicular to m. Thus, p is perpendicular to a perpendicular to l. You find p || l. How? This is because you draw p such Fig 5.21 that ∠1 + ∠2 = 180o. Thus, when a transversal cuts two lines, such that pairs of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary, the lines have to be parallel. TRY THESE Is l || m? Why? Is l || m ? Why? If l || m, what is ∠x? E XERCISE 5.2 1. State the property that is used in each of the following statements? (i) If a || b, then ∠1 = ∠5. (ii) If ∠4 = ∠6, then a || b. (iii) If ∠4 + ∠5 = 180°, then a || b. 2. In the adjoining figure, identify (i) the pairs of corresponding angles. (ii) the pairs of alternate interior angles. (iii) the pairs of interior angles on the same side of the transversal. (iv) the vertically opposite angles. 3. In the adjoining figure, p || q. Find the unknown angles. 2024-25  LINES AND ANGLES 87 4. Find the value of x in each of the following figures if l || m. (i) (ii) 5. In the given figure, the arms of two angles are parallel. If ∠ABC = 70º, then find (i) ∠DGC (ii) ∠DEF 6. In the given figures below, decide whether l is parallel to m. (i) (iii) (ii) (iv) W HAT HAVE WE DISCUSSED? 1. We recall that (i) A line-segment has two end points. (ii) A ray has only one end point (its initial point); and (iii) A line has no end points on either side. 2. When two lines l and m meet, we say they intersect; the meeting point is called the point of intersection. When lines drawn on a sheet of paper do not meet, however far produced, we call them to be parallel lines. 2024-25