Manures & Fertilizers PDF

## MANURES AND FERTILIZERS **Manures** - Manures are plant and animal waste used as sources of plant nutrient. - They release nutrients after their decomposition. **Fertilizers** - Fertilizers are industrially manufactured chemicals containing plant nutrients. - Nutrient content is higher in fer...

## MANURES AND FERTILIZERS **Manures** - Manures are plant and animal waste used as sources of plant nutrient. - They release nutrients after their decomposition. **Fertilizers** - Fertilizers are industrially manufactured chemicals containing plant nutrients. - Nutrient content is higher in fertilizers than in manures and nutrients are released almost immediately. ### MANURES #### Characteristics **Manures** - Organic substance - Obtained from plant and animal waste - Degraded by microbes to form manures - Difficult to transport, store and apply to crops - Restore soil structure and texture - Help in retention of water - Release nutrients slowly and continuously **Fertilizers** - Inorganic substances - Manufactured in factories - Microbes are not needed - Easy to store, transport and apply - Don't restore soil structure - Don't retain water - Provide plant nutrients instantly #### Types of Manures ##### Bulky Organic Manures - FYM (4-5 months) - Compost (5-6 months) - Green manures - Night soil, sewage and sludge - Vermi compost - Sheep & goat manures - Poultry manure ##### Concentrated Organic Manures - **Coil Cakes** - edible and non-edible #### Nutrient Content of Different Manures | Manure | N:P:K | |---|---| | FYM | 0.5:0.2:0.5 | | Compost | 0.5:0.15:0.5 | | Farm compost | 0.5:0.15:0.5 | | Town Compost | 1.4:1.0:1.4 | | Night Soil | 1.4:1.0:1.4 | | Vermi compost | 5.5:4.0:2.0 | | Sheep & Goat manure | 3.0:1.0:1.5 | | Poultry | 3.03:2.63:1.4 | #### **Green Manures** * **Ex Situ/green leaf manuring** * Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) * Pongamia glabra * Alzaracta indica * **In Situ** * Sunhemp (Sesbania oculeata) * Dhanicha (Sesbania restrata) #### Edible Oilcakes | Edible Oilcakes | N:P2O5:K2O | |---|---| | Coconut Cake | 3:1.9:1.8 | | Cotton Seed Cake (decorticated) | 6.4:2.9:2.2 | | Groundnut Cake | 7.3:1.5:1.3 | | Rape Seed Cake | 5.2:1.8:1.2 | | Sesamun Cake | 6.2:2.0:1.2 | | Safflower Cake (decorticated) | 7.9:2.2:1.9 | - Niger cake & linseed cake are edible seed. #### Non-Edible Oilcakes | Edible Oilcakes | N:P2O5:K2O | |---|---| | Castor Cake | 4.3:1.8:1.3 | | Cotton Seed cake (undecorticated) | 3.9:1.8:1.6 | | Karanj Cake (pongamia) | 3.9:0.9:1.2 | | Mohua cake | 2.5:0.8:1.2 | | Safflower cake (undecorticated) | 4.9:1.4:1.2 | ### ANIMAL BASED | Animal Based | N:P2O5:K2O | |---|---| | Blood meal | 10-12:1:1 | | Meat meal | 10.5:2.5:0.5 | | Bone meal (raw) | 3-4:20-25: | | Bone meal (steam)| 1-2:25-30: | | Fish meal | 4-10:3-9:0.3-1.5 | | Horn & hoof | 13 | ### AMENDMENTS - Soil amendments are substances that influence plant growth by increasing nutrient availability, either by altering soil reaction or by changing non-available to available form, and by improving physical condition of the soil. - Limiting materials (Burnt lime, Slacked lime etc.) are used to reduce acidity. - Amendments like Gypsum, sulfur, Iron Sulphate etc. are used for reclaiming alkaline soil. ### GREEN MANURING - It refers to the incorporation of a manure crop by tillage prior to seed set, usually around flowering. - Risk of surface erosion. - Moisture is necessary for incorporation and decomposition. - Microbial population is necessary for decomposition. ### BROWN MANURING - It is a no-till version of green manuring where herbicides are used to kill the manure crops and weeds. - Plants are left standing, providing protection to lighter soil at risk from erosion. - We conserve soil moisture in it. - Chemical dessication. ### ADVANTAGES OF BROWN