LU3 Modern Political Ideologies (2).pptx

MODERN POLITICAL PBF1033 Introduction to Media Politics IDEOLOGIES LEARNING UNIT 3 TOPIC OF DISCUSSION Ideologies Anarchism Liberalism Socialism Fascism Political ideologies in the 21st Century Postmodernity Globalization IDEOLOGIES The term ‘ideology’ was first coined...

MODERN POLITICAL PBF1033 Introduction to Media Politics IDEOLOGIES LEARNING UNIT 3 TOPIC OF DISCUSSION Ideologies Anarchism Liberalism Socialism Fascism Political ideologies in the 21st Century Postmodernity Globalization IDEOLOGIES The term ‘ideology’ was first coined between 1796 and 1798 by Antoine Destutt de Tracy in papers read in instalments to the National Institute in Paris under the title Mémoire sur la faculté de penser. The word ‘ideology’ was a neologism compounded from the Greek terms eidos and logos. It can be defined as a ‘science of ideas’ - Tracy wanted a new term for a new science. IDEOLOGIES Like many of the French Enlightenment philosophers and thinkers, Tracy believed that all areas of human experience, many of which had previously been examined in terms of theology, should now be examined by reason. The science of ideas was to investigate the natural origin of ideas. For Tracy, ideology was la théorie des theories - it was the queen of the sciences since it necessarily preceded all other sciences. IDEOLOGIES If the origin of ideas was understood, then it could be used with great benefit in enlightened education. Between 1799 and 1800 - educative uses of ideology (being introduced into school system). IDEOLOGIES Karl Marx Marx employed the concept in the title of his early work, The German Ideology (1845) – unpublished during his lifetime – as a more pejorative label referring to those who ‘interpret’ the world philosophically, but do not appear to be able to change it - suggestions of ‘idealist’ philosophy. Marx further the dimensions of the meaning of the term, which take it into a different realm. In Marx’s work, ideology denotes practical ineffectiveness in society. More importantly, it becomes associated with the division of labour in society, with collective groups called classes, and most significantly with the domination and power of certain classes. IDEOLOGIES Michael Freeden - Ideologies are conceptual maps for navigating the political realm; they contain core, peripheral and adjacent conceptual elements. Core concepts are the non-negotiable aspects of all ideologies: for example, liberty for liberalism or equality for socialism. Other concepts are relegated to the periphery of an ideological scheme and will sometimes drop out of use or migrate to other ideologies (e.g. concept of limited government). Adjacent concepts flesh out the core concepts and confine their ability for over-interpretation (e.g. rule of law in liberalism). Each ideology will try to ‘decontest’ the core and adjacent components - meanings of core concepts will thus be fixed within each ideology. IDEOLOGIES Andrew Vincent (2010) – “ideologies are bodies of concepts, values and symbols which incorporate conceptions of human nature and thus indicate what is possible or impossible for humans to achieve; critical reflections on the nature of human interaction; the values which humans ought either to reject or aspire to; and the correct technical arrangements for social, economic and political life which will meet the needs and interests of human beings” (p.18). Ideologies are also intended not only to legitimate certain activities or arrangements, but also to integrate individuals, enabling them to cohere around certain core conceptual themes, and to enable groups to navigate the political realm. ANARCHISM Anarchism is a political philosophy that skeptical towards all justification for authority and power, and it seeks to advocate towards a stateless societies. The word anarchy came from the the Ancient Greek, anarkhia which means “without ruler”. Before the emergence of cities and towns, people live without the presence of authority, without formal hierarchy. With the formation of established formal authority, the idea of anarchism began to flourished as a reaction towards unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, brought by the establishment of systematic authority. POLITICAL ANARCHISM Political anarchism can be understood as a skeptical theory of political legitimation. Proponents of this view primarily regards the state power with its monopolistic coercive force as illegitimate. Mikhail Bakunin (1873) – with the existence of a State, there must be a domination of one class over others, which led to slavery and a State without slavery is unthinkable. POLITICAL ANARCHISM William Godwin (1793) - governmental power was not necessarily better than anarchy He argued that political state tend to become despotic. Unanimity and consensus – if there is unanimity and consensus among the people, there is no need for a ruling state or government. Therefore, anarchism commonly associated with the idea that individuals should be left alone without any centralization or unifying power. ANARCHISM: CRITIQUES Anarchism has been regarded as a nihilistic and destructive ideology The critics see anarchist as someone who reject order and tend to opt for violent and destructive action. ANARCHISM: CRITIQUES Anarchism is a utopian ideology There is simply NO WAY for someone to destroy/deconstruct the State Therefore, pursuing this ideology is fruitless. The focus should be shift to critiques on hierarchy, inequality and threats towards liberty (which can be done within the libertarian political theory) ANARCHISM: CRITIQUES The idea of anarchism itself is incoherent There cannot be an anarchist movement to begin with, since the primary idea behind anarchism is to opposed any form of a movement or collective action since an anarchist doesn’t believe in authoritative ruler or set of rules. LIBERALISM Liberalism is the most complex and intricate of ideologies. The oldest apolitical use of the word ‘liberal’ denotes a type of education - from the Middle Ages it implied two things: first, a broad or wide-ranging education; second, the education of a gentleman and freeman (liber). French revolution, brought many ideas on popular sovereignty, natural rights and consent into sharp political focus. LIBERALISM Presumption in favor of liberalism Maurice Cranston (1967) - “a liberal is a man who believes in liberty” (1967: 459). According to John Locke (1960 ) -A liberals belief that humans are naturally in a state of a “perfect freedom” to order their action without needing any other man permission. LIBERALISM Classical liberalism