Lord Papasara Tawon Ko - Historical Antecedents PDF

LESSON 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS -Elaborate architectural designs were signs of the technological advancement of a particular In ancient times ,people were more concerned with civilization. transportation and nav...

LESSON 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS -Elaborate architectural designs were signs of the technological advancement of a particular In ancient times ,people were more concerned with civilization. transportation and navigation, communication -In the future, architecture will be considered a status and record-keeping, mass production, security, symbol among nations of how advanced their and production, as well as health, aesthetics, and technology is. architecture. -Establish the identity of a nation. TRANSPORTATION Major Technological Advancement During The -Use to go to places and discover new horizons. Ancient Times: -To trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked. A. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION -Use to search for food and find better locations for -Located in the Southernmost tip of ancient their settlements. Mesopotamia ("cradle of civilization"). -Navigation assisted them in their journey. -Known for their high degree of cooperation with COMMUNICATION one another and their desire for great things. -Essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy -Discontented with the basic things that life can new places. offer, push them to desire and develop many things -Record keeping to remember the places they had connected to science and technology. been to and document trades they made. 1.CUNEIFORM -Needed a way to communicate with the natives of -First writing system. the areas they visited to trade and avoid conflict. -A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular -Record keeping their history and culture to symbols which are carved on clay using wedge establish identities as they tried to relate with instruments and then left to dry. other cultures and civilizations. -Used to keep records of things with great historical PROBLEM FACED value. -There Is scarcity and increased demand for food 2.URUK CITY and other basic necessities. -Considered the first city in the world. -The challenge was to produce food at a given time -A city made out of mud or clay from the river which and space since resources were getting scarcer. they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks. -Thus, there is a need to form a technology that -Used bricks to make houses that protected them would increase food supplies and other survival from the harsh weather and built a wall around the needs without traveling more or working harder. city that prevented wild animals and neighboring WEAPONS and ARMORS raiders from entering. -Important indiscovery of new places or the 3.THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR establishment of new alliances with other tribes. -Also called the mountain of god, was built in the -Conflict occurs if different groups struggle to same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk. control vital resources. -Sacred Place of their chief god, where only the -Avoid the risk of conflict when people meet people priests are allowed to enter. with different cultures and orientations. -The temple showcases elaborate and intricate -Stronger nations tend to invade weaker ones so Sumerian Architecture and the remarkable they could take much-needed resources. technology used to build it. -Thus, the development of weapons and armor for 4. IRRIGATION AND DIKES security and protection was considered a major -Built to get water from the rivers, maintain achievement. farmlands, maintain water supply, and prevent CONSERVATION OF LIFE flooding caused by the river. -Conservation of Life Is the primary challenge- -Enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which they face. increased the food production. -Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and 5.SAIL BOATS man-made, hamper the full potential of human -The main mode of transportation was through beings. waterways such as rivers and seas. -Given the said predicament, science and technology -Used to carry large quantities of products and played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if were able to cover large distances. not the prevention of illnesses. -Essential in transportation and trading as well as ENGINEERING in fostering culture, information, and technology. -Engineering is ventured because it helps to integrate 6.WHEEL their needs--- for better transportation, the -Invented the wheel since the specialized tools establishment of structures for protection from needed to create it were already available. human attacks and natural disasters, and the ‘-Used first to farm work and food processes - mass construction of bigger and stronger infrastructures. production made it easier. -It allowed humans to build structures that would -Used to mill grains efficiently. address their specific needs and wants. 7.PLOW ARCHITECTURE -A farm technology used to dig the ground where -Ushered through engineering development seeds would be planted. -Used by farmers to cultivate larger parcels of -Used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy land faster, enabling them to mass produce food Egyptians from the harmful rays of the Sun. without taking so much effort and time. -Better than a scarf since a wig allows heat to escape. 