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Lesson 1: Introduction to GEDSI in Water Resource Management and Food Systems Objectives of this lesson: Define GEDSI and its importance in the context of water resource management and resilient agri-food systems. Explore the interconnections between GEDSI and water-related challenges, such as acc...

Lesson 1: Introduction to GEDSI in Water Resource Management and Food Systems Objectives of this lesson: Define GEDSI and its importance in the context of water resource management and resilient agri-food systems. Explore the interconnections between GEDSI and water-related challenges, such as access, use and governance. Explore how GEDSI supports the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Part 1.1: Gender Equality, Disability and Social Inclusion (GEDSI) While water resources management has evolved from technical disciplines of engineering, science, water data management, modelling and hydro-economics, less attention has been traditionally given to the social and political dimensions. All decisions regarding water resources management are subject to trade-offs, power dynamics, negotiations, and assumptions about who uses and needs water, who controls and manages water, the value of certain types of uses over others, and how it should be shared, especially in times of scarcity. To address the social and political nature of water management, it is necessary to dig deeper to identify whose interests are being served by processes and decisions related to managing and distributing water resources and existing governance mechanisms. Gender Equality, Disability and Social Inclusion (GEDSI) are increasingly recognized as a central component in effectively managing water resources to build sustainable and resilient agri-food systems. When we talk about ‘community engagement’ in the water resources management sector, we need to better understand who are we talking about? Whose voices are the loudest and most powerful, whose voices are quiet or not heard? And how have socio-cultural factors shaped existing dynamics at household and community levels affecting water resources management? Example: River Basin Planning A river basin plan involves a wide range of stakeholders who use water, including for agriculture, industry, household consumption and other uses. If consultation sessions to develop the water management plan are held only with government, large-scale water users, agriculture, and industry lobby groups, then the experiences and needs of small-scale farmers, householders, women, and children will be missed. Having a broad range of stakeholders in mind from the outset, and mapping stakeholders comprehensively, will help to ensure that key parts of the community are not further disadvantaged by water and food related decisions, which are fundamental to life and livelihoods, and their specific needs and priorities are identified and addressed. Still too often women and other marginalized groups are not adequately recognized and engaged in decision-making, resulting in their further marginalisation and increased inequalities. GEDSI stands for Gender Equality, Disability, and Social Inclusion. It is a framework that recognizes the importance of addressing gender disparities, social exclusion, and proving equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their gender, age, ethnicity, disability, or other identity markers, to participate in planning and decision-making. GEDSI aims to ensure that all individuals have equal access to resources, services, technologies, good practices, local institutions and organizations, and the same engagement in and decision-making processes, and that their diverse perspectives and needs are considered. GEDSI is a concept that covers three distinct demographic categories with unique challenges and experiences. However, despite their differences, solutions to promote inclusion for these three dimensions often share similar characteristics. At their core, these solutions involve recognizing and addressing the underlying causes of exclusion, challenging social norms and stereotypes, overcoming structural barriers to gender equality and women's empowerment, ensuring equal access and opportunities, and fostering inclusive and gender-transformative environments. They require systemic change that goes beyond addressing individual needs and aims to transform structures, policies and attitudes that perpetuate inequality and discrimination, affecting particularly women and girls, as well as persons with disabilities, and socially excluded and marginalized groups. By adopting an intersectional approach that considers the intersecting identities and experiences of individuals, interventions can be designed to address multiple forms of discrimination and stereotypes and to ensure that no one is left behind. Further, raising awareness, developing capacities, and generating evidence are also vital in advancing the rights and inclusion of all people. Ultimately, the pursuit of equality and inclusion requires collaborative efforts, involving all relevant stakeholders and affected people and embracing a shared vision of a more inclusive and equitable society. In the context of water resource management and food systems, GEDSI is of paramount importance due to the following reasons: Gender Equality: GEDSI emphasizes the need to address gender inequalities in water resource management and food systems. Women play a critical role in agriculture, both as farmers and as key contributors to household food security. However, they often face limited access to and control over water resources, services (I.e., advisory, and financial services) and local institutions leading to lower agricultural productivity and income. Women depend more on natural resources for their livelihoods and are more affected by their degradation and climate change, as they have fewer endowments and entitlements. Further, GEDSI highlights the gendered aspects of water resource management. It recognizes that women and men often have different roles, responsibilities and needs regarding water access, use, and governance. Promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in water resource management ensures that women have equal rights and opportunities, empowering them as key agents of change and resilience builders in agri-food systems. What are gender roles? Gender roles describe societal expectations associated with being male or female, shaped by culture and upbringing. While traditionally based on stereotypes leading to inequalities, they are socially constructed and can change over time. What is Gender Discrimination? Gender discrimination is the unequal treatment based on gender. This can manifest in areas like education and employment, particularly in water resource management and agriculture. Examples include unequal water access for women in developing countries, exclusion from water management decisions, disparities in agricultural water use, limited resource ownership, and exacerbated impacts from climate change. Facts: Gender Inequality in Water Resource Management Agri-Food System Representation: Around the globe, women make up 40% of those working in the agri-food systems. Yet, this percentage increases substantially in low-income nations. Specifically, in southern Asia, a remarkable 71% of women are engaged in agricultural activities, compared to the 47% representation of men. Women also notably shoulder about half of