Marine Ecosystem 2023-2024 PDF

Marine ECOSYSTEM  MARINE ECOSYSTEM Aquatic ecosystems whose waters possess a high salt content. Out of all types ecosystems on the planet, marine ecosystems are the most prevalent. They teem with life, providing nearly half of the Earth’s oxygen and a home for a wide array of species.  ocean...

Marine ECOSYSTEM  MARINE ECOSYSTEM Aquatic ecosystems whose waters possess a high salt content. Out of all types ecosystems on the planet, marine ecosystems are the most prevalent. They teem with life, providing nearly half of the Earth’s oxygen and a home for a wide array of species.  ocean Earth is a world of water, with seven tenths of its surface covered by ocean. The oceans are the engine of our climate system, taking in approximately half of all solar energy around the equator to power mighty currents that extend up as far as the poles, wind fields following in their wake. Their waters also provide us with much of the air we breathe microscopic phytoplankton populations performing half of all photosynthesis, despite forming less than 1% of global biomass. In addition, the oceans absorb some of the additional CO2 produced by human activity – lessening the full impact of global  INTERTIDAL ZONE The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide (in other words, the area between tide marks). PELAGIC ZONE The pelagic zone consists of the water column of the open ocean, and can be further divided into regions by depth. The word "pelagic" is derived from Greek word (pélagos), meaning 'open sea'.  ABYSSAL ZONE The abyssal zone or abyssopelagic is a layer of the pelagic zone of the ocean. "Abyss" derives from the Greek word abussos, meaning bottomless.  BENTHIC ZONE The benthic zone is the ecological region at the very bottom of the sea. It includes the sediment surface and some subsurface layers.  CORALS Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria. They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps. The group includes the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.  How Do Coral Reefs Form? Coral reefs begin to form when free- swimming coral larvae attach to submerged rocks or other hard surfaces along the edges of islands or continents. FRINGING REEF Which are the most common, project seaward directly from the shore, forming borders along the shoreline and surrounding islands.  BARIER REEF Sometimes it is hard to tell the difference between fringing reefs and another type of reef called a barrier reef. One of the ways that these two types of reefs are separated is based on the depth of the lagoon in the back reef which is the area near to shore. ATOLL REEF An atoll ( sometimes called a coral atoll, is a ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely.  SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP OF CORALS AND ZOOXANTHELLAE Most reef-building corals contain photosynthetic algae, called zooxanthellae, that live in their tissues. The corals and algae have a mutualistic relationship.  CORAL BLEACHING Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues. CAUSES OF CORAL BLEACHING Negative environmental conditions thwart the coral's ability to provide for the zooxanthellae's needs. As coral reef bleaching is a general response to stress, it can be induced by a variety of factors, alone or combination. The following stressors have been implicated in coral reef bleaching events. Temperature Solar Irradiance Subaerial Exposure Fresh Water Dilution Inorganic Nutrients Xenobiotics Epizootics  MANGROVES Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees, also called halophytes, and are adapted to life in harsh coastal conditions. Black Mangroves or 'Courida' (Avicennia germinans) Description Easily identified by its roots which are specialized to take in oxygen. Roots look like tubular bristles which stick out vertically and trap oxygen for its oxygen-starved root systems. These bristles are known as pneumatophores. Red Mangrove or 'Red Mango' ( Rhizophora mangle ) Description This is an evergreen tree, which grows to about 25 meters in height and 40 centimetres in diameter at breast height. White Mangrove ( Laguncularia racemosa ) Description These are the shortest of the three species (reaches 5.6 meters and a diameter of 30 centimetres) and have un- buttressed roots.  Reproductive Strategies of Mangroves Mangroves have one of the most unique reproductive strategies in the plant world. Like most mammals. Mangroves disperse propagules via water with varying degrees of vivipary or embryonic development while the propagule is attached to the parent tree..  MANGROVES ADAPTATION To Salinity Mangroves, like desert plants, have special adaptations for growing in low moisture and high salt conditions. One strategy for coping with high concentrations of salt is special salt-excreting glands on leaves. Another is the exclusion of salt from entering roots with water uptake. To Oxygen Uptake Mangroves also cope with water-saturated soils that limit gaseous exchange, by using special breathing roots.  