8.ROADS -Considered cleaner because it prevented the -Built to facilitate faster and easier travel. accumulation of head lice. - Made out of sun-baked bricks that they laid in the 6.WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA ground. They poured bitumen, a black sticky -This device utilizes gravity which affects the flow substance similar to asphalt to smoothen the roads. of water from one vessel to the other. - Useful especially during the rainy season when -The amount of water remaining in the device traveling is softer than traveling on muddy roads. determines how much time has elapsed since it is full. In the process, time is measured. B. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION -Widely used as a timekeeping device during -Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. ancient times. -They are great builders, engineers, and architects. D. GREEK CIVILIZATION 1.HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON -An archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. -It was said to be a structure made up of layers of Known as the birthplace of modern philosophy. gardens that contained several species of plants, -In-depth works on Mathematics and Philosophy trees, and vines. are some of the major achievements of the Greeks. -Legend has it that the great Babylonian King -More than the coliseum and the olympics, they Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife, contributed much to the world especially in the Queen Amytis. fields of science and technology. -However, it has no physical evidence and its 1.ALARM CLOCK location is still unknown. Some said that it was a -The purpose was just the same- to tell an product of the creative imagination of the said King individual when to stop and start. or if it is true, it might have been destroyed by war, -They use water (sometimes the small stones or erosion, or an earthquake. sand) that drop into drums which sound the alarm. -If true, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may be -Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock considered one of the greatest engineering and to signal the start of the lecture. His version, architectural achievements of the world, almost however, used four water vessels lined up vertically. impossible to replicate. 2.WATER MILL -Commonly used in agricultural processes like the C. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION milling of grains which was necessary for food 1.PYRAMIDS processing at that time. -Located in North Africa -The mass production of rice, cereals, and flour. -The Pyramids were an engineering feat of the -It requires less effort and time to operate since the Egyptians established by the Pharaohs. farmer does not have to raise animals. 2.PAPER or PAPYRUS -It only required access to rivers or flowing water -Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along where a mechanism of a large wheel with small the Nile River in Egypt, processing it to produce “buckets” of water attached to it could be installed. thin sheets of paper. -Used to send letters or correspondences anywhere E. ROMAN CIVILIZATION in the world delivered by birds. -The Roman Empire was perceived as the strongest -Moresecure record-keeping. political and social entity in the West. 3.INK -It was considered the cradle of politics and -They invented ink by combining soot with governance during that period. different chemicals to produce different colors. -Other civilizations looked up to the Roman Empire -It must withstand the elements of nature since it as a model for legislation and codified laws. was used to record history, culture, and codified -The Roman Empire made significant contributions laws. to politics. -It must be tamper-proof so that people cannot -Many discoveries and inventions attributed to the simply tinker with those written down by authorities. Roman Empire are still relevant today. 4.HIEROGLYPHICS 1.NEWSPAPER -They believed that this writing system was -One of the major contributions of the Romans is provided for them by their gods. the newspaper. -It can be seen today and remains to be as famous as -The first newspapers, known as gazettes, the pyramids where they were found. contained announcements of the Roman Empire to -It tells the modern world of the history and culture the people. of the Egyptians. -Made before the invention of paper, these -It is well preserved since they were carved on the gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets and walls of pyramids and other important Egyptian then publicly displayed. structures. -When paper was invented, it became easier for the 5.WIG Romans to "publish" matters that needed the attention -Cosmetic Invention of ancient Egyptians. of the Roman citizens. -Worn for health and wellness. 2.BOUND BOOKS or CODEX  -With the invention of paper, civilizations found it -China thus became known for its tea exports aside easier to record everything that happened in their from its silk products. time. -Tea production developed By the ancient Chinese -Paper was advantageous due to its durability, may have resulted in making tea as one of the most lightweight nature, and space efficiency. popular beverages in the world today. -Civilizations became fond of record-keeping, 2.GREAT WALL OF CHINA including historical events and legislated laws. -considered the largest and most extensive -Literature transitioned from clay tablets to paper man-made structure in China. parchments. -It was built to keep out foreign invaders and -Julius Caesar is credited with starting the control China's borders. tradition of stacking papyrus to form book pages. -The wall was constructed using stone, brick, wood, -Covers for these early books were initially made of earth, and other materials, showcasing Chinese wax. engineering technology. -Later, covers were replaced by animal skin, which :-Today, some sections of the Great Wall are in ruins, was stronger and more durable. but it remains a world attraction due to its historical -This development led to the creation of the first significance and architectural grandeur. books or codex in the ancient Roman Empire. 