the global responsibilities in small-scale livestock management and the fisheries labor force. A significant concern arises when considering that women constitute fewer than 15% of agricultural landholders worldwide (FAO, 2020; FAO, 2023). Water Collection Burden: An overwhelming 200 million hours are spent daily by women and girls globally in the pursuit of water collection. This strenuous task is a result of the majority of households not having direct access to a water source (FAO, 2023). Inadequate Female Representation in IWRM: Only 22% of countries globally have a formal or consistent representation of women at higher levels in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The consequences of this underrepresentation are significant. Without a leadership role in Water Resource Management (WRM), women's specific needs are often disregarded in projects like well-construction. As a result, the labour-intensive task of fetching water usually falls to women and girls. This challenge extends beyond just a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) issue to a broader systemic problem. Formal and informal barriers within water associations often sideline women's needs and their daily responsibilities, further exacerbating the problem (FAO, 2023; Hoffmann et al., 2017). Gender Inequalities in Land and Water Rights: Gender disparities in land rights inherently influence water rights and women's accessibility to irrigation techniques. Often, only landowners are allowed membership in water user associations, further curbing women's participation. This inequality in resource management adversely impacts girls' educational opportunities and restricts women's economic potential, empowerment, and overall livelihood. Gender-Based Disparities in Agricultural Yield: In several low to middle-income countries, female farmers consistently record a production yield that is 20-30% less than their male counterparts. This disparity can be attributed to limited rights, land ownership challenges, financial constraints, and a lack of representation in pivotal water and agricultural decision-making roles. Traditional societal norms, coupled with restricted access to vital resources, significantly limit women's roles in agri-food systems, pushing them toward less profitable sectors. This hindrance in accessing water for productive activities ties back to governance issues and the limited influence of women in water-related institutions (OECD, 2021; FAO, 2023). Water Scarcity and Its Gendered Impacts: Gender inequalities are often intensified during periods of water stress and scarcity. In countries experiencing significant male labour migration, women find themselves with less time to engage in agricultural and water-user groups due to the added labour responsibilities. Additionally, these women often encounter more obstacles than men when trying to rent irrigation tools, largely because of limited social connections and social agency (FAO, 2023). SDG 6 and Women's Participation: Of the 104 countries that reported data on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 in 2020, only 47 had established policies promoting women’s active participation in water management (FAO, 2023). Health Implications of Water Shortages: The health repercussions of drought-related water scarcity disproportionately burden women and girls, who are primarily responsible for water collection. The resultant food and clean water shortages significantly elevate the risk factors for both maternal and child mortality. To further underscore the dire situation, in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, over 20% of women are categorized as "malnourished," leading to health complications such as low birth weights and hindered fetal growth (Rylander et al., 2013; Ha, 2022). Disability and Social Inclusion: GEDSI highlights the importance of including marginalized and vulnerable groups in water resource management and food systems. This includes indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, persons with disabilities, small-scale farmers, rural people, and other socially excluded and marginalized groups. Ensuring their meaningful participation and representation in decision-making and planning processes fosters social inclusion, reduces inequalities, and acknowledges the importance of their traditional knowledge and practices in sustainable food production and water management. It recognizes that certain groups, such as indigenous peoples, persons with disabilities, ethnic minorities, and migrants, may face specific challenges and barriers in accessing water resources. GEDSI seeks to ensure their meaningful participation, representation, and inclusion in decision-making and management processes, thereby reducing social inequalities. Who are persons with disabilities? Per the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), persons with disabilities have long-term impairments that, combined with societal barriers, may limit their equal societal participation. Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. What does discrimination against persons with disabilities look like? Discrimination involves any unequal treatment based on disability that infringes on their human rights. This emphasizes the need for disability-inclusive development. Source: UN Department of Social and Economic Affairs. It is important to remember: Persons with disabilities are part of the community. Persons with disabilities have the same human rights as other people, including the right to participate in community and political life. Persons with disabilities are not just part of a ‘vulnerable’ group. Persons with disabilities have their own unique strengths and opinions to contribute. What is social exclusion? Social exclusion is the systematic sidelining of certain individuals or groups from full societal participation, primarily due to factors including but not limited to race, gender, age, and socioeconomic status. This marginalization denies them benefits and opportunities available to others. What is social discrimination? Social discrimination involves the biased treatment of individuals based on perceived characteristics including but not limited to race, gender, or age. It results in exclusion and unequal opportunities. Specifically, in water resources management and food systems, it pertains to differential treatment in access, use, and control based on these social characteristics. Facts: Disability and Social Exclusion in Water Resource Management Disability & Accessibility: In Ethiopia, a concerning 96.6% of individuals with disabilities, alongside the elderly, encounter significant barriers when trying to access basic water facilities (World Bank Group, 2017). This challenge is not isolated to water access alone. A closer look at countries such as Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, and Peru reveal another dimension of the issue. These nations see a larger proportion of individuals with disabilities engaged in agricultural pursuits than those without. Despite their participation, they face a harsh reality: riskier working conditions coupled with reduced pay. This disparity extends to market interactions, where farmers with disabilities confront bias when selling their produce, with many buyers falsely equating disability with subpar product quality (GSMA, 2021). 