Purposive Communication Notes PDF

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **Language Register** refers to the **levels of formality** in communication, determined by the context, purpose, and audience. These include **(FICC):** **Frozen:** Unchanged language (e.g., national anthems). **Formal:** Professional or academic settings (e.g., speec...

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **Language Register** refers to the **levels of formality** in communication, determined by the context, purpose, and audience. These include **(FICC):** **Frozen:** Unchanged language (e.g., national anthems). **Formal:** Professional or academic settings (e.g., speeches, reports). **Consultative:** Semi-formal, requiring professional input (e.g., doctor-patient dialogue). **Casual:** Informal with friends or peers (e.g., texting). **Intimate:** Private, personal conversations (e.g., with family). **Multimodal Texts** are texts that combine two or more modes of communication to convey meaning. Modes in Multimodal Texts: **Linguistic (Text):** Words, sentences, and written language. **Visual:** Images, colors, layouts, and other visual elements. **Aural:** Sounds, music, tone of voice, or sound effects. **Gestural:** Body language, facial expressions, and gestures. **Spatial:** Arrangement of elements in space, such as layout and design. Examples of Multimodal Texts: **Print-Based Multimodal Texts**: Magazine layouts with images, text, and typography (e.g., comics). **Digital Multimodal Texts:** Websites or blogs using text, images, videos, and hyperlinks (e.g., fb posts). **Live Multimodal Texts:** Performances using gestures, speech, and props (e.g., TikTok live). **Spoken Multimodal Texts:** Podcasts combining sound effects, music, and dialogue (e.g.,podcast). **Informative Communication** **Informative** Communication: This aims to share facts or knowledge without persuading or influencing. Versus Other Forms: **Persuasive** Communication: Focuses on influencing attitudes or actions (e.g., advertisements). **Expressive** Communication: Focuses on emotions or creativity (e.g., poetry, art). **Discourse** is the structured and purposeful use of communication in specific contexts to share meaning, persuade, or inform. **Forms of Discourse:** **Narration** tells a story or events in sequence to entertain or inform, like a diary entry. **Description** makes a sensory image to help visualize/feel something, like describing a colorful, fragrant garden. **Exposition** is evidence-based and explains information clearly, like an essay on climate change effects. **Argumentation** persuades others with reasoning, such as advocating for renewable energy in a speech. **Obtaining Information** **Primary Sources:** These are firsthand, original materials directly obtained from the subject of study or the source of information. **Examples:** Interviews, surveys, experiments, diaries, photographs, official records, or raw data. **Secondary Sources:** These interpret, analyze, or summarize primary sources. **Examples:** Books, research papers, reviews, documentaries, or articles. **Persuasion** is the act of convincing someone to believe in an idea, agree with a viewpoint, or take action. **Rhetorical Appeals** are strategies used in persuasion to make arguments more effective. They include: **Logic and Reasoning** **Logic** is the study of correct reasoning, using rules to evaluate arguments. **Reasoning** is the process of drawing conclusions based on evidence, either through **deductive (certain conclusions)** or **inductive (probable conclusions) reasoning**. **Deductive reasoning:** General to specific (e.g., All humans are mortal; I am human; therefore, I am mortal). **Inductive reasoning:** Specific to general (e.g., observing that all observed swans are white leads to the conclusion that all swans are white). **Fallacy** is a flaw or error in reasoning that weakens an argument. **Argumentum Against the Person (Ad Hominem):** Attacking the person making the argument instead of addressing the argument itself. Example: \"You\'re just a kid, so your opinion doesn\'t matter.\" **Argument that Goes in Circle (Circular Reasoning):** The argument repeats itself without providing real evidence. Example: \"I know I\'m right because I said so.\" **Non Sequitur (\"It Does Not Follow\"):** The conclusion does not logically follow from the premise. Example: \"She drives a great car, so she must be a great driver.\" **Argument that Uses Flattery or Praise:** Trying to win an argument by flattering the person instead of giving logical reasons. Example: \"You\'re so smart, you must agree with my point of view.\" **Argument that Appeals to Force or Threat (Ad Baculum):** Using threats or force to make someone accept a conclusion. Example: \"If you don\'t agree with me, I\'ll make you regret it.\" **Hasty Generalization:** Making a broad conclusion based on too little evidence. Example: \"I met two rude people from that city, so everyone from there must be rude.\" **Argument from Ignorance:** Claiming something is true because it hasn't been proven false, or vice versa. Example: \"No one has proven aliens don't exist, so they must be real.\" **Bandwagon Argument (Ad Populum):** Arguing that something is true because many people believe it. Example: \"Everyone is doing it, so it must be the right thing to do.\" **Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericordiam):** Trying to win an argument by making the audience feel sorry for someone. Example: \"You should give me an A because I've had a really hard semester.\" **Appeal to Unqualified (or Inappropriate) Authority:** Using the opinion of someone who is not an expert in the field to support the argument. Example: \"My friend, who isn\'t a doctor, says this treatment works, so it must be true.\" **Fallacy of Division:** Assuming what's true for the whole is true for the parts. Example: \"The team is great, so every player on the team must be great.\" **Red Herring:** Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the main issue. Example: \"We shouldn't worry about climate change; there are people starving in other parts of the world.\" **What is New is Good (Appeal to Novelty):** Claiming something is better simply because it is new or modern. Example: \"This new phone must be the best because it's the latest model.\" **Persuasive Techniques (refer to the book)** **Argumentation** is the process of presenting and defending a position using reasoning, evidence, and persuasion to convince an audience. **Argument Building** is the construction of a logical, coherent argument by organizing ideas, supporting evidence, and addressing counterarguments to strengthen its persuasiveness. Key points: **Assertion:** A bold statement made without immediate proof, often relying on the speaker\'s confidence. **Claim:** The main point or position that you are trying to prove. **Evidence:** Facts, data, examples, or expert opinions used to support the claim. **Reasoning:** The logical explanation connecting the evidence to the claim. **Counterarguments:** Recognizing and addressing opposing views to strengthen your position. **Conclusion:** Summarizing the argument and reinforcing the claim. **\"You can have results or excuses, not both.\"** -- Arnold Schwarzenegger