3.GUNPOWDER 3.ROMAN NUMERALS - one of the most interesting inventions in China. -Other number systems existed before Roman -Originally developed by Chinese alchemists aiming numerals but couldn't meet high calculation needs. for immortality. -Roman Empire expanded and needed a standard -Ingredients: charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate. counting method for communication and trade. -Accidentally invented a black powder with heat -Roman Numerals are not widely used today. and gas generation. 4.ROMAN ARCHITECTURE -Ironically, used to propel bullets from guns and -Roman architecture is one of the most visual cannons, causing deaths. contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the -Preferred by raiders for long-range attacks and world. defense against invasion. -Roman architecture was considered a continuation -Also used in fireworks during important of Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance. celebrations in China. -Romans adapted new building and engineering technology to preserve elaborate architectural designs G. MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES and create sturdier infrastructures. -The start of the Middle Ages was marred by -The Romans creatively redesigned old architectural massive invasions and migrations. patterns to adapt to new trends. -Wars were prevalent during this time. -The Roman government fully supported and -The wars have resulted in population decline, but funded developments in engineering and during the latter part of the period, there was a architecture. significant rise in population. -Major projects included large churches (cathedrals -Trade and commerce among nations increased, and basilicas), aqueducts,coliseums,amphitheaters, which resulted in greater demands for transportation and residential houses. technology. 1.PRINTING PRESS F. CHINESE CIVILIZATION -Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing -considered the oldest in Asia and possibly the press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast world, often referred to as the "middle kingdom" type. and situated in the far east of Asia. -He utilized wooden machines that extract juices -It was famous among other ancient civilizations from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of because of its silk trade. the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a -Not a great amount was written about ancient China piece of paper, which then made an exact impression partly due to its distance from the other civilizations. on paper. -Despite Its less popular status among the early -This general invention soon evolved to be the civilizations, one cannot discredit the significant mechanical printing press which was eventually contributions of Chinese Civilization to the world. used all over the world. 1.TEA PRODUCTION -The Printing Press was invented to address the -Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot boiling need for publishing books that would spread water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. information to many people at a faster rate. -It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a -This invention also made works accessible to Chinese emperor. individuals who couldn't even write (Streissguth, -Tea Production was developed when an unknown 1997). Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to 2.MICROSCOPE shred tea leaves into strips. -Guided by the principles used for the invention of -This machine was done using a wheel-based eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was mechanism with sharp edges attached to a wooden or able to develop the first compound microscope. ceramic pot. -With this device, people were able to observe -This invention allowed the Chinese to increase their organisms that were normally unseen by the naked tea production and trade with other nations. eye.  -The microscope was key in discovering new -Used by the government to administer their state means in preventing and curing various illnesses well. (Davidson, 2015). -Utilize because of important day-to-day decisions 3.TELESCOPE that must be discussed and addressed at the fastest -The invention of the telescope, an optical time possible. instrument that helps in the observation of remote 4.CALCULATOR objects, was a great help for navigators during this -Invented for a faster way to compute more time. complicated equations. -Together with the telescope, the invention of the -Easy to carry and can be utilized on a day-to-day compass, oars, and rudders made sea traveling basis. easier and safer (Helden, 1989). -It paved the way for easier arithmetic calculations 4.WAR WEAPONS and the development of more complex processing -Since wars were widespread during the Middle machines like computers. Ages, great development in weaponry technology also occurred. I. PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS -All sides must develop weaponry not only as 1.JEEPNEY defensive tools but also as defensive instruments. -Converted from the Military Jeeps used in World -For open-area battles, people developed crossbows War II. and longbows so that they could attack the enemies 2.TRICYCLE at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the -Addition of a sidecar to a motorcycle to protection of walls and fortresses. accommodate more passengers. -In close- range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers 3.SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE should wear something to protect themselves, a need -An amphibious tricycle that can cross not only addressed by the creation of iron body armors. flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. -However, body armors were heavy and limited their -It may also be utilized to travel from island to movements. island considering that the Philippines is an -The Problem was eventually solved by the invention archipelago. of the chainmail. 