People and ocean The ocean is vast, covering 140 million square miles (363 million square km), equivalent to approximately 72 per cent of the earth's surface. More than 600 million people (around 10 per cent of the world’s population) live in coastal areas that are less than 10 meters above sea level. Nearly 2.4 billion people (about 40 per cent of the world’s population) live within 100 km (60 miles) of the coast. Oceans, coastal and marine resources are especially important for people living in coastal communities, who represent 37 per cent of the global  People and ocean About 97 per cent of the world’s fishermen live in developing countries and fishing is their major source for food and income. Women account for most of the workers in secondary marine-related activities such as fish processing and marketing. The ocean-economy, which includes employment, ecosystem services provided by the ocean, and cultural services, is estimated at between US$3-6 trillion/year. Fisheries and aquaculture contribute $US100 billion per year and about 260 million jobs to the global economy. Shipping is responsible for more than 90 per cent of the trade  PROBLEMS OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM The oceans are among our biggest resource for life on earth, However, while it's true the oceans can provide us with some amazing eco-solutions like alternative energy, they're are undergoing some serious stress factors. Here are some problems of marine ecosystem. Siltation or siltification is the pollution of water by particulate terrestrial clastic material, with a particle size dominated by silt or clay. Causes: The origin of the increased sediment transport into an area may be erosion on land, or activities in the water. Trawl Fishing Trawling is a method of fishing that involves pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats Trawling is controversial because of its environmental impacts. Because bottom trawling involves towing heavy fishing gear over the seabed, it can cause large-scale destruction on the ocean bottom, including coral shattering, damage to habitats and removal of seaweed. Purse Seining A purse seine, named such because along the bottom are a number of rings. The purse seine is a preferred technique for capturing fish species which school, or aggregate, close to the surface. Purse seine fishing effects: Some purse seine fisheries accidentally catch marine mammals, such as dolphins and seals. Red tide is a common name for a phenomenon known as an algal bloom (large concentrations of aquatic microorganisms) when it is caused by a few species of dinoflagellates and the bloom takes on a red or brown color. Red tide is a phenomenon caused by The algal bloom may also deplete oxygen in the waters and/or release toxins that may cause illness in humans and other animals. OTHER PROBLEMS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEM Climate change Coral bleaching, rising sea levels, changing species distributions - global warming and climate change are already having a marked affect on the oceans. Strategies are needed to deal with these phenomena, and to reduce other pressures on marine habitats already stressed by rising water temperatures and levels. Oil & gas Important reserves of oil, gas, and minerals lie deep beneath the seafloor. However, prospecting and drilling for these poses a major threat to sensitive marine habitats and species Pollution Untreated sewage, garbage, fertilizers, pesticides, industrial chemicals, plastics... most of the pollutants on land eventually make their way into the ocean, either deliberately dumped there or entering from water run-off and the atmosphere. Not surprisingly, this pollution is harming the entire marine food chain - all the way up to humans. A Philippine-flagged vessel the MT Terra Nova carrying 1.4 million litres of industrial fuel sank in rough seas off the Bataan province in the Philippines on 25 July Fig. 4 Global emissions of plastic into the ocean. (A) The geospatial distribution of plastic entering the ocean through rivers. The 1656 rivers accountable for 80% of the total influx are presented. The gray shading indicates the probability for plastic entering the ocean [P(E)] on a 10 × 10–km resolution. (B) Total emitted plastic into the ocean ME per country divided by the national generation of MPW, globally ranging between 0 and 20%. (C) Total emitted plastic into the ocean ME (MT year−1) per country.  To protect our marine ecosystem 1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 2. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 14) 3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 4. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) 5. National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act 6. The Fisheries Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8550) 7. Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) 8. The Clean Water Act (Republic Act No. 9275) THANK YOU!!!