Programming Tools and Technique PDF

Programming Tools and Technique  Sub Module 8.1 Design Patterns Objectives Define Design Patterns Classify Design Patterns Identify Common Design Patterns Describe Each of the Design Patterns Computer Science Departme...

Programming Tools and Technique  Sub Module 8.1 Design Patterns Objectives Define Design Patterns Classify Design Patterns Identify Common Design Patterns Describe Each of the Design Patterns Computer Science Department Slide 3 of 61 Overview In 1994, Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software by Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides explained the usefulness of patterns and resulted in the widespread popularity of design patterns. 4 Computer Science Department Slide 4 of 61 Definitions A design pattern is a documented best practice or core of a solution that has been applied successfully in multiple environments to solve a problem that recurs in a specific set of situations 5 Computer Science Department Slide 5 of 61 Definitions solutions to problems standard solutions to common problems in software design Computer Science Department Slide 6 of 61 Benefits & Drawbacks Benefits: large-scale reuse of software architectures capture expert knowledge and design tradeoffs Patterns help improve developer communication Drawbacks: do not lead to direct code reuse deceptively simple pattern overload Patterns are validated by experience and discussion 7 Computer Science Department Slide 7 of 61 Kinds of Patterns 1. Analysis Patterns 2. Architectural Patterns 3. Design Patterns 4. Programming Patterns 8 Computer Science Department Slide 8 of 61 Design Pattern Catalog CREATIONAL STRUCTURAL BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS PATTERNS PATTERNS 1. Factory Method 1. Adapter 1. Chain of 2. Bridge Responsibility 2. Abstract Factory 3. Composite 2. Command 3. Builder 4. Decorator 3. Interpreter 4. Prototype 4. Iterator 5. Façade 5. Singleton 6. Flyweight 5. Mediator 7. Proxy 6. Memento 7. Observer 8. State 9. Strategy 10. Template Method 11. Visitor 9 Computer Science Department Slide 9 of 61 Factory Method Definition Defines an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate. Factory Method lets a class defer instantiation to subclasses Problem & Context If an object needs to know the selection criteria to instantiate an appropriate class, this results in a high degree of coupling. Whenever the selection criteria change, every object that uses the class must be changed correspondingly Solution Encapsulate the functionality required to select and instantiate the appropriate class. One way to do this is to create an abstract class or an interface that declares the factory method. Different subclasses can then implement the method in its entirety 10 Computer Science Department Slide 10 of 61 Factory Method Button Class ImageButton InputButton FlashButton Computer Science Department Slide 11 of 61 Factory Method Computer Science Department Slide 12 of 61 Factory Computer Science Department Slide 13 of 61 Factory Computer Science Department Slide 14 of 61 Factory Computer Science Department Slide 15 of 61 Abstract Factory Definition Provides an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes Problem & Context Useful when an object wants to create an instance of a suite of related and dependent classes without having to know which specific concrete class is instantiated. In its absence, the required implementation needs to be present wherever such an instance is created Solution Provide the necessary interface for creating instances. Different concrete factories implement this interface. In Java, it is an abstract class with its concrete subclasses as factories. Each factory is responsible for creating and providing access to the objects 16 Computer Science Department Slide 16 of 61 Abstract Factory Computer Science Department Slide 17 of 61 PRESENTATION TITLE Computer Science Department Slide 18 of 61 Builder Definition Separates the construction of a complex object from its representation so that the same construction process can create different representations Problem & Context Object construction details are kept within the object as part of its constructor. This may not be effective when the object being created is complex and the object creation process produces different representations of the object. The object can become bulky (construction bloat) and less modular Solution Move the construction logic out of the object class to separate classes referred to as builder classes. A dedicated object referred to as a Director, is responsible for invoking different builder methods required for the construction of the final object. Different client objects can make use of the Director object to create the required object 19 Computer Science Department Slide 19 of 61 Builder Computer Science Department Slide 20 of 61 PRESENTATION TITLE Computer Science Department Slide 21 of 61 Prototype Definition Specifies the kind of objects to create using a prototypical instance and creates new objects by copying this prototype Problem & Context When clients need to create a set of objects that are cost prohibitive and alike or differ only in terms of their state, create one object upfront and designate it as a prototype object or simply make a copy of the prototype object Solution Provide a way for clients to create a copy of the prototype object. By default, all Java objects inherit the built in clone() method that creates a clone of the original object 22 Computer Science Department Slide 22 of 61 Prototype Computer Science Department Slide 23 of 61 PRESENTATION TITLE Computer Science Department Slide 24 of 61 Singleton Definition Ensures a class has only one instance and provide a global point of access to it Problem & Context Sometimes there may be a need to have one and only one instance of a given class during the lifetime of an application. This may be due to necessity or, more often, because only a single instance of the class is sufficient Solution