2. Gender, Disability, and Discrimination: Impoverished women and girls with disabilities bear the brunt of a triple-fold discrimination due to their gender, disability, and socio-economic status, a reality brought to light by the United Nations Population Fund in 2005. This prejudice isn't limited to socio-economic aspects. The World Report on Disability in 2011 revealed a harrowing statistic: people with disabilities face violence at rates 4-10 times higher than those without disabilities. An analysis of the situation in Egypt provides more nuance to this theme. While women have increasingly been involved in farming, their participation in irrigation and water management sees a declining trend. Societal norms play a significant role here, often overshadowing their contributions and rendering them "invisible" (FAO, 2022). 3. Community, Norms, and Representation: Delving deeper into the societal impact of disabilities, about 25% of the population in the poorest communities is affected when considering families of individuals with disabilities (World Report on Disability, 2011). These societal constructs also influence perceptions about gender roles. Many countries harbor the sentiment that young children are adversely affected if their mothers engage in work, perpetuating the traditional view of caregiving as a primarily female responsibility (FAO, 2023). Furthermore, when it comes to representation in water governance, women, especially in rural regions, often find themselves on the sidelines. Their involvement in Water Users’ Organizations (WUAs) is not just limited; even when included, their contributions are marginalized due to prevailing societal norms (FAO, 2016). 4. Land, Water Rights, and Indigenous Communities: Land rights, intrinsically tied to water rights, are another area of contention. A staggering 102 countries maintain customs or laws that deprive women of the same land rights as men, inevitably influencing their access to water (GWP, 2017). This exclusionary practice doesn't stop at individual rights. Marginalized groups, when excluded from local water governance, see a direct impact on their water access and agricultural endeavours (FAO, 2016). Indigenous populations, with their deep-rooted connections to land and natural resources, also find themselves at the intersection of this issue. Historically and in contemporary settings, they have been and continue to be excluded from water-related decisions. The perpetuation of discriminatory norms and policies limits their land ownership and rights to manage natural resources, further compounded by the growing threats of climate change and extreme weather events (UNESCO, 2020). 5. Economic Instability & Disability: The entwined relationship between poverty and disability is evident globally. Those with disabilities are often amongst the world's poorest, a distressing consequence of both systemic discrimination and limited access to fundamental resources. In turn, individuals living in poverty are at an elevated risk of acquiring disabilities due to inadequate health and education services, hazardous working conditions, occupation of flood and landslide-prone lands, and the dual-edged sword of malnutrition, which includes both undernutrition and overnutrition. These factors lead to myriad health issues, including stunting and vision impairments. A core contributor to this economic fragility is the significantly higher unemployment rates faced by those with disabilities, restricting their financial ability to secure high-quality and nutritious sustenance. Although social protection initiatives are in place, they are frequently underwhelming, failing to meet the elevated expenditure demands of disabled individuals and their families. These costs often arise from the necessity for specialized products and services, like mobility aids, or from the prohibitive pricing of vital amenities like health insurance or accessible transportation. This inequitable access to food for persons with disabilities is markedly more prominent in low and middle-income countries in comparison to their high-income counterparts. It's pivotal to note that a staggering 1 in 6 global citizens is believed to have a disability, with a daunting 80% residing in developing and low-income nations (WHO, 2023; UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, 2020). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol (CRPD), adopted in 2006 and enforced in 2008, seeks to change attitudes and approaches towards persons with disabilities. The goal is to move away from viewing persons with disabilities as “objects” of charities, medical treatment, and social protection towards viewing them as “subjects” capable of claiming their own rights and making decisions for their lives based on their own consent to be active members in society. The CRPD gained 82 signatories to the Convention and 44 signatories to the Optional Protocol, making it the Convention with the highest number of signatories in history on its opening day. More specifically, the CRPD is more than a document. It is intended to be a human rights instrument with an explicit social development dimension. The CRPD adopts a broad categorisation of persons with disabilities and insists that they must have the same opportunity as anyone else to enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms. It also recognises that while all categories of rights apply to persons with disabilities, some areas need to be further adapted to let them effectively exercise their rights and confront any areas where their rights have been violated. In water management and agriculture projects, we need to consider and respond to a range of possible impairments, with a range of strategies. These might include but are not limited to: Barriers Strategies to overcome the challenge Physical barriers such as inaccessible buildings, paths, bathrooms, and workplaces. Physical barriers can be overcome through the use of the seven Universal Design (UD) Principles, which serve as a guide to designing products, services, and environments, ensuring that they are 1) equitable 2) flexible 3) simple and intuitive 4) exhibit perceptible information 5) consider tolerance for error 6) require low physical effort and 7) demonstrate appropriate size and space for approach and use. Attitudinal barriers such as assuming things about people with disabilities, their capacity to learn, work and contribute. Active participation of people with disability alone can challenge and change attitudes. Often the active participation of people with a disability can challenge and change attitudes as the community recognizes the contributions that can be made by people with disabilities. Communication barriers such as no accessible sign on toilets, lack of sign interpreters and information not in Braille or large print. Providing Braille, sign language interpreters and using simple language can overcome communication barriers. Legal barriers such as exams not allowing people with disability extra time, educational systems that prevent the enrolment of children with disability in their local school and laws that prevent people with disability from inheriting land. Removing discriminatory laws and introducing protective laws can help protect people with disabilities. Please watch this video called “End the Cycle”. Video: CBM Australia's End the Cycle Sustainable Development: Integrating GEDSI in water resource management and food systems contributes to sustainable development. By considering the diverse perspectives and needs of different individuals and groups, decision-making