4.SALT LAMP -Invented by Aisa Mijeno utilizing saltwater. H. MODERN TIMES -Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp, an -The booming population during the 19th century environment-friendly light source that runs on demands that more goods be produced at a faster saltwater. rate. -Safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic -People need efficient transportation to trade more gases. goods and cover a large distance. -Beneficial for coastal areas and far-flung barrios. -Faster machinery, means to communicate, and 5.MEDICAL INCUBATOR compute should be developed to establish -Invented by Dr. Fe del Mundo, its main purpose connections between and among nations was to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, -However, massive industrialization causes more usually a pre-term baby. complicated problems. -She uses indigenous and cheap materials which did 1.PASTEURIZATION not run electricity. -Invented by Louis Pasteur, pasteurization is the 6.MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/ LARVICIDAL process of heating dairy products to kill the TRAP SYSTEM harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. -Introduced by the Department of Science And -Through this, the milk could be stored and Technology--Industrial Technology Development consumed for a longer period. Institute (DOST-ITDI). -It prevents illnesses caused by harmful bacteria. -Also known as OL Trap. -His other contributions include his works on -Made out of natural ingredients that are lethal to molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination. mosquitos but safe for humans and environment. 2.PETROLEUM REFINERY 7.EJEEPNEY -Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining -Counter the disadvantages of traditional jeeps petroleum. that uses diesel and produce large quantities of black -Kerosene is often referred to as the “Illuminating smoke, and usually major contributor of noise Oil” because it is used to provide lighting at home pollution due to its primitive exhaust system. and then later used for heating purposes. -Utilizes electricity and environment-friendly. -The development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry. LESSON 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS -At present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants, among A. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION others. -In the early times, people questioned what created 3.TELEPHONE days and nights. They wanted to understand what -Invented by Alexander Graham Bell heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and planets are. -Invented to maintain connections and -The invention of the telescope allowed the people communication. to take a peek at the outer space, but more importantly, it also intrigued them to know what was -Psychoanalysis delves into the study of human actually out there. behavior, emphasizing the influence of both -Many of these philosophers agreed that planets conscious and unconscious factors. Freud' s theory moved around in circular motion, and that these posited that personality results from the interplay movements created days and nights, among others. of three conflicting elements: id,ego, and superego. 1. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY -Initially, many skeptics regarded psychoanalysis as -A famous philosopher and astronomer. unscientific due to its philosophical and supernatural -stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the concepts. moon, moved in a circular motion around the -Critics argued that there was no empirical or Earth. experimental evidence to support Freud's ideas. -The sun and moon's revolution explained the -Despite criticism, Freud continued to refine his existence of days and nights. theory and demonstrated how psychoanalysis could 2. PTOLEMY’S GEOCENTRIC MODEL be a clinical method for treating mental disorders. -He believed that the Earth was at The center- a -Over time, people began to grasp the concepts of concept known as geocentrism. psychoanalysis, leading to the classification of -Ptolemy's geocentric model was widely accepted psychology as a science. by the people and was one of the greatest Conclusion discoveries of that time. -These three revolutionizing theories are just some of 3. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS the many scientific ideas that transformed and -In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish molded societies and beliefs. mathematician and astronomer, challenged the -The changes they brought to the perceptions of the Ptolemaic model. scientific community and the public are perspectives -He introduced a new concept known as and evidence of science and technology’s link to heliocentrism, which suggested that the center of humanity. the Solar System is the sun. -Through scientific research and experimentations, -This idea was rejected at first by the public. people will continue to deepen their understanding of 4. COPERNICAN MODEL the world and the universe. -After sometime, astronomers realized that the Copernican model LESSON 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -simplified the orbits for Planets. AND NATION BUILDING -It also answered issues that could not be explained using the geocentric model. Science and Technology in the Philippines -Other works that supported this model started to before the Spanish Colonization emerge as well -Malay people originated from coastal Borneo, -It was eventually accepted by the people in a known for their trading and seafaring lifestyle. period which was called the birth of modern -They expanded to neighboring regions such as astronomy. Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and eventually reached the Philippines around 2300 years ago. B. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION (CHARLES -Aetas (25,00 years ago) - the first people in the DARWIN) Philippines, nomadic hunters and gatherers -Considered one of the most controversial -Indonesians (5,000 years ago) - early immigrants, intellectual revolutions. more advanced than aetas with permanent homes, -Charles Darwin's 1859 book " On the Origin of fire usage, and small farming. Species " -Introduction of the theory of evolution AGRICULTURE; CRAFTSMANSHIP; -Populations undergo natural selection, where only MARITIME SKILLS; TECHNICAL the fittest survive. ADVANCEMENTS -Organisms adapt to their environment and gradually WAVE MIGRATION THEORY change (evolution). -Some records have shown intricate and the practices -Conflict with the church's teachings of Science and Technology in the Philippines before -Church's belief in a powerful creator as the source the Spanish colonization. of life 1. Sowing and polishing stone -Emerged in a time when biblical creation was 2. Production of adzes ornament made of widely accepted. seashells -Sparked a debate between science and religion. 3. Pottery -Later understanding that Darwin's theory and 4. Production of plant extract as medicine church teachings can coexist. 5. Alphabet 6. Counting methods C. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION (SIGMUND 7. Calendar system based on the motion of the FREUD) moon -In the past, psychology was categorized as a philosophical field, seen more as an art than a The Philippine Science and Technology science. During the Spanish Regime -Sigmund Freud introduced a revolutionary theory -There was a great leap in the status of Science and of psychoanalysis. Technology in the Philippines during the Spanish regime. The education system largely improved with the development of schools in the later part of the 16th century. Some of these schools included: 1. Colegio de San Ildefonso (Cebu,1595) 2. Colegio de San Ignacio (Manila, 1595) 3. Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Rosario (Manila, 1597) 4. Colegio de San José (Manila, 1601) 5. University of Santo Tomas (UST) Science and Technology in the Philippines during the American Era -Treaty of Paris (1898) and transition from Spain to U.S. rule. -Spain cedes the Philippines for $20 million and the subsequent conflicts with Filipinos. Contributions of Americans to the Philippines 1.Emergence of religious freedom beyond Catholicism 2.Adaption of American fashion trends 3.Improvements in railways systems enhancing connectivity across the islands 4.Introduction of free education with “Thomasites” as teachers 5.Incorporation of English language instruction and new communication technologies Milestone of S&T in the Philippines: Science Education in the Philippines -Science education is viewed as crucial for the Philippines’ economic development and innovation. -Former President Ferdinand Marcos emphasized the need to upgrade the science curriculum and teaching resources in schools. -The creation of specialized science high schools aims to nurture students’ interest and careers in STEM fields. Government Policies on Science and Technology Department of Science and Technology (DOST) -The premier science and technology governing agency in the country with the mandate of providing central direction, leadership, and coordination of scientific and technological activities; as well as formulating policies, programs, and projects to Milestone of S&T in the Philippines: support national development. DOST Eight-Point Agenda: 1.Putting in place five comprehensive priority research and development programs: ○ Biotechnology ○ ICT ○ Environment ○ Pharmaceuticals  ○ Basic research democracy under Corazon Aquino and set the 1.Expanded implementation of existing SETUP stage for Fidel Ramos’ pursuit of industrialization (Small Enterprise Technology and economic growth. UpgradingProgram), :-Science and technology are vital to TECHNICOM (Technology Innovation for nation-building, as they drive modernization, Commercialization), and Techno Gabay Program. improve quality of life, and contribute to national 2.Implementation of high-impact programs in each success through advancement in healthcare, region. infrastructure, communication, and governance. 3.Better ways of helping investors (Science and Technology play a pivotal role in 4.Launching of Innovation Promotion Program nation-building, as modernization drives ○ Business Plan Competition development across various sectors. The level of a ○ Success stories of Filipino nation's modernization directly reflects its science technology entrepreneurs and technology capacity, influencing its ability to ○ Networking with Filipino science improve the quality of life for its people. The nation's and technology experts capability to adapt to modern advancements ○ Conducive financial and legal determines how well it can sustain progress and framework for business start-up development.) 