For classical liberals, liberty and private property are intimately related. An economic system based on private property is fundamental to a free society. People should be free to make contracts and sell their labor as they see fit, save and invest their incomes and launch enterprises. LIBERALISM The “new liberalism” The “new” liberalism challenges the idea of intimate relation between private property based on market order and personal liberty. The arguments are based on the notion that market tended to be unstable. The “new” liberals were losing faith in the market and their faith in government as a means of supervising economic life was increasing, especially after some success stories after the first World War. This new thinking about liberalism also spurred by the reevaluation of the state - the government becomes more and more genuinely the government of the people by the people themselves (democratization). LIBERALISM Liberalism in politics In politics, liberalism is thought as a political philosophy that based on the rights of individual, liberty, consent to governed, equality in politic, and equality before the law. In US politics, liberalism is regarded as a combination of the ideas of civil liberty and equality with a support of social justice and a well regulated mixed economy. SOCIALISM Socialism is seen as a form of social organization in which economic class division does not exist, and the workers control the means of production and design the economic process and benefit from it. The principles 1) Equality - everyone should have equal access to the necessary material and social means to live flourishing lives. 2) Democracy – everyone should have equal access to the necessary means to participate meaningfully in decisions affecting their lives – governmental institutions and economic arena. 3) Individual freedom – everyone should have freedom from inappropriate interference from others. 4) Self realization – everyone should have an autonomy to choose activities in which they can develop themselves and and exercise their creative and productive capacities in cooperation with others. 5) Community/solidarity - everyone should organize their economic life so that they treat the freedom and well-being of others as intrinsically significant - sense of responsibility for their fellow men SOCIALISM Socialism critiques on capitalism Exploitation  E.g.: To maximize profit, the capitalist keep the wages low. Which is the value of the goods that the workers could purchased with their wages is inferior to the values in the goods that they produced SOCIALISM Interference and domination  Workers would be coercively interfered if they tried to use the means of production possessed by the capitalist; the workers would be coercively interfered if they tried to walk away with the products of their labour in capitalist firms. SOCIALISM Alienation  labour is external to the worker, it does not belong to his essential being. capitalism denies the majority of the population access to self-realization at work with uninteresting tasks. SOCIALISM Inefficiency  E.g.: To cut costs and maximize profits, firms choose work-saving technologies and lay off workers. But at the aggregate level, this erodes the demand for their products, which forces firms to cut costs further (by laying off even more workers or halting production). FASCISM Fascism is a mass political movements that emphasize on ultranationalist political ideology, militarism and supremacy of both the nation and the single powerful leader (dictator). FASCISM Characteristics of a fascist governance Extreme nationalism  Fascist leaders believe in the supremacy of certain groups of people based on characteristics (race, religion, ethnicity, and nationality) Cult of personality  Fascist regimes cultivate images of their leaders as great figures to be loved and admired, often through mass media and propaganda. Popular mobilization  fascist regimes demand public participation in society through government- organized channels.  In this regard, fascist regimes often exhibit totalitarian tendencies by attempting to not just dominate politics but also control the hearts and minds of their citizenry. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY The changing world order Postmodernity and 'post-ism' Globalization THE CHANGING WORLD ORDER World order has significantly changed as a result of: the end of Cold War – marked by ideological battle between capitalism and communism; which was intensified by the emergence of USA and Soviet Union as rival superpowers in post WW2 collapse of communism in eastern European revolutions 1989- 1991 - the fall of Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. the advent of global terrorism – September 11, 2001- terrorist attacks on New York and Washington Nov. 10, 1989: Celebration at the Berlin Wall SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 – NEW YORK & WASHINGTON DC 9/11: Airliner hits North Tower POSTMODERNITY The process of modernization had social, political and cultural dimension.  Socially, it was linked to the emergence of increasingly market- oriented and capitalist economy, dominated by new social classes, the middle class and the working class.  Politically, it involved in the replacement of monarchial absolutism by the advance of constitutional and democratic government.  Culturally, it took the form of the spread of Enlightenment ideas and views which challenged traditional beliefs in religion, politics and learning in general based upon a commitment to the principles of reason and progress. POSTMODERNITY While modern societies were structured by industralization and class solidarity, postmodern societies are increasingly fragmented and pluralistic 'information societes' in which individuals are transformed from producers to consumers and individualism replaces class, religious and ethnic loyalties. Postmodernism, sometimes portrayed as late modernity, has both thrown up new ideological movements and transformed established one. What Is Postmodernism? GLOBALIZATION The major theme in globalization is emergence. In Kenichi Ohmae's (1989) words – a borderless world, the tendency of traditional political borders, based on national and state boundaries, to become permeable. Globalization reconfigures social space in that territory matters less because an increasing range of connection have a 'transworld' and 'transborder' character. E.g.: So-called global goods – McDonald, Coca-Cola Starbuck, Nike CONCLUSION Concept of ideologies Forms of ideologies Political ideologies in the 21st Century Postmodernity Globalization