processes become more holistic and responsive to local contexts. Inclusive water governance and food systems support the development of sustainable practices, such as agroecology, biodiversity conservation, and climate-resilient agriculture, leading to improved environmental sustainability, long-term food security and resilient agri-food systems. Promoting Environmental Justice: GEDSI highlights the interconnection between social justice and environmental sustainability. It acknowledges that water resource management should consider the needs and rights of individuals and communities living in environmentally vulnerable areas or regions disproportionately affected by water scarcity, pollution, or climate change impacts, as well as conflicts related to scarce resources. GEDSI aims to ensure that these individuals and communities have equitable access to clean and safe water, and their voices are heard in environmental decision-making processes. Nutrition and Health: GEDSI is critical for addressing nutrition and health disparities in the context of water resource management and food systems. Women and children are often disproportionately affected by malnutrition and inadequate access to safe water and sanitation, and limited services. By promoting gender equality and social inclusion, interventions can be designed to improve water and sanitation facilities, enhance access to nutritious food, and address specific nutritional needs, especially for vulnerable and marginalized people. Climate Resilience: GEDSI plays a crucial role in building climate resilience in water resource management and food systems. Climate change disproportionately impacts marginalized groups, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities and inequalities. Integrating diverse voices and knowledge in decision-making processes enables the development of climate-resilient strategies, such as water conservation, climate-smart agriculture, and adaptive and mitigation measures. Inclusive approaches ensure that the most vulnerable people and groups are supported in adapting to and mitigating the climate change impacts. In summary, GEDSI is essential in water resource management and food systems to achieve gender equality and women's empowerment, social inclusion, sustainability, nutrition, and climate resilience. By considering the diverse needs, perspectives, and knowledge of different individuals and groups, water resource management and food systems can become more inclusive, equitable, sustainable, and resilient, and better responsive to the challenges and complexities of our world today. Part 1.2: GEDSI, water, and food system challenges The crucial role of diverse individuals and communities, including women, youth, Indigenous Peoples, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups in managing water resources and the critical knowledge and skills they hold has been internationally recognised (through the Dublin Principles). Yet action to make water resources management processes and decisions truly and meaningfully inclusive and gender-responsive has lagged. The Dublin Statement was a declaration on water management and sustainable development that emerged from the International Conference on Water and the Environment in Dublin, Ireland, in 1992, organized by the United Nations and the World Meteorological Organization. This Statement emphasized the importance of water as a finite and vulnerable resource, recognizing its central role in sustaining ecosystems, human well-being, and socio-economic development. It highlighted several principles for guiding water management and promoting sustainability. The four key principles of the Dublin Statement are: Water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development, and the environment. Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners, and policymakers at all levels. Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good. Source: https://www.gwp.org/contentassets/05190d0c938f47d1b254d6606ec6bb04/dublin-rio-principles.pdf These principles highlight the importance of recognizing the limited and valuable nature of water resources, adopting inclusive and gender-responsive approaches to water management, acknowledging the significant role of women and youth in water-related activities, and recognizing the economic value of water. Water-related challenges, including the limited access, use, control, and governance, for diverse individuals and communities, including women, indigenous communities, persons with disabilities, and some marginalized groups are interconnected in various ways. Understanding these interconnections is crucial for addressing these challenges effectively, making sure to leave no one behind, in line with the commitment of Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. 1. Gender-responsive Access to and control of Water: GEDSI recognizes that gender roles and social norms often influence the different access to, use and control over water resources, and related services, technologies, and institutions such as water users’ associations. Women and girls, in many contexts, bear the primary responsibility for water collection, particularly in rural areas, which increases their work burden and exposes them to the risk of gender-based violence. Gender inequalities can limit women's access to and control over safe and reliable water sources, and sufficient quantity of water, affecting their time, health, nutrition, and overall well-being. GEDSI emphasizes the need to address these gender disparities and ensure equitable access to water for all individuals and groups, regardless of their gender. This implies to and overcome the causes of gender inequalities and the structural challenge the distribution of resources and allocation of roles and responsibilities between men and women, changing rigid gender norms and roles, unequal power dynamics and discriminatory social structures. 2. Social and Cultural Factors: GEDSI considers the social and cultural dimensions that influence water access, use and governance. Social norms, power dynamics, and cultural practices can shape water-related behaviours, decision-making processes, and resource allocation. GEDSI recognizes the importance of engaging with diverse communities and understanding their specific needs, practices, and knowledge systems to support inclusive and culturally appropriate water management practices. 3. Marginalized Groups and Water Equality: GEDSI focuses on the inclusion of marginalized groups, such as indigenous communities, persons with disabilities, and ethnic minorities, in water-related decision-making and governance. These groups often face greater barriers in accessing water resources, services, and technologies, due to multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, limited infrastructure, or lack of adequate representation in planning and decision-making. GEDSI highlights the importance of ensuring their equitable participation, addressing their specific needs, and safeguarding their water rights. 4. Gender and Water Use Patterns: GEDSI acknowledges that gender roles can influence water use patterns. For example, women may have different water-related needs for domestic activities, home gardens, health, nutrition, hygiene, and livelihoods compared to men. GEDSI encourages understanding and considering these gendered and other social dynamics when planning and managing water resources and governance to ensure that water services and infrastructure cater to diverse needs, making sure to leave no one behind. 