Week 2: Memory and Attention PDF Fall 2024

Week 2 Monday, September 9, 2024 7:25 PM Fall 2024 - PSYC3330... - Memories can be retained, recalled a process + to learn anything, concepts etc Diff approaches --> introspection, neuropsychology, look at changes in the brain, can use non-human animals...

Week 2 Monday, September 9, 2024 7:25 PM Fall 2024 - PSYC3330... - Memories can be retained, recalled a process + to learn anything, concepts etc Diff approaches --> introspection, neuropsychology, look at changes in the brain, can use non-human animals Metacognition- - We tend to pay attention to meaningful/novel things, affect our lives in certain ways - Emotionally negative memories are easier to establish and harder to forget (survival value) - U are what u think Memory and Attention Page 1  - These arent mutually exclusive, often complementary - Different kinds of memory - Epiphenomenon (something arising from something) - Neurons firing in the brain due to urself (smelling something etc) - Building personality/identity that’s separate from others Does memory make us who we are? - Which memories? Wm, stm, ltm? Memory and Attention Page 2 - Memory has a temporal and spatial aspect 2 it - Not a fixed thing but process - Constantly changing + moving places in brains - Changes in neurons and connections - Often not forgotten, but suppressed and outcompeted by newer/stronger memories - Process of recalling - Spontaneous recovery: no cues required, comes randomly - Others require cues: renewal: context cue/environmental cue - Reinstatement: discreet cue--> something specific in environment - Reacquisition: relearning, - Information processing approach - Divides mem into categories and how they relate to each other - How does info flow? - Brief, limited, often unconscious, lasts seconds - Bottom up process - Limited, can be consciously controlled, lasts minutes, - Working memory can be stored and used - Indefinite duration, could be indefinite in its amount - Memory requires energy: which has a cost - Results in learning - Brain uses 20% of body's body energy but only - Cant get here unless uve gone thru other categories weighs 2% in mass - Use it or lose it - Brain economizes energy Memory and Attention Page 3  Explicit/semantic Implicit episodic procedural - Working memory - Long term (is still limited to a (seconds or minutes) degree that we know of) - sensory - Single systems model - Suggests that there's one particular system (hippocampus) that supports other regions in encoding + storing + retrieving memories - Eventually hippocampal dependent to independent as connections strengthen - Multiple trace theory - Suggests each memory has unique trace that involves hippocampus 2 an extent - Strengthens/reinforces, adding things 2 memory - Negative entropy - Memory that can be processed in a way that can be conserved (use it or lose it) - Implanting false memories, ask to remember something etc - Chimpanzees making/using tools suggests foresight and planning - Books, newspapers - Digital memories Memory and Attention Page 4  - The mind is the interaction btwn both - Memory is everything and nothing - Can be refined but also inconsequential - Critical aspect of memory - Repetition is important 4 memory Memory and Attention Page 5  - "Angie" - Like h.m (retrograde amnesia) - Devised system: notes up everywhere telling herself what to do Memory and Attention Page 6  - Observation of own mind, processes and systems (philosophy of mind) - Observing outward behaviours, reaction 2 physical changes 2 stimuli - Principles - More patient based - More in the lab/research - Other organisms with similar nervous systems - Digital storage analysis - Shifting memories from stm to ltm - One or more storages where info flows in or out - M.O.V.E - M eaningful learning 2 stm --> ltm - O organization (organize and connect) - V isualization (mental images) - E laboration (take what u know and connect) - More pathways are made to connect and rmr Memory and Attention Page 7  Performance events facts - Supression/expression of genes depending on environment/parents - How does abuse affect gene expression? Memory and Attention Page 8  * * * * - Support for fMRI Memory and Attention Page 9  - Lower resolution (ct) usually for brain bleed Memory and Attention Page 10  - Higher resolution - Changes in brain activity - Lots of software's, assumptions, - Transforming raw data to data thatt can make sense - More room for error Memory and Attention Page 11 Memory and Attention Page 12 Memory and Attention Page 13  - Speech production - Comphrension - Connections btwn diff parts of the brain - How r diff parts of the brain connecting w each other? Diffusion- movement of water molecules Tensor - linear quality u can track Imaging - detects direction of diffusion Memory and Attention Page 14 - Researchers can compare both relaxation curves thoroughly - Changes in neural activity - No subtraction process (like w/ pet) - High spatial resolution (cmpred to Ct scan) - No direct correlation (poor temporal resolution) - Expensive 2 maintain equipment - Difficult for patients - "lit up" blood flow detected Memory and Attention Page 15 - Various size and shape differences - Higher brain function seems to be related 2: - Synapses + connection w neurons - Rats/mice- behaviours attention/memory after tbi how does it improve? - Monkey models of substance abuse Memory and Attention Page 16  - Dopamine neurons: is there any way to promote survival in the brain? - Exercise is very protective - Types of tv shows: fast pace, violent shows: Increased risk of attentional problems Memory and Attention Page 17  BARNES MAZES - Day 1: control mice had less time 2 find correct hole (overstimulated mice found it faster) - Lower - More hyperactivated than the control (by memory chance) - Lower - After that?: control mice find the correct attention hole faster each time - Reptation and memory NOVEL OBJECT RECOGNITION - Habituating to them and not spending more time on one object - Overstim: more time on the objects both trial - Another day: in box with one familiar item: new object - Habituated 2 the environment (if rmr) - If rmr object they won't spend much time - That’s what control mice did: rememered the familiar object) - Overstimulated mice didn’t have that recognition/habituation - More hyperactivity - More risk taking - Attention and memory are intertwined Memory and Attention Page 18 Memory and Attention Page 19 - Chunking and anchoring - 3 "chunks" - Stimulus - Experience - Electricity Main 2: approach/avoid - Bottom up processing - Stimulus has to capture attention - Transforming Memory and Attention Page 20 Memory and Attention Page 21  - Confabulation Memory and Attention Page 22 Memory and Attention Page 23