Create a class with a method that creates a new instance of the object if one does not exist. If one does exist, it returns a reference to the object that already exists. To make sure that the object cannot be instantiated any other way, the constructor is made either private or protected 25 Computer Science Department Slide 25 of 61 Singleton Computer Science Department Slide 26 of 61 Singleton Computer Science Department Slide 27 of 61 References McGarth, M. (2017). C++ programming in easy steps (5th ed). Easy Steps Unlimited Geron, A. (2017). Hands-on Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn and Tenserflow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to build Intelligent Systems Alessandrini, V. (2016). Shared Memory Application Programming: Concepts and Strategies in Multicore Application Smith, Jo Ann. (2015). Java Programs to accompany Programming Logic. Cengage Learning: Boston, MA Backiel, Aimee (2015). Beginning Java programming: The Object- Oriented Approach Slide 28 of 61  Sub Module 8.2 Design Patterns Adapter Definition Converts the interface of a class into another interface clients expect. Adapter lets classes work together that couldn't otherwise because of incompatible interfaces Problem & Context Sometimes an existing class may provide the functionality required by a client, but its interface may not be what the client expects. In such cases, the existing interface needs to be converted into an interface that the client expects, preserving the reusability of the existing class Solution Define a wrapper class around the object with the incompatible interface. The adapter provides the required interface expected by the client. The implementation of the adapter interface converts client requests into calls to the adaptee class interface 30 Computer Science Department Slide 30 of 61 Adapter Computer Science Department Slide 31 of 61 Bridge Definition Decouples an abstraction from its implementation so that the two can vary independently Problem & Context An abstraction can be designed as an interface with one or more concrete implementers. When subclassing the hierarchy, it could lead to an exponential number of subclasses. And since both the interface and its implementation are closely tied together, they cannot be independently varied without affecting each other Solution Put both the interfaces and the implementations into separate class hierarchies. The Abstraction maintains an object reference of the Implementer type. A client application can choose a desired abstraction type from the Abstraction class hierarchy. The abstraction object can then be configured with an instance of an appropriate implementer from the Implementer class hierarchy 32 Computer Science Department Slide 32 of 61 Bridge Computer Science Department Slide 33 of 61 Composite Definition Composes objects into tree structures to represent part-whole hierarchies. Composites let clients treat individual objects and compositions of objects uniformly Problem & Context Useful in designing a common interface for both individual and composite components so that client programs can view both the individual components and groups of components uniformly Solution Simulate a file system that consists of directories, files and an interface called FileSystem with methods (such as getSize(), getComponent(), addComponent()) common for both File and Directory components. File and Directory classes are the implementers of the interface. A typical client would create a set of FileSystem objects including a hierarchy of file system objects. The client can treat both the Directory and File objects identically 34 Computer Science Department Slide 34 of 61 Composite (Diagram) 35 Computer Science Department Slide 35 of 61 Composite (Diagram) 36 Computer Science Department Slide 36 of 61 Decorator Definition Attaches additional responsibilities to an object dynamically. Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality Problem & Context This pattern allows new/additional behavior to be added to an existing method of an object dynamically. Since classes cannot be created at runtime and it is typically not possible to predict what extensions will be needed at design time, a new class would have to be made for every possible combination. By contrast, decorators are objects, created at runtime, and can be combined on a per-use basis Solution Pass the original object as a parameter to the constructor of the decorator, with the decorator implementing the new functionality. The interface of the original object needs to be maintained by the decorator 37 Computer Science Department Slide 37 of 61 Façade Definition Provides a unified interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem. Façade defines a higher-level interface that makes the subsystem easier to use Problem & Context The Façade object takes up the responsibility of interacting with the subsystem classes. In effect, clients interface with the façade to deal with the subsystem. Consequently, the Façade pattern promotes a weak coupling between a subsystem and its clients Solution A façade should not be designed to provide any additional functionality. Never return subsystem components from Façade methods to clients 38 Computer Science Department Slide 38 of 61 Façade (Diagram) 39 Computer Science Department Slide 39 of 61 Flyweight Definition Uses sharing to support large numbers of fine-grained objects efficiently Problem & Context This pattern suggests separating all the intrinsic common data into a separate object referred to as a Flyweight object. The group of objects being created can share the Flyweight object as it represents their intrinsic state. This eliminates the need for storing the same invariant, intrinsic information in every object; instead it is stored only once in the form of a single Flyweight object Solution Design flyweight as a singleton with a private constructor. The client creates an object with the exclusive extrinsic data or sends the extrinsic data as part of a method call