5. Inclusive Water Governance: GEDSI emphasizes the importance of inclusive and participatory water governance processes. It calls for the involvement of diverse stakeholders, including women, youth, marginalized individuals and communities, academia, and civil society organizations, in decision-making, policy development, and implementation. GEDSI recognizes that inclusive governance enhances transparency, accountability, and effectiveness in managing water resources. 6. Intersectionality and Multiple Discrimination: GEDSI recognizes the intersectionality of identities and the compounding effects of multiple forms of discrimination, which often affect more women and girls. For instance, women from marginalized ethnic groups may face intersecting challenges that exacerbate their water-related vulnerabilities, related to their gender and belonging to specific ethnic groups. GEDSI highlights the need to consider and overcome these multiple dimensions of identity and discrimination to address water-related challenges comprehensively and ensure no one is left behind. By understanding the interconnections between GEDSI and water-related challenges, water resource management efforts can be more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable. GEDSI encourages recognizing and addressing the underlying social, cultural, and gender dynamics that influence water access, use, and governance, leading to more effective solutions and improved and equitable outcomes for all individuals and communities. Part 1.3: GEDSI and the SDGs The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) present a timely opportunity for all stakeholders and decision-makers, at all levels, to explicitly address gender discrimination and inequality, to proactively facilitate a space for marginalised voices and take steps to secure their equal engagement and empowerment. For example, SDG 6 to ‘ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all’ requires explicit attention to gender equality and inclusion. Sustainable management of water resources and universal access to safely managed water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) will only be achieved if the rights of women and marginalised people are fulfilled. The GESDI tool can play a crucial role in supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, as it encompasses a comprehensive approach that promotes equality, inclusivity, and social justice, ensuring that no one is left behind in the pursuit of sustainable development. However, more specifically in the context of water resource management and food systems, GEDSI supports Goal 2: Zero Hunger, Goal 5: Gender Equality, and Goal 10: Reduce Inequalities. GEDSI and Water Resources Management intersect in various ways to support the achievement of Goal 2. Gender Equality: GEDSI recognizes the gendered aspects of food security and nutrition. It addresses the disparities faced by women and girls in accessing nutritious food, agricultural resources, and income-generating opportunities. By supporting the achievement of gender equality and women's empowerment in water-related activities such as agriculture and fisheries, GEDSI contributes to improving food security and reducing hunger. Social Inclusion: GEDSI emphasizes the inclusion of marginalized groups, including indigenous communities, persons with disabilities, and ethnic minorities, in decision-making processes related to water and food resources. Their traditional knowledge, practices, and perspectives on sustainable agriculture, land use, and natural resource management can enhance food production, ensure biodiversity conservation, agroecology transition, and promote sustainable food systems. Diversity: GEDSI recognizes the diverse dietary needs and preferences across communities. It acknowledges cultural and traditional food practices, promoting diversity in food production, processing, consumption, and preservation. By considering diverse food systems and supporting local and indigenous food production, GEDSI contributes to improved nutrition and food security. The intersection of GEDSI and Water Resources Management significantly contributes to the achievement of Goal 5. Women's Empowerment: GEDSI addresses gender disparities in access to and control over water resources, decision-making processes, and supports equitable benefits derived from water-related activities. By promoting women's leadership, participation, and representation in water governance and management, GEDSI advances gender equality and empowers women. Gender Mainstreaming: GEDSI emphasizes the integration of gender considerations into all aspects of water resources management and governance. It advocates for gender-responsive policies, strategies, and programs that address the specific needs and priorities of women and girls. By mainstreaming gender, GEDSI contributes to ensuring that water management practices are inclusive, equitable, and consider the different roles and responsibilities of women and men. Italo supports the adoption of gender-transformative approaches to address the underlying causes of inequalities in water resources management. Gender-based Violence: GEDSI recognizes the intersections between gender-based violence and water resources. It addresses the risks faced by women and girls in accessing water sources, particularly in situations where water collection exposes them to violence and harassment. By promoting safe and accessible water facilities and challenging the underlying social norms that perpetuate gender-based violence, GEDSI contributes to creating gender-equitable and violence-free environments. GEDSI and Water Resources Management intersect to advance Goal 10, which focuses on reducing inequalities within and among countries. Social Inclusion: GEDSI emphasizes the inclusion of marginalized groups, such as indigenous communities, ethnic minorities, and persons with disabilities, in decision-making processes related to water resources. By ensuring their equal representation, meaningful participation, and same access to water-related services, technologies, practices, and benefits, GEDSI contributes to reducing inequalities and promoting social inclusion. Equality in Resource Distribution: GEDSI addresses the unequal distribution of water resources by advocating for equitable access to water for all individuals and communities. It recognizes that marginalized groups often face disproportionate challenges in accessing safe and reliable water sources. By promoting equitable resource distribution and addressing the root causes of inequalities, GEDSI supports efforts to reduce disparities and promote social justice. Intersectionality: GEDSI acknowledges the intersectionality of identities and experiences, including gender, ethnicity, disability, and socio-economic status, in relation to water resources management. It recognizes that individuals with multiple marginalized identities may face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination. By adopting an intersectional approach, GEDSI aims to address overlapping inequalities and promote inclusive and targeted interventions. Lesson 2: Systems Thinking and, Frameworks and Approaches to mainstream GEDSI in the project design. Objectives of this lesson: Understand the importance of systems thinking when designing GEDSI interventions. Differentiate between 'practical needs' (immediate