مادة الاسبوع الاول.pdf

An Introduction PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB Chapter 1: An Introduction The Meaning of Research The Characteristics of Research The Objectives of Research The Motivation for Research Types of Research Significance of Research Choosing a Research Topic...

An Introduction PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB Chapter 1: An Introduction The Meaning of Research The Characteristics of Research The Objectives of Research The Motivation for Research Types of Research Significance of Research Choosing a Research Topic Research Methods versus Methodology Research Ethics 2 PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB  What is Research ?? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mV0bUQpz468 PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 3 The Meaning of Research What is Research? What is a famous study you have heard of ? PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 4  Meaning of Research ? The Word ‘Research includes two parts = Re + Search. It means to search again “ Arranged effort to gain knowledge” PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 5  Research is a process of “ manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge. Scientific Research is the hunting for facts or truth about a subject Scientific Research is the Organized scientific investigation to : Solve problems. Test hypotheses. Develop or discover new products. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB Formally: Scientific research is a systematic, controlled, experimental, and critical investigation of natural or social phenomena using a commonly accepted methodology to (in general): ✓ Identify the problems ✓ Collect data ✓ Analyze and draw valid conclusions? PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB  Scientific Research is systematic because it follows certain steps that are logical in order, i.e. Understanding the nature of the problem to be studied and identifying the related area of knowledge. Reviewing literature to understand how others have approached or dealt with the problem. Collecting data in an organized and controlled manner so as to arrive at valid decisions. Analyzing data appropriate to the problem. Drawing conclusions and making generalizations. The research process will be covered in details in Chapter 2 PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 9 Important Characteristics of Scientific Research 1. Aim ‫له هدف‬ 2. Rigor ‫الدقة‬ 3. Testability ‫إمكانية الفحص‬ 4. Reliability ‫يمكن االعتماد عليه‬ 5. Accuracy and Confidence ‫الدقة والثقة‬ 6. Objectivity ‫الموضوعية‬ 7. Generalizability ‫إمكانية التعميم‬ PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 10 10 Characteristics of Scientific Research 1. Aim The aim/purpose of scientific research must be written clearly for example: To reduce the interaction between iron and oxygen To speed up the search process To optimize an algorithm To determine the factors that influence customer satisfaction towards a specific service PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 11 11 Characteristics of Scientific Research 2. Rigor (‫)دقيق‬ Based on a good theoretical base and sound methodology Rigorous research means that it applies the appropriate instruments to meet the stated objectives of the investigation for the level of precision in the analysis and to ensure unbiased and well-controlled experimental design, methodology, analysis, interpretation and reporting of results.. Examples: To measure air pressure, we use an unbiased barometer. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 12 Characteristics of Scientific Research 3. Testability Developing a set of research questions or hypotheses to be tested, must be testable and analyzable. Examples: Increasing the processor speed in a computer will lead to faster program execution times compared to the current processor speed. For instance, the researcher might hypothesize that those employees who perceive greater opportunities for participation in decision making would have a higher level of commitment PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 13 13 Characteristics of Scientific Research 4. Reliability The same relationship is achieved repeatedly under the same design parameters. Results of the test of research objectives should be supported again and again when the same type of research is being repeated in other similar circumstances Examples: You have a reliable measurement if you dip the thermometer into the water multiple times and get the same reading each time. In a study on encryption algorithms, the researchers employed a diverse set of test cases. The same relationships where obtained each time PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 14 Characteristics of Scientific Research 5. Accuracy & Confidence Accuracy refers to the closeness of the findings to reality ( e.g. g = 9.8 m/s2) Confidence refers to the probability that our estimations are correct. (‫)الثقة بالنتيجة‬ In research, there are two types of errors type I and type II. Type I (α): Reject when it is True Type II (ß): Accept (Fail to reject) when it is False In statistical hypothesis testing, researchers aim to control and minimize these errors by choosing appropriate significance levels and sample sizes. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 15 15 ‫الفرضية‪ :‬المتهم برئ حتى تثبت ادانته‬ ‫‪PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ Characteristics of Scientific Research 6. Objectivity Conclusions drawn from the analysis of data must be objective. It is proved from development of data and Supported by the theoretical model. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 17 17 Characteristics of Scientific Research 7. Generalizability Scope of applicability: The wider, and better in the applicability. For example, Research in computer science should be applicable beyond specific cases. For example, in studying cybersecurity measures, a focus on generalizability involves testing security protocols across different operating systems to ensure effectiveness in various computing environments. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 18 The objectives of Research 1. Revealing a new, never-before-seen truth. ‫) استكشافية( الكشف عن حقيقة جديدة لم يسبق لها مثيل‬ 2. Completing research or studies that have not been completed by their author, or that need to be completed in some aspects. 3. Explaining something that is not clear and difficult to understand from what was written by predecessors. ‫شء رغي واضح ويصعب فهمه مما كتبه السلف‬ ‫رشح ر‬ ‫ي‬ 4. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (descriptive) ‫تصوير دقيق لخصائص فرد أو موقف أو مجموعة معينة‬ 5. Increase the knowledge acquired by humanity ‫للبشية‬ ‫زيادة المعرفة المكتسبة ر‬ 6. Innovation and renewal ‫االبتكار و التجديد‬ 7. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (hypothesis-testing 19 research studies) PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB  The Motivation for Research Researchers conduct research for several reasons including: 1. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., cancer treatment ‫ مثال عالج السرطان‬،‫الرغبة في مواجهة التحدي في حل المشاكل التي لم يتم حلها‬ 2. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work; ‫الرغبة في الحصول على المتعة الفكرية‬ ‫من خالل القيام ببعض األعمال اإلبداعية‬ 3. Desire to be of service to society; ‫الرغبة في خدمة المجتمع‬ 4. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits; ‫الرغبة في الحصول على درجة‬ ‫بحثية مع ما يترتب عليها من فوائد‬ Many more factors such as directives of government, employment conditions, curiosity about new things, desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking and awakening, and the like may as well motivate (or at times compel) people to perform research operations. 20 PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB Types of Research Several classifications of research exist based on different criteria including the nature, the purpose, the time frame of the research, in addition to other criteria as well. These classifications may use different terms to address research types. Some of these classifications are: The following classification will be adopted in this course: 21 PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB Types of Research 22 PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB  1. Types of Research Based on the Nature/Scope Aspect Basic (Fundamental)‫األساسي‬ Applied ‫تطبيقي‬ Definition It is used to understand and extend our Applied research is a non-systematic way of finding solutions to knowledge about a specific phenomenon or specific research problems or issues. These problems or issues field. It is also accepted as pure investigation or can be on an individual, group, or societal level. It is called “non- fundamental systematic” because it goes straight to finding solutions. Focus It is Interested in answering “Why” and “How” It is Interested in answering “What” Objective Mainly concerned with generalizations and with Aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a the formulation of a theory that adds to the society or an industrial /business organization. already existing organized body of scientific knowledge. Examples Studying the best factors of pricing In Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), strategies. developing new input devices, designing user Natural phenomenon interfaces for specific applications, or creating accessibility features to make technology more inclusive. Applied study to create a plan to keep employees coming to work regularly. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 23 2. Types of Research Based on the Approach / Nature of data Aspect Quantitative ‫الكمي‬ Qualitative ‫النوعي‬ Mixed Methods Definition It is the analyzing and gathering of It the research that allows for in-depth and further Mixed methods research numerical data to uncover trends, probing and questioning of respondents based on combines the elements of two calculate averages, evaluate their responses. It is based on the disciplines of types of research: quantitative relationships, and derive overarching social sciences like psychology, sociology, and and qualitative. insights anthropology. Mixed methods research Focus Applicable to phenomena that can be Finding out how people feel or what allows for a more thorough expressed in terms of quantity they think about a particular subject or exploration of a research institution. As well as discovering the question. underlying motives of human behavior. It can answer complex Data Use highly structured methods such as Use semi-structured methods such as in-depth research queries that cannot be collection structured observation, surveys, interviews, focus groups, and participant solved with either qualitative Instrument experiments observation or quantitative research. Form of data Numerical data (Reduced to numeric Descriptive data (Verbal or pictorial. Reduced to produced codes) verbal codes) An example: How have work outputs at XYZ Company Researchers may measure factors like changed since the shift to fully Case Studies of Technology Implementation query execution time, database remote work? within an organization, including challenges, Examples throughput, and resource utilization to successes, and the impact on workflows. optimize database systems. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 24 The Quantitative approach is deductive and objective, while the Qualitative approach is inductive and subjective ‫استنتاجي‬ ‫استقرائي‬ Objective vs. Subjective Deductive vs. Inductive PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 25 PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 26  Aspect Deductive ‫استنتاجي‬ Inductive‫استقرائي‬ Definition Deductive research is a type of research in which the Inductive research is a method in which the researcher starts with a theory, hypothesis, or researcher collects and analyzes data to develop generalization and then tests it through observations and theories, concepts, or hypotheses based on patterns data collection. and observations seen in the data. Approach It uses a top-down method in which the It uses a “bottom-up” method in which the researcher starts with a general idea and then researcher starts with specific observations and then tests it through specific observations moves on to more general theories or ideas. Deductive research is often used to confirm a theory or It is often used in exploratory studies or when not Usage test a well-known hypothesis. much research has been done on a topic before. Deductive research uses more quantitative methods, like Inductive research uses more qualitative analysis, Methods used statistical analysis, to test and confirm the theory or like textual or visual analysis, to find patterns and hypothesis. themes in the data. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 27 Final Note: Subjective information or writing i s bas e d on personal opinions, interpretations, points of view, emotions and judgment. Objective information or analysis is fact-based, measurable and observable. Subjective is an opinion Objective is a fact PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 28 3. Types of Research Based on Goals / Purposes Aspect Descriptive ‫وصفي‬ Exploratory ‫استكشافي‬ Explanatory ‫ تحليلي‬/ ‫تفسيري‬ Describing the characteristics of the It investigates research questions that It calls for using critical thinking abilities Definition population or phenomenon studied. have not previously been studied in and assessing data and information depth. pertinent to the project at hand. It is Interested in answering “What” It is Interested in answering what is the It is Interested in answering “Why” and Focus problem? What is the purpose of the “How” study? And what topics could be studied? It helps in documenting and It is an interpretive research or a Analytical research involves a deeper characterizing phenomena by grounded theory approach due to its analysis to derive insights, solve Objective describing the state of at present flexible and open-ended nature. problems, or make predictions Data Analysis Summarizing the information It is often qualitative and primary in Statistical research, hypothesis testing, nature. qualitative research Causal Examining underlying factors, causes, or Relationships Not the primary focus Not the primary focus effects ‫العالقات السببية‬ Surveys, observations, case-control Surveys, observations, focus groups, Experiments, statistical research, Methods used study, content analysis interviews, secondary data. qualitative analysis PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 29 Examples: Descriptive ‫وصفي‬ Exploratory ‫استكشافي‬ Explanatory ‫تحليلي‬ User Interface (UI) Analysis Interaction with Emerging AI Interfaces Algorithm Performance Comparison Researchers may conduct surveys, interviews, and usability To explore how users engage with newly Analyze the time complexity and space tests to describe the preferences developed AI interfaces that leverage complexity of various sorting algorithms to and behaviors of users when natural language processing (NLP) for determine which one is more efficient interacting with the UI. The goal various tasks, such as voice commands, under specific conditions. is to provide a detailed understanding of how users chatbots, or virtual assistants. interact with the system. Why the value of the Japanese Yen has Market researchers want to observe the habits To understand user feedback on new decreased. This is so that an analytical of consumers. features added to a mobile app. study can consider “how” and “why” questions. A school district wants to A study into the role of social networking understand if students will access sites as an effective marketing Why students are not satisfied with the online lessons rather than communication channel university portal? textbooks. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 30 4. Types of Research Based on Time Dimension Aspect Cross Sectional Longitudinal Definition Is the study where data is collected as a whole Is a study in which data is gathered from the same sample to study a population at a single point in time repeatedly over an extended period. It can last from a few years to examine the relationship between variables to even decades depending on what kind of information needs of interest. to be obtained. Focus Cross-sectional studies cannot pin down Longitudinal study can justify cause-and-effect relationship. cause-and-effect relationship. Longitudinal study is conducted with the same sample over the Sample It is conducted with different samples. years. Since the study goes on for years longitudinal study tends to Cross-sectional study is comparatively Cost get expensive. cheaper. Cross-sectional studies are quick to conduct as Longitudinal studies may vary from a few years to even Speed compared to longitudinal studies. decades A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Conversely, the longitudinal study may observe how cancer cancer among women may give a generalized affects women when they eat certain foods or perform specific Example opinion that the illness often occurs in middle- activities. aged subjects. PREPARED BY: DR. RANIA ALKHATEEB 31