5.Innovative human resources development programs -Progressive scientific knowledge aids in the 6.Upgrading facilities production of a healthy society through 7.Policy development and advocacy program development in the medical and pharmaceutical ○ Groundwork for comprehensive sectors; technology transfer legislation -A world-class quality of technologies improves the ○ Revisit S&T parks program good and services, the drives of the economy ○ Evaluation of DOST Programs through roads, clean water, suitable devices, and ○ DOST Rationalization Programs equipment that reinforce the production of goods; ○ International Cooperation -Technological innovations enhance communication, trading, international The Department of Science and Technology relationships, education, and so on; (DOST) plays a key role in positioning the -Good governance and many more. Philippines to compete with neighboring countries in science and technology. To promote science and technology in the national Scientific Publication - It refers to the reporting of development of the Philippines, the following are a new scientific knowledge derived from intense stipulated in the 1987 constitution: research. The research findings are disseminated 1.Article XIV Section 10 - Science and technology globally through scientific journals that are usually are essential for national development and progress. specialized for different academic disciplines or 2.Article XIV Section 11 - The Congress may subdisciplines. provide incentives, including tax deductions, to Patents Granted - A patent is an exclusive legal encourage private participation in programs of right of the owner of a new invention to prevent basic and applied scientific research. others from using, reproducing, retailing, and 3.Article XIV Section 12 - the state shall regulate smuggling the new technical solution to a common the transfer and promote the adaptation of problem. technology from all sources for the national benefit. 4.Article XIV Section 13 - The state shall protect SCImago Journal and Country Rank (1996-2023) and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, (TOP 1: US, TOP 2: CHINA, TOP 3: UK, TOP 14: inventors, artists, and other gifted citizens to their Philippines) intellectual property and creations. -According to the Report of SCImago Journal and Country Rank for the most number of scientific Government agencies that promote and sustain publication by ac ountry from 1996 - 2023, the scientific and technological practices in the Philippines is ranked 63rd with a total of 68,595 country: scientific papers that appeared in reputable scientific 1.Department of Science and Technology (DOST). journals. We are behind ranking of Indonesia It is the primary science and technology body in (376,908 scientific papers), Thailand (305,015 SP), the Philippines. Malaysia (502,815 SP), Singapore (265,452 SP), 2.Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). It is among others, with the US 16,047,770 and China responsible for implementing policies that are 10,372,322. focused on the efficient trading, commerce, and industrial activities in the country. Science, Technology and Nation-Building 3.Commission on Higher Education (CHED). The -Emerging from centuries of colonization, the commission is mandated to promote quality Philippines gained independence on July 4, 1946, education through the formulation of evidence-based with science and technology as key drivers in its policies, plans, and programs for the development of ongoing development. higher education in the country. -Ferdinand Marcos’ presidency, marked by 4.National Economic and Development Authority Martial Law and economic reforms, ultimately led (NEDA). It is a government agency responsible for to the 1986 EDSA revolution, which restored formulating socioeconomic development plans, macroeconomic forecasting, policy analysis, and -From Nicomachean Ethics ( philosophical inquiry economic research. into the nature of the good life for a human being). Written by Aristotle's son Nicomachus. LESSON 4: HUMAN FLOURISHING - Human flourishing arises as a result of different components such as: WHAT IS HAPPINESS? 1.Phronesis. The habit of making the right -In Psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional decisions, and taking the right actions in context, state of wellbeing which can be defined as positive and relentless pursuit of excellence for the common or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to good. intense joy. -To behaviorists, happiness is a cocktail of emotions we experience when we do something good or positive. -To neurologists, happiness is the experience of a flood of hormones released in the brain as a reward for behavior that prolongs survival. -In Ancient Greek society, they believe that acquiring these will surely bring the seekers Is happiness a DESTINATION or a JOURNEY? happiness, which in effect allows them to partake in - Hedonistic view of well-being is that happiness is the greater notion of what we call the Good. the polar opposite of suffering; the presence of -As time changes, elements that comprise Human happiness indicates the absence of pain. Flourishing changed. - Because of this, hedonists believe that the purpose -People found means to live more comfortably, of life is to maximize happiness, which minimizes explore more places, develop more products, and misery. make more money. -Humans of today are expected to become "man of EUDAIMONIA the world". (n.) lit. “human flourishing”; a