MANURING - Effective weed management - Soil fertility improvement - Improvement in soil biological activity for nutrient release - Erosion management - Effective plant pathogen management - Increase in crop productivity ### WHAT MAKES AN IDEAL BROWN MANURE PLANT? - Crop species that are most suited to brown manuring enable growers to maximize weed control and nitrogen fixation while minimizing cost and risk. - Criteria to be considered in selection are as follows: * Cost and availability of seed * Easy cultivation * Relative dry matter production at the time of spraying with the first knockdown herbicide * Degree of ground cover provided by the stubble to reduce wind erosion and conserve moisture * Competitiveness with target weeds * Minimum competition with main crop ### FERTILIZERS |Type of Fertilizer | Description | Example | |---|---|---| | Straight | These fertilizers supply only one primary plant nutrient. | Urea (46% N), SSP (16%. P2O5), MOP (60% K2O) | | Complex | These contain two or three primary plant nutrients that are in chemical combination | DAP (18% N, 46% P2O5), MAP (12% N, 61% P2O5) | | Mixed | These are physical mixtures of straight fertilizers that are made by thoroughly mixing the ingredients (mechanically or manually) | | ### FERTILIZERS - HIGH ANALYSIS AND LOW ANALYSIS - Based on the concentration of primary plant nutrients, fertilizers are classified into high analysis and low analysis. - Low analysis fertilizer contains less than 25% primary plant nutrients. * e.g., SSP (16% P2O5), NaNO3 (16% N) - High analysis fertilizers * Urea (46% N) * MOP (60% K2O) * Anhydrous ammonia (82.2%) * Ammonium phosphate (20:20) * DAP (18% N, 46% P2O5) ### FERTILIZERS - SOLID AND LIQUID | Form | Example | |---|---| | **Solid** | SSP, Urea, DAP, Holland Grannules, Urea super granules, Urea briquettes, Ammonium sulphate, crystal | | **Liquid** | Clear liquid fertilizers, Suspension | ### FERTILIZERS - BASED ON NUTRIENTS - **Nitrogenous Fertilizer** * These contain nitrogen in the form of: *Ammonium (NH4+) - Anhydrous ammonium *Nitrate (NO3-) - NH4NO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2.4H2O *Amide (-NH2) - Urea *Cyanamide (-CN) - CaCN2 *Ammonium Sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) *Diammonium phosphate *Monoammonium phosphate (12%N & 51% P) * **NH4NO3 - explosive fertilizer** - **Biuret** * It is a condensation product of two molecules of urea. * It’s content in commercial fertilizer shouldn’t exceed 2%. * Normal: 1.5% * Foliar 0.5% * Max. permissible - 2% - **Nutrient Use Efficiency** *A measure of the increase in crop yield obtained per unit fertilizer nutrient applied. * Agronomically expressed as unit of yield increase per unit nutrient applied * Physiologically expressed as unit of yield increase per unit of applied nutrient absorbed by the crop. * From soil science perspective, it’s seen as the % of applied nutrient recovered in the crop economically or seen as the value of crop produced per unit investment in fertilizer basis. - **Fertilizer Grade** * It refers to the guaranteed analysis of its plant nutrients. * It is the minimum guarantee of the plant nutrient contents in the term of N, available P2O5 & K2O. - **Fertilizer Ratio** * It refers to the relative % of N, P2O5 & K2O. - **Equivalent Basicity** * Residual basicity caused by the application of basic fertilizers, expressed in terms of CaCO3 equivalent of basic residue left by a fertilizer material. * e.g., NaNO3 - 29 Ca (NO3)2 - 21 CaCN2 - 63 KNO3 - 29 CaSO4 - 25 #### UREA - When urea fertilizers applied to soil, it combines with water to form ammonium carbonate through the catalytic action of the urease enzyme. - **CO(NH2)2 -> (NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + HCO3** - The enzyme urease is present in the soil resulting from the decomposition of