necessities and conditions) and 'strategic actions' (long-term changes in structures and power dynamics). Discuss case studies where strategic GEDSI actions led to significant societal shifts, beyond just meeting practical needs. Understand the distinction between mainstreaming (integrating GEDSI principles into all policies, strategies, and projects) and targeted approaches (specific interventions designed for particular groups or issues). Part 2.1: Systems Thinking Adopting the Gender Equality, Disability and Social Inclusion (GEDSI) approach to support transformative activities requires integrating thinking and recognizing the interconnectedness and interdependencies of various social, cultural, economic, and environmental factors that influence inclusion and gender equality. It emphasizes understanding and challenging the underlying systems, structures and norms that perpetuate inequalities and exclusion. By adopting a ‘Systems Thinking’ approach, practitioners can identify leverage points and develop comprehensive strategies that address the root causes of exclusion and support sustainable and inclusive development. This includes considering the broader social, cultural, and economic contexts, power dynamics, policy frameworks, and institutional arrangements that shape the experiences and opportunities of individuals and communities. Applying systems thinking to GEDSI enables a more holistic understanding of the complex interactions and dynamics at play, leading to more effective and transformative interventions. Approaches used to assess projects or policies should encourage decision-makers and stakeholders to consider broader and higher-level factors on a systemic level, such as sociocultural norms, national policy goals, and laws, as well as lower-level inputs, including technology advancements and regulatory measures, when determining where to focus their efforts. By understanding the complex relationships between individual, relationship, community and societal factors, practitioners can develop innovative and comprehensive solutions that address multiple issues at once. What is ‘Systems Thinking’? Systems are broadly defined as sets of things, for example cells, molecules, trees or anything that is connected to each other and produces a particular pattern and behavior (Meadows 2008). A ‘system’ is more than just an assemblage of different components; it is an entity that changes through time and can have elements added or removed as the system changes. Another way to define a system is to think of it as a collective term to analyse any context (be it situation, project etc.) where elements or people are in relation to each other and through their interaction create emergent behaviour that is unpredictable and only possible because the interacting elements adapt to changes in their environment and to each other. Source: Meadows, D. H. (1999). Leverage points: Places to intervene in a system. The Sustainability Institute. Typically, thinking tends to focus on linear relationships - or what's commonly termed cause and effect'. While this way of thinking can help to understand and respond to simple situations, it doesn't really support to make sense of complex situations. Rather than linear thinking, we need to approach complex situations with systemic thinking, which means thinking in terms of all relationships - not just the immediate or direct consequences characterised by linear thinking. Hypothetical Case Study – How to apply Systems thinking. Case Study: Systems Thinking for GEDSI in Water Resource Management to Support Sustainable Food Systems Background: In many regions around the world, water resource management plays a critical role in supporting sustainable food systems. However, achieving gender equality, diversity, and social inclusion (GEDSI) within water resource management can be challenging due to complex interdependencies and systemic issues. This hypothetical case study highlights the application of systems thinking approaches to promote GEDSI in water resource management, thereby supporting sustainable food systems. Context: The case study takes place in a semi-arid region facing significant challenges related to water scarcity and access to water for agricultural purposes. The local population consists of diverse communities, including women, indigenous groups, and marginalized individuals, who face varying degrees of social, economic, and gender-related barriers. Approach: 1. Systems Mapping: A comprehensive systems mapping exercise is conducted to understand the various interconnected components and feedback loops within the water resource management system. This includes identifying key stakeholders, institutions, policies, and social dynamics that influence water allocation, usage, and distribution for agricultural activities. 2. Stakeholder Engagement: A participatory approach is adopted to engage stakeholders from different sectors, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, community leaders, and marginalized groups. Their input and perspectives are sought to gain a holistic understanding of the challenges and opportunities for GEDSI in water resource management. 3. Gender Analysis: A gender analysis is conducted to assess the roles, responsibilities, and decision-making power of women and men in water resource management and agriculture. This analysis helps identify gender disparities and understand how existing gender norms and power dynamics influence access to water resources and opportunities for women in the agricultural sector. 4. Capacity Development and Awareness: Capacity development programs are implemented to enhance the knowledge and skills of stakeholders regarding GEDSI and sustainable water resource management practices. Training sessions, workshops, and awareness campaigns are conducted to promote gender-responsive approaches, inclusive decision-making processes, and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Outcome: 1. Enhanced Stakeholder Collaboration: Through the systems thinking approach and stakeholder engagement, collaboration among diverse actors is improved. Stakeholders recognize the interdependencies between water resource management and sustainable food systems, leading to coordinated efforts and joint decision-making processes. 2. Gender-Responsive Policies and Practices: The gender analysis informs the development of gender-responsive policies and practices in water resource management and agriculture. This includes initiatives to promote equal participation, leadership, and access to resources for women and men, while addressing social norms and underlying reasons of inequality that limit women's engagement in agricultural activities. 3. Improved Water Allocation and Management: Systems mapping helps identify inefficiencies and gaps in water allocation and management practices. By adopting a holistic perspective, water resource management strategies are developed that consider the needs and priorities of diverse stakeholders, leading to more equitable water distribution and efficient usage for sustainable food systems. 4. Empowered and Resilient Communities: Capacity development programs and awareness campaigns empower marginalized groups, including women, youth, and indigenous communities, with knowledge and skills to actively participate in decision-making processes. This builds resilience and fosters sustainable practices within communities, enabling them to adapt to changing water availability and promote inclusive and sustainable food systems. Lessons Learned: 1. Systems thinking is essential for understanding the complex dynamics of water resource management and its impact on sustainable food systems. 