contented state of -Supposed to situate himself in a global being happy and healthy and prosperous. neighborhood, working side-by-side among -Eudaimonia, a term that combines the Greek words institutions and the government to be able to reach a for "good" and "spirit" to describe the ideology. common goal. -Eudaimonia defines happiness as the pursuit of -Competition as a means of survival has become am. becoming a better person. -Coordination is a trend -Eudaimonists do this by challenging themselves intellectually or by engaging in activities that make Eastern vs Western conception regarding Society them spiritually richer people. and Human Flourishing ARISTOTLE (384 - 322 B.C.) -It is a Greek word which literally;means, “good spirited,”. -It is termed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (385 -323 BC) to describe the highpoint of happiness that can be attained by Humans. Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing -Every discovery, innovation, and success contributes to our pool of human knowledge. -Human's perpetual need to locate himself in the world by finding proofs to trace evolution. -Elicits our idea of self-importance. -Technology is a human activity we excel in as a -According to Aristotle, there is an end of all of the result of achieving science. (Heidegger) actions that we perform which we desire for itself - - Good is inherently related to the truth. eudaimonia, flourishing, or happiness, which is desired for its own sake with all other things being THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY desired on its account. 1. Instrumental Definition -Eudaimonia is a property of one's life when - Technology is a means to an end considered as a whole. 2. Anthropological Definition -Flourishing is the highest good of human - Technology is a human activity endeavors and than toward, which all actions aim. It is success as a human being. The best life is one of Heidegger’s View on Technology excellent human activity. Technology as a Way of Revealing - Heidegger stressed that the truth can be HUMAN FLOURISHING pursued through the correct ways. - Simply what is correct leads to what is true.  - Technology as a Way of Revealing – a - Humans desire to put an order to nature mode of bringing forth. to better understand and control it. 2. MEDICATIVE THINKING BRINGING FORTH - Humans allowed nature to reveal itself to 1.Poiesis - bringing out of concealment, the truth of them without the use of force or violence. that something is revealed. - 2.Aletheia - which is translated as unclosedness, Tends to be more commonly utilized, primarily unconcealedness, disclosure, or truth because humans’ desire to control due to their fear of irregularity. 3.Poiesis brings something into being, while Calculate thinking is the more technical kind of aletheia reveals its essence or truth. human thought, in which people gather information Technology is a form of poiesis – a Way of and put it together in order to put some specific use. Revealing that unconceals aletheia or the truth. Enframing, is a way of ordering (or framing) -In Philosophy, techne resembles the term nature to better manipulate it. episteme. -happens because of how humans desire for -also encompasses knowledge and understanding. security, even it pulls all of nature as a standard -episteme refers to the human ability to make and reserve and an instrument of technology, to be perform. exploited in the ordering of nature. -In Art, it refers to tangible and intangible aspects -The role of humans take as instruments of of life. technology through enframing is called destining. -The Greek understood techne in the way that is -In destining, humans are challenged forth by encompasses not only craft, but other acts of the enframing to reveal what is real. However, this mind, and poetry. destining of humans to reveal need your carriers with it the danger of misconstruction or misinterpretation. Technology as Poesis: Does Modern Technology Bring Forth or Challenges Forth? The Dangers of Technology -Heidegger, in The Question Concerning -Lie on how humans let themselves be consumed Technology, postulated that both primitive crafts and by it. modern technology are revealing. However, he -The responsibility of humans is to recognize how explained that modern technology is revealing not in do you become instruments of technology. the sense of Bringing forth. -According to Paulo Coelho, it is boastful for -Revealing modern technology is not a humans to think that nature needs to be saved, Bringing-forth, but a Challenging-Forth. whereas Mother Nature would remain even if human -Modern technology challenges nature by extracting cease to exist. something from it and transforming, storing and - As a mere tenant on Earth, people must not allow distributing it. It makes people think how to do things themselves to be consumed by technology less they faster; more effectively, and with less effort lose the essence of who they are as human beings. In -Challenging Forth reduces objects as this sense, humans are in danger of becoming merely standing-reserve or something to be disposed of by part of the standing reserve or, those who can enframe them – humans. alternatively, we find themselves in nature. -This is evident in the way people exploit natural -Recognizing the dangers of technology requires resources with very little concern for the ecological critical and reflective thinking on its use. For consequences that come with it. instance, social media has indeed connected -In the Information age – greater control of people in the most efficient and convenient way information