matter by microorganisms. Ammonium carbonate is unstable. It decomposes into gaseous ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water. When incorporated to soil, ammonia is converted to ammonium ion with hydrogen ion coming from the soil solution of soil particles. The positively charged ammonium ions are then fixed into the negatively charged soil particles where they remain until absorbed by plants through the roots or used by bacteria as a source of energy and converted to nitrate ion (Nitrification). #### SLOW RELEASE N-OUS FERTILIZER - **With coating:** * Sulfur coated urea * Neem coated urea * Borax coating (very suitable for low land rice) * Gypsum coating - **Without coating:** * IBDU (Isobutylidine Diurea - 32.2%) * CDU (Crotonylidene diurea) - 32.5 #### NITRIFICATION INHIBITOR - During the process of mineralization, ammonium is converted into nitrate by nitrosomonas bacteria. Nitrates are subjected to leaching and denitrification losses especially in submerged soils. These losses can be reduced by inhibiting nitrification with the chemicals known as nitrification inhibitors. * e.g., Nitrapyrin, N-Serve, Thiourea etc. #### CHARACTERISTICS OF NITRATE FERTILIZER - They are highly mobile in soil and, therefore, suitable for top dressing. - Highly soluble and subjected to leaching. - Subjected to denitrification in water-logged soil. - Increase alkalinity as they are basic in their residual effect. #### CHARACTERISTICS OF AMMONICAL FERTILIZER - Easily available to plants as they are readily soluble in water. - Leaching losses are less as ammonium ions are adsorbed by clay particles. - Reduce alkalinity, as they are acidic in their residual effect on the soil. - These fertilizers are well suitable for submerged soils. - Urea is placed in reduced zone in submerged soil to minimize volatilization and denitrification losses to facilitate deeper placement. Urea is manufactured as supergrannules, briquettes, or mixed with mud and made into balls. - CAN is a neutral fertilizer (20.5% N, 20% N). #### PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZER (P2O5) - These are basically 3 types: * Water-soluble (neutral to alkaline soil) * Citrate-soluble (suitable for acidic soil) * Citrate-insoluble (suitable for strongly acidic) - **(i) Water-soluble** * SSP, DSP, TSP (46-48%), Ammonium phosphate (20% 20%, 20% N), MAP (48% P2O5 11% N) * Suitable for wheat, sorghum, pulses. - **(ii) Citrate-soluble** * Basic slag (14-18% P2O5), Dicalcium phosphate (34-39 % P2O5) * Suitable for sugarcane, tapioca, tea, coffee, low land rice. - **(iii) Citrate insoluble** * Rock phosphate (20-40% P2O5), Raw bone meal (20-25% P2O5), Steam bone meal (25-30%) * Suitable for tea, coffee, rubber, coconut, cocoa. - **SSP** * Contains 16-22% P2O5 of which 90% are water soluble. * It is a mixture of monocalcium phosphate and calcium sulphate (Gypsum). * It also contains 8-11% sulfur and calcium (18-21%). #### SUPER DIGESTED COMPOST - Super Phosphate is added to compost material and they are allowed to undergo changes in the compost pit. - The enriched compost with super phosphate is the super digested compost. - In this form P is available for longer periods without being fixed in the soil. #### BASIC SLAG - 14-18% P2O5 of which 80% is citrate soluble. - It is suitable for acid and neutral soil but not for alkaline soil. #### AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE - These are produced by reacting ammonia and phosphoric acid or with a mixture of phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. - e.g., MAP (12%N and 61% P2O5), DAP (16%N and 48% P2O5) or (18%N and 46% P2O5) - Ammonium phosphate sulfate (16:20:0) #### ROCK PHOSPHATE - Powdered rock phosphate has to be thoroughly mixed with soil so as to transform into available form and in suitable form in plantation crops. 