2. Gender analysis is crucial for identifying and addressing gender disparities and promoting women's empowerment in water resource management and agriculture. 3. Stakeholder engagement and collaboration are key to developing inclusive and sustainable water resource management strategies. 4. Capacity development and awareness programs are effective tools for promoting GEDSI and building resilience within communities. Case Study (Indigenous Knowledge) - Indigenous Rights and Water Management – Australia Source: https://www.niaa.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/environment/warlu-jilajaa-jumu-ipa-and-yanunijarra-ngurrara-rangers Source:http://static1.squarespace.com/static/54052bb9e4b0bc1fe10031ce/t/57e0c46febbd1ac52819407f/1474348240591/Yanunijarra+Annual+Report+Low+Res.pdf Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ixJWb2WWUo&ab_channel=DBCA%27sParksandWildlifeService Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_RHJXxkM70&ab_channel=DBCA%27sParksandWildlifeService Background: In Australia, the Ngurrara Rangers, a group of Indigenous rangers, have a deep connection to their traditional lands and water sources. They have inherited a wealth of traditional knowledge and practices related to water management that have been passed down through generations. The Ngurrara Rangers recognize the significance of water as a vital resource for their community's well-being, cultural identity, and ecological balance. Approach: The Ngurrara Rangers have taken a collaborative approach to water management, blending traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches. They work closely with government agencies, researchers, and local communities to develop and implement effective strategies for water conservation and management. By combining their traditional knowledge with scientific data and methodologies, the Ngurrara Rangers have been able to make informed decisions and implement sustainable practices that ensure the long-term health and availability of water resources. Outcome: The integration of Indigenous knowledge and the involvement of the Ngurrara Rangers in water management initiatives have resulted in significant outcomes. Firstly, the Ngurrara Rangers have successfully protected and conserved water sources on their traditional lands. Their deep understanding of the ecological systems, including water flows, seasons, and natural indicators, has guided their efforts in maintaining the health and integrity of water ecosystems. Secondly, their involvement has led to the preservation and revitalization of cultural heritage and practices associated with water management. This has strengthened the cultural identity and resilience of the Ngurrara community. Lastly, their advocacy for Indigenous rights in water governance has contributed to more inclusive decision-making processes and the recognition of Indigenous voices in water policy and management frameworks. Lessons Learned: The case study of the Ngurrara Rangers in Australia provides important lessons for water management projects. It highlights the value of recognizing and respecting Indigenous rights and knowledge in achieving GEDSI. Incorporating Indigenous perspectives and practices in water management initiatives enhances ecological sustainability, cultural preservation, and community resilience. It emphasizes the need for meaningful engagement and collaboration between Indigenous communities, government agencies, and other stakeholders. By embracing Indigenous knowledge and rights, projects can benefit from the wealth of wisdom accumulated over generations and ensure the sustainable management of water resources. The case study also underscores the significance of Indigenous empowerment and self-determination in water governance, advocating for inclusive decision-making processes and equitable resource allocation. Overall, the case study of the Ngurrara Rangers in Australia showcases the positive outcomes that can be achieved by integrating Indigenous rights and knowledge into water management practices. It serves as a powerful example of how collaboration, respect for traditional knowledge, and recognition of Indigenous rights can lead to more sustainable and inclusive water management outcomes. This case study provides valuable insights for other water-related projects worldwide, highlighting the importance of cultural preservation, community engagement, and the integration of diverse knowledge systems for achieving GEDSI. Part 2.2: Frameworks and Approaches to mainstream GEDSI in the project design Now that we know how to think about GEDSI, and the interactions with water resource management and food systems in a systemic way, let’s look at some of the frameworks we can apply to project development and implementation. This lesson will cover: Practical Actions Strategic Actions Mainstreaming Actions Targeting Actions Part 2.2 A Practical Needs vs Strategic Actions Framework When approaching agriculture and WRM projects or policies, there are two categories of GEDSI activities that can be applied based on the goal of the project, identified needs of the priority population, and situational context (e.g., cultural norms, political environment, resource capacity): practical needs and strategic outcomes. Practical Needs: Practical needs refer to changes that assist women and men, personas with disabilities, and those who are socially excluded with different needs and backgrounds within the existing norms and structures. These interventions aim to address immediate challenges and improve the lives of individuals within the prevailing social context by responding to the practical and short-term immediate needs. Additional Examples of practical gender needs include: Providing female small-scale farmers with access to irrigation technology to alleviate their burden of manually fetching water from distant sources. Supporting women by providing safe and reliable transportation options to attend water governance meetings, workshops, and decision-making forums. Enhancing the ease of performing existing household chores through the availability of domestic water sources within the home. Ensuring increased safety, dignity, and privacy, particularly in relation to access to sanitation and hygiene facilities. Creating environments that are physically accessible for individuals with disabilities, including measures such as ramps, elevators, accessible restrooms, and designated parking spaces to ensure equal access to buildings, public spaces, transportation, and facilities. Providing access to assistive technologies and devices is for promoting practical needs and social inclusion for individuals with disabilities. Examples of practical actions and adaptive technologies for persons with disabilities: 1. Water Resource Management: Adaptive Water Pumps: Hand-operated water pumps can be adapted with larger handles or levers to accommodate people with limited strength or mobility. Wheelchair-accessible Infrastructure: Ensure water collection sites and treatment facilities have ramps and are free of barriers. 