to profit from its value gives rise to imaginable, but it also inadvertently gave rise to concerns about privacy and protection of issues such as invasion of privacy, online human rights. disinhibition, and proliferation of fake news. -Rise and depletion of petroleum as a strategic resource. ART AS THE SAVING POWER -Introduction and use of synthetic dyes, artificial -Necessary reflection upon the confrontation with flavorings, and toxic materials into the consumer technology are required in order to proactively stream that bring about adverse affects on human address the dangers of technology. health. -“But where danger is, grows the saving power -Used to write in agents in agriculture the poses also” - Friedrich Holderlin (1997, p. 14) threats to foods safety and health security. -Heidegger proposed Art as the Saving Power and the way out enframing: “ and Art was simply called Enframing as Modern Technology’s Way of techne. It was single, manifold revealing” Revealing (1997, p. 18) -Heidegger distinguished the way of revealing of -Art encourages humans to think less from modern technology by considering it as a process of calculative standpoint where nature is viewed as enframing. an ordered system. Instead, it inspires meditative -Enframing, according to Heidegger, is akin to two thinking where nature is seen as art and that ways: without any force and violence. 1. CALCULATE THINKING LESSON 5: THE GOOD LIFE  around the idea of a supernatural reality, often Perspectives on the Good Life Across Different represented as heaven. Schools of Thought: -For theists, ultimate happiness is found in 1. Aristotle and Good Life communion with God. Life's purpose is understood -It is fascinating to note that Aristotle, often regarded as a journey toward spiritual fulfillment and divine as the first philosopher to approach the problem of connection. reality through a scientific lens, was also the first 6. Humanism thinker to tackle the complex question of the ultimate -Humanism, on the other hand advocates for human purpose of life: happiness freedom and the power of individuals to create their -Unlike his predecessor and teacher, Plato, who own destiny, free from the constraints of divine believed that the material world was merely a oversight reflection of the true reality found in the world of -Humanists believe that human beings are the forms. Aristotle took a more grounded approach. He captains of their own ships, responsible for crafting argued that this world, the one we perceive with our their own lives and shaping the world around them senses, is the only reality we have access to. -This empowerment ed scientists and thinkers to -Aristotle further posited that there is no reality focus on technological progress, with the goal of beyond what our senses can perceive. Only through alleviating human suffering and improving quality of observing the external wond can we fully understand life what reality is -Today, humanism drives many technological -Change, according to Aristotle, is an inherent advancements with scientists even excluding ways to process in all things: We like all entities in the world, manipulate time and space in the name of progress begin as potentialities and move toward actualities. and the betterment of humanity This journey toward actualization necessarily Involves change. LESSON 6: THE PUBLIC GOOD 2. Materialism -The first materialists were the ancient Greek Politico-Ethical Sense: atomists, led by Democritus and Leucippus. They 1.NATIONAL PUBLIC GOOD believed that the world, including human beings, is - benefits the greatest number of the national composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms or population if not all of them. seeds. 2.COMMUNAL PUBLIC GOOD -According to this school of thought, everything is - goods that serve specific community needs made of matter, and there is no need for immaterial entities like souls or spirits to explain purpose Atoms Government-Public Good: randomly combine to form the world around us 1. NATIONAL PUBLIC GOOD BY THE -For materialism, human flourishing is rooted in NATIONAL PUBLIC rasterial things. The happiness we seek cornes from - pursued by the civil society with minimal the accumulation of material possessions, and many support of the local or national government. people pursue wealth as their primary source of 2. NATIONAL PUBLIC GOOD BY THE meaning and fulfillment NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 3. Hedonism - pursued by the local or national government -Hedonists define the ultimate goal of life as the because of its high cost that civil societies pursuit of pleasure. Pleasure, for them, is the highest cannot afford to implement by themselves. priority -Hedonists believe that since life is short, one must Public Good from the Politico-Economic Sense: indulge in pleasure without worrying about the Microeconomics future. Their mantra is famously captured in the Macroeconomics phrase 1.MICROECONOMY -Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die. - Basic assumption: Homo Economicus -They argue that life's meaning is found in enjoying Two Criterias of Public Good, Economically: every moment of pleasure, rejecting long-term Nonrivalry considerations in favor of immediate gratification Nonexcludability 4. Stoicism -In contrast, the Stolos, following the teachings of Economic Idea of of the Public Good is ideal Epicurus, emphasized the idea that true happiness (Samuelson 1995, and Vaknin 2004) comes from emotional detachment and self-control. -The Stoic principle of apatheia, the state of being indifferent to external circumstances, suggests that