Carbohydrates - PDF

   CARBOHYDRATES- is a naturally occurring compound, or a derivative of such a compound, with the general chemical formula Cx(H2O)y, made up of molecules of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). CARBONYL GROUP(-OH) is a functional group composed of a carbon atom doub...

   CARBOHYDRATES- is a naturally occurring compound, or a derivative of such a compound, with the general chemical formula Cx(H2O)y, made up of molecules of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). CARBONYL GROUP(-OH) is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. HYDROXYL GROUP(-OH) are a functional group found in sugars and alcohols. A hydroxyl group consists of one hydrogen and one oxygen atom and can be written as either -OH or HO-. Hydroxyl groups are polar, and the oxygen side is always negative, while the hydrogen side is always positive. Fischer projection- method of representing the three- dimensional structures of molecules on a page, devised by Emil Fischer. Key Features of the Fischer Projection: Vertical and Horizontal Lines- Carbon Backbone: Chirality- Haworth projection- is a common way of writing a structural formula of sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) in a three-dimensional perspective or cyclical form. How to Draw a Hayworth Projection? How to Draw a Hayworth Projection? How to Draw a Hayworth Projection? Aldose- carbonyl group is on the C1 carbon, forming an aldehyde group. The carbonyl group (C=O) is located at the terminal carbon (carbon 1). The aldehyde can be oxidized via a redox reaction in which another compound is reduced. Thus, aldoses are reducing sugars. Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) → Gluconic Acid (C₆H₁₂O₇) KETOSE- ketone is an organic compound that contains a carbonyl group (C=O) located within the carbon chain. ISOMERS- Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formula but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule. C6H12O6 Polymers – are long chain, giant organic molecules are assembled from many smaller molecules called monomers. Polymers consist of many repeating monomer units in long chains, sometimes with branching or cross-linking between the chains Pyranose – is sugar molecule that has a six-membered ring structure, consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ During the process hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combines with the hydrogen of another monosaccharide, releasing a molecule of water and forming a covalent bond called glycosidic bond. ✓ is a type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve stability ✓ are generally strong and require significant energy to break. ✓ This a process of adding a hydroxyl group (-OH) to one molecule and a hydrogen atom (H) to another, breaking the bond. ✓ water is used to break the bond ("hydro" means water, "lysis" means breaking). Amylose or Starch - is a polysaccharide made of α-D-glucose units, bonded to each other through α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. The number of repeated glucose subunits (n) is usually in the range of 300 to 3000, but can be many thousands. Is the stored form of glucose in plants (e.g., potatoes, rice, wheat). Glycogen is the stored form of glucose in animals, found in the liver and muscles. Cellulose - forms the cell wall surrounding every plant cell. It is the most common organic compound in nature, but humans cannot digest it. Key component of dietary fiber The size of cellulose molecules depends on the degree of polymerization and may vary from 7000 to 14,000. Cellulose - forms the cell wall surrounding every plant cell. It is the most common organic compound in nature, but humans cannot digest it. Key component of dietary fiber The size of cellulose molecules depends on the degree of polymerization and may vary from 7000 to 14,000. Cellulose - molecules depends on the degree of polymerization and may vary from 7000 to 14,000. forms the cell wall surrounding every plant cell. It is the most common organic compound in nature, but humans cannot digest it. Key component of dietary fiber. Cellulose – Ruminants (cows, horses, goats) have four-chambered stomachs that break down cellulose with the help of enzymes and bacteria. Chitin – second most common polysaccharide in nature. Found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and crustaceans It is used in the manufacture of surgical materials due to its unique properties.