2. Agriculture: Ergonomic Tools: Tools designed to be used from a seated position or tools with padded handles for those with grip difficulties. Tractor and Machinery Modifications: Customize tractors to include hand controls or accessible platforms, allowing those with mobility issues to operate them. Raised Garden Beds: These are beneficial for wheelchair users and people who can't bend easily. Accessible Greenhouses: Designing greenhouses that are spacious enough for wheelchairs and have workstations at different heights to accommodate various needs. 3. Food Systems: Accessible Food Processing Units: Designing processing units with wide aisles, lowered counters, and specialized equipment that can be operated easily. Specialized Transport Vehicles: Vehicles modified for drivers with disabilities ensuring that persons with disabilities can be active participants in the distribution and delivery of food products. It's crucial to involve persons with disabilities in the design and implementation of these solutions to ensure they adequately address their needs and are user-friendly. In practical actions for disabled persons, embracing adaptive technologies for agriculture and water use is crucial. The sector is rapidly advancing with new technologies, and it is imperative that these technologies cater to the specific requirements of people with disabilities. This means not only creating tools and equipment that are physically accommodating but also ensuring that the user interface and usability aspects are tailored to various needs. The AgrAbility Project, for instance, showcases a range of assistive technologies designed to help farmers with disabilities succeed in agriculture. Such initiatives not only level the playing field but also demonstrate the vast potential that can be unlocked when inclusivity is prioritized. Case Study (Practical Needs): Accessible Water and Sanitation Facilities - Nepal Source:https://knowledge.unicef.org/wash/resource/promoting-disability-friendly-wash-schools-nepal Source:https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/inclusive-wash-for-disabled-people-in-nepal Source: https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Working_Papers/working/wor203.pdf Background: In Nepal, the accessibility of water and sanitation facilities has been a major challenge for persons with disabilities. Traditional infrastructure often could not accommodate their specific needs, resulting in exclusion and limited access to these essential services. Recognizing the importance of promoting the GEDSI approach, the government and non-governmental organizations have embarked on a journey to address this issue and ensure accessible water and sanitation facilities for all. Approach: The approach taken in Nepal to achieve accessible water and sanitation facilities has been cantered around inclusive design principles. The government, in collaboration with non-governmental organizations, has implemented measures to make water infrastructure more accessible and user-friendly for persons with disabilities. This includes the construction of ramps, accessible toilets, handrails, tactile signage, and other features that cater to the diverse needs of individuals with disabilities. Additionally, awareness campaigns and training programs have been conducted to promote inclusive attitudes and behaviours among stakeholders involved in the water and sanitation sector. Outcome: The implementation of accessible water and sanitation facilities in Nepal has yielded positive outcomes for persons with disabilities. Firstly, it has significantly improved their access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene services. The provision of ramps, accessible toilets, and other inclusive features ensures that individuals with disabilities can independently and safely use these facilities. This has not only improved their overall well-being and quality of life but also enhanced their dignity and sense of belonging within their communities. Secondly, the inclusive design principles have fostered social inclusion by promoting equal participation and eliminating barriers to water and sanitation services. Persons with disabilities are now able to engage more actively in daily activities, education, employment, and community life. Lessons Learned: The case study of accessible water and sanitation facilities in Nepal provides important lessons for promoting GEDSI. Firstly, inclusive design is crucial for ensuring that water and sanitation infrastructure caters to the diverse needs of persons with disabilities. Implementing features such as ramps, accessible toilets, handrails, and tactile signage enhances accessibility and usability. Secondly, awareness campaigns and training programs play a vital role in changing attitudes and behaviours towards people with disabilities. By fostering inclusive attitudes and promoting understanding, stakeholders can create a supportive environment that respects and values the rights of persons with disabilities. Lastly, collaboration between the government and non-governmental organizations is essential for the successful implementation of inclusive water and sanitation projects. Their partnership allows for the pooling of resources, expertise, and knowledge to ensure the sustainability and scalability of inclusive initiatives. Overall, the case study of accessible water and sanitation facilities in Nepal demonstrates the positive impact of inclusive design principles on promoting GEDSI. By addressing the specific needs of persons with disabilities in water and sanitation infrastructure, Nepal has achieved improved accessibility, social inclusion, and dignity for this marginalized group. The lessons learned highlight the importance of inclusive design, awareness-building, and collaborative approaches in achieving GEDSI goals. This case study serves as a valuable example for other countries and organizations seeking to create accessible and inclusive water and sanitation facilities, fostering a more equitable and inclusive society for all. Strategic Outcomes: Strategic outcomes or interests involve changing social norms, power relations, and underlying causes of existing inequalities. These initiatives aim to challenge and transform the existing structures and dynamics that perpetuate disparities. An example of a strategic outcome might be empowering women, persons with disabilities and minorities to have an increased voice and influence in decision-making processes related to water resource management or encouraging changes in gender roles through shifts in power relations, enabling individuals to negotiate roles and responsibilities based on equitable dynamics. Examples of strategic outcomes include: Empowering individuals with disabilities to actively participate in decision-making processes that affect their lives. Addressing barriers to education, including physical, communication, and attitudinal barriers, and providing necessary support and accommodations to facilitate inclusive learning environments. Combating stigma, stereotypes, and discrimination, and promoting a culture of acceptance, respect, and inclusion. Ensuring accessible transportation, public spaces, healthcare facilities, information and communication technologies, and other essential services. Promoting the diversity of roles for both men and women, allowing women and sexual and gender minorities to gain higher-status roles at all levels, from the household to national to global. Facilitating women's increased confidence and recognition for their contributions and the value they bring to water and sanitation initiatives. Promoting the recognition, by both women and men, of w