to the Flyweight object. This results in the creation of few objects with no duplication 40 Computer Science Department Slide 40 of 61 Proxy Definition Provides a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control access to it Problem & Context A client object can directly access a service provider object but sometimes a client object may not have access to a target object by normal means. The reasons could be: location, state of existence, and special behavior of target object. Instead of having client objects to deal with the special requirements for accessing the target object, the Proxy pattern suggests using a separate object referred to as a proxy to provide a means for different client objects to access the target object in a normal, straightforward manner Solution A proxy object should represent a single object. It provides access control to the single target object, and offers the same interface 41 Computer Science Department Slide 41 of 61 Proxy (Diagram) 42 Computer Science Department Slide 42 of 61 Chain of Responsibility Definition Avoids coupling the sender of a request to its receiver by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request. Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it Problem & Context When there is more than one object that can handle or fulfill a client request, each of these potential handler objects can be arranged in the form of a chain, with each object having a pointer to the next object in the chain Solution The order in which the objects form the chain can be decided dynamically at runtime by the client. All potential handler objects should provide a consistent interface. Neither the client object nor any of the handler objects in the chain need to know which object will actually fulfill the request 43 Computer Science Department Slide 43 of 61 Command Definition Encapsulates a request as an object, thereby letting you parameterize clients with different requests, queue or log requests, and support undoable operations Problem & Context Used when there is a proliferation of similar methods and the interface to implement an object becomes unwieldy – too many public methods for other objects to call, an interface that is unworkable and always changing Solution Create an abstraction for the processing in response to client requests by declaring a common interface to be implemented by different concrete implementers referred to as Command objects. A given Command object does not contain the actual implementation of the functionality. Command objects make use of Receiver objects in offering this functionality 44 Computer Science Department Slide 44 of 61 Interpreter Definition Given a language, defines a representation for its grammar along with an interpreter that uses the representation to interpret sentences in the language Problem & Context Sometimes an application may process repeated similar requests that are a combination of a set of grammar rules. These requests are distinct but similar in the sense that they are composed using the same set of rules. Instead of treating every distinct combination of rules as a separate case, it may be beneficial for the application to have the ability to interpret a generic combination of rules Solution Design a class hierarchy to represent the set of grammar rules with every class in the hierarchy representing a separate grammar rule. An Interpreter module interprets the sentences constructed using the class hierarchy and carries out the necessary operations 45 Computer Science Department Slide 45 of 61 Iterator Definition Provides a way to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation Problem & Context The purpose of an iterator is to process every element of a container while isolating the user from the internal structure of the container. The container allows the user to treat it as if it were a simple sequence or list while storing elements in any manner it wishes. Iterators can provide a consistent way to iterate on data structures of all kinds, making the code more readable, reusable, and less sensitive to a change in the data structure Solution In Java, the java.util.Iterator interface allows you to iterate container classes. Each Iterator provides a next() and hasNext() method, and may optionally support a remove() method. Iterators are created by the method iterator() provided by the corresponding container class 46 Computer Science Department Slide 46 of 61 Iterator (Diagram) 47 Computer Science Department Slide 47 of 61 Iterator (Diagram) 48 Computer Science Department Slide 48 of 61 Mediator Definition Defines an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact. Mediator promotes loose coupling by keeping objects from referring to each other explicitly, and it lets you vary their interaction independently Problem & Context Objects interact with each other for the purpose of providing a service. This interaction can be direct (point-to-point). As the number of objects increases, the interaction can lead to a complex maze of references among objects. Having an object directly referring to other objects greatly reduces the scope for reuse Solution The Mediator pattern suggests abstracting all object interaction details into a separate class, referred to as a Mediator. The interaction between any two different objects is routed through the Mediator class. All objects send their messages to the mediator 49 Computer Science Department Slide 49 of 61 Memento Definition Without violating encapsulation, captures and externalizes an object's internal state so that the object can be restored to this state later Problem & Context The state of an object can be defined as the values of its attributes at any given point of time. The Memento pattern is useful for designing a mechanism to capture and store the state of an object so that, when needed, the object can revert to its previous state. This is more like an undo operation Solution The object whose state needs to be captured is referred to as the originator. The originator stores