25-30% P2O5 and 33-36% Ca. #### INCREASING PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY - It is relatively low due to its fixation in soil depending on the soil reaction. - However, its use efficiency can be considerably improved by adopting recommended fertilizer management practices: - Crop requirement of phosphorus is greater during root development in early vegetative periods. As such, it should be applied at seedling and planting as basal application. - For upland crops P should be applied by drilling/placement. - Timing of acid soils is must for enhancing use efficiency. - In transplanted crops, root dipping of seedling in slurry of P-fert can minimize its rate of application. - P solubling microbes are effective in improving the available of P to the crops. - Incubation of an insoluble fertilizer with organic manure enhances its efficiency by the crops. #### CONVERSION FACTOR - P2O5 = P x 2.29 - P = P2O5 x 0.43 - K2O = K x 1.2 - K = K2O x 0.83 ### POTASSIC FERTILIZER - MOP (KCl) is the most used potassic fertilizer. | Type | Description | |---|---| | **Chloride** | KCl or MOP | | **Non-chloride** | potassium sulphate, potassium nitrate | #### KCl OR MOP - KCl or MOP is most common and cheap fertilizer among potassic fertilizers. - KCl or MOP is not suitable for sugarcane, sugar beet, potato, and tobacco. - In sugar crops, accumulation of sugar is affected due to Cl present in the fertilizer. Higher content of Cl in tobacco leaf reduces its burning quality. - This fertilizer is suitable for acidic and heavy soil but not for alkaline soil. #### POTASSIUM SULPHATE - K2O = 48-50%, S=17.5% - It can be used in any crop. #### POTASSIUM NITRATE - Salt petre (13% N & 44% K2O) - It is mainly used for fruit trees & crops such as tobacco & vegetables. ### MICRONUTRIENTS AND THEIR CONCENTRATION | Micronutrient | Concentration | |---|---| | **Fe** | 0.5 to 5 ppm | | **Mn** | 0.1 to 0.5 ppm | | **Zn** | 0.1 to 1 ppm | | **Cu** | 0.02 to 0.2 ppm | | **Mo** | 0.01 to 0.05 ppm | ### MACRONUTRIENTS | Macrorutrient | Percentage | |---|---| | Gypsum | 29.2% Ca, 18.6% S | | Rock Phosphate | 33.1% Ca, 25.2% P2O5 | | SSP | 19.5% Ca, 12.5% S, 16% P2O5 | | Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salt) | 19.6% Mg, 13% S | | Potassium Sulphate | 48% K2O, 17.5% S | | Ammonium Sulphate | 21% N, 24.2% S | | Basic Slag | 3% S, 15.6% P | ### MICRONUTRIENTS | Micronutrient | Percentage | |---|---| | Ferrous Sulphate | 19% Fe | | Ferric Sulphate | 23% Fe | | Ferrous oxide | 77% Fe | | Zinc Oxide | 78% Zn (seed treatment) | | Zinc Sulphate monohydrate | 35% Zn | | Zinc Sulphate heptahydrate| 23% Zn | | Zinc chelate | 14% Zn| | Iron chelate | 14% Fe | | Iron frits | 22% Fe (acidic soil) | | Boric acid | 17% B | | Borax | 11% B | | Borosilicate flank | 67% B | | Copper Sulphate | 21% Cu | | Copper Chelate | Variable | ### METHODS OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION - **Broadcasting** - **Band Placement** - **Point Application** - **Subsoil Placement** - **Fertigation** * Foliar - Micronutrients * Nano fertilizers ### BIOFERTILIZERS - Microbial inoculants is a more appropriate name for biofertilizers. - It is defined as preparation containing live or latent cell of efficient strains of N2 fixing, phosphorus solubilizing, or cellulolytic microorganisms used for application of seed, soil or composting areas with the objective of increasing the Rio of such organisms and accelerates certain microbial process to augment the extend of the availability of nutrients in a form which can be assimilated by plants. #### TYPES OF BIOFERTILIZERS |Category | Description| |---|---| |**N2 fixing** | Symbiotic | | | Module formed (Legumes) | | | Nodule not formed | | | Non-symbiotic | | | With nodule | | | Without nodule | | | 1. Aerobic bacteria | | | 2. Anaerobic bacteria | | | Fixation by heterotrophs | | | Fixation by autotrophs | | | **Phosphate solubilizing/mobilizing/absorbers**| | | **O/M decomposers** | | | Cellulolytic | | | Lignalytic| #### N2 FIXING BIOFERTILIZERS **Symbiotic** - With nodule (Legume) - Rhizobium - Without nodule (Non-legume) - Actinomycetes (frankia), Casuarina alder. *Frankia is associated with casuarina. **Non-Symbiotic** - Fixation by heterotrophs: Azotobacter, Beijernikia - Fixation by autotrophs: Rhizospirillum, BGA #### NON-LEGUME N2 FIXING - BGA Anabena azzolli - It has a symbiotic association with the water fern Azolla pinnata. Anabena inhabits the cavities within the leaves of the floating fern Azolla. It can fix upto 30-40 kg N per ha. #### PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS - *P Solubilizers* * Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus - *P Absorbers* * VAM (Glomus) * Cuascular Aboscular miccorbizae #### ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSERS - *O/M decomposers/saprophytes* * Cellulytic: Trichoderma, Trichodermaspore * Lignolytics: Arthrobacter, Agaricus #### MODES AND METHODS OF APPLICATION - Seed treatment - Soil application #### SEED TREATMENT - 20g of rhizobium culture is required to treat 1kg seed and 1 packet of rhizobium culture contains 200g of rhizobium culture. - For small-seeded crops/pulses like moong, arhar, lentil, barseem, lucern, 500g of rhizobium culture is sufficient for seeds required to be sown in 2ha. - For groundnut 1.5kg of rhizobium culture for 80-100kg seeds for 1ha. - For soybean and bengal gram 1kg/ha. #### SOIL APPLICATION - 10 packets of carrier-based Azodobacter and Azospirillum culture is mixed with 25kg FYM and 25kg soil and is broadcasted in the field uniformly before transplanting. - For rice crop, a bed is made in the field and filled with water. Recommended biofertilizers are mixed in the water and the root of the seedling are dipped for 8-10 hours. ### BENEFITS OF BIOFERTILIZERS - Rhizobium biofertilizer can fix 50-200kg N per ha/year. - Biofertilizer can increase yield by 25-30% and 40-80kg N is left over in the field useful for subsequent crops. - Biofertilizers like BGA, Azodobacter and Azospirillum also supply growth regulators such as IAA, IBA, NAA, GA1, GA3, and vitamins. - Azodobacter and Azospirillum secrates antibiotics which act as pesticides so fertil biofertilizer also act as biopesticides. - Azolla not only supply N but also increases organic matter in the form of biomass and increase soil fertility - It improves soil's physical properties such as soil structure, texture, chemical properties such as water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity of soil, buffer capacity of soil etc. - It proliferates useful soil micro organisms such as biological properties of soil. - It is ecologically friendly, technologically feasible, socially acceptable input to the farmers. ### NITROGEN FIXING CAPACITY (BY LEGUME CROPS) | Crop | N (kg/ha) | |---|---| | Alfa-alfa (lusern) | 194 | | Groundnut | 87-206 | | Bengal gram | 23-97 | | Black gram | 80-66 | | Green gram | 90-140 | | Cowpea | 119 | | Sweet clover | 58 | | Soyabean | 72 | | Pea | | #### RHIZOBIUM CULTURE | Rhizobium Culture | Crop | |---|---| | Rhizobium meliloti | (i) Melilotus alba (sweet clover) | (ii) Medicago sativa (Alfa-alfa) | | Rhizobium trifoli | (i) Trifolium (clover) | | Rhizobium leguminosarum | (i) Pisum sativum | (ii) Lathyrus sativus (sweet pea) | (iii) Lens esculantus (lentil) | | Rhizobium phascioli | (I) Faseiolus vulgaris (kidney bean/french bean)| | Rhizobium lupini | (i) Lupinus | | Rhizobium japonicum | (i) Soyabean (Glycine max) | (ii) Vignea unguiculata (cowpea) | (iii) Arachis hypogea (groundnut) | (iv) Crotolaria juncea (sunhemp) | *Azodobacter is used for rice, cotton and sugarcane whereas Azospirillum is used for sorghum.