its attributes in a separate object referred to as a Memento. A Memento object must hide the originator variable values from all objects except the originator. A Memento should be designed to provide restricted access to other objects while the originator is allowed to access its internal state 50 Computer Science Department Slide 50 of 61 Observer Definition Defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically Problem & Context Useful for designing a consistent communication model between a set of dependent objects (observers) and an object that they are dependent on (subject). This allows the observers to have their state synchronized with the subject. Each of these observers needs to know when the subject undergoes a change in its state Solution The subject should provide an interface for registering and unregistering change notifications. Observers should provide an interface for receiving notifications from the subject 51 Computer Science Department Slide 51 of 61 Observer (Diagram) 52 Computer Science Department Slide 52 of 61 Observer (Diagram) 53 Computer Science Department Slide 53 of 61 State Definition Allows an object to alter its behavior when its internal state changes. The object will appear to change its class Problem & Context Useful in designing an efficient structure for a class, a typical instance of which can exist in many different states and exhibit different behavior depending on its state. In the case of an object of such a class, some or all of its behavior is completely influenced by its current state. Such a class is referred to as a Context class. A Context object can alter its behavior when there is a change in its internal state and is also referred as a Stateful object Solution The State pattern suggests moving the state-specific behavior out of the Context class into a set of separate classes referred to as State classes. Each of the many different states in which a Context object can exist can be mapped into a separate State class 54 Computer Science Department Slide 54 of 61 Strategy Definition Defines a family of algorithms, encapsulates each one, and makes them interchangeable. Strategy lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it Problem & Context Useful when there is a set of related algorithms and a client object needs to be able to dynamically pick and choose an algorithm that suits its current need. The implementation of each of the algorithms is kept in a separate class referred to as a strategy. An object that uses a Strategy object is referred to as a context object. Changing the behavior of a Context object is a matter of changing its Strategy object to the one that implements the required algorithm Solution All Strategy objects must be designed to offer the same interface. In Java, this can be accomplished by designing each Strategy object either as an implementer of a common interface or as a subclass of a common abstract class that declares the required common interface 55 Computer Science Department Slide 55 of 61 Strategy Computer Science Department Slide 56 of 61 Template Method Definition Defines the skeleton of an algorithm in an operation, deferring some steps to subclasses. Template Method lets subclasses redefine certain steps of an algorithm without changing the algorithm's structure Problem & Context Used in situations when there is an algorithm, some steps of which could be implemented in many different ways. The outline of the algorithm is kept in a separate method referred to as a template method inside a class, referred to as a template class, leaving out the specific implementations of the variant portions of the algorithm to different subclasses of this class Solution The Template method can be a concrete, nonabstract method with calls to other methods that represent different steps of the algorithm. Specific implementations can be provided for these abstract methods inside a set of concrete subclasses of the abstract Template class 57 Computer Science Department Slide 57 of 61 Template Method (Diagram) 58 Computer Science Department Slide 58 of 61 References McGarth, M. (2017). C++ programming in easy steps (5th ed). Easy Steps Unlimited Geron, A. (2017). Hands-on Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn and Tenserflow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to build Intelligent Systems Alessandrini, V. (2016). Shared Memory Application Programming: Concepts and Strategies in Multicore Application Smith, Jo Ann. (2015). Java Programs to accompany Programming Logic. Cengage Learning: Boston, MA Backiel, Aimee (2015). Beginning Java programming: The Object- Oriented Approach Slide 59 of 61 Visitor Definition Represents an operation to be performed on the elements of an object structure. Visitor lets you define a new operation without changing the classes of the elements on which it operates Problem & Context Visitor is useful in a heterogeneous collection of objects of a class hierarchy. It allows operations to be defined without changing the class of any of the objects in the collection. The Visitor pattern suggests defining the operation in a separate class referred to as a visitor class, which separates the operation from the object collection on which it operates. For every new operation to be defined, a new visitor class is created Solution Every visitor class that operates on objects of the same set of classes can be designed to implement a corresponding Visitor interface. A typical Visitor interface declares a set of visit(ObjectType) methods, one for each object type from the object collection. Each of these methods is meant for processing 60 instances of a specific class Computer Science Department Slide 60 of 61 Key Points Design Patterns are recurring solutions to software design problems within a particular context There are 23 Design Patterns described by the GoF Design Patterns are categorized into Creational, Structural, and Behavioral There are other Design Patterns in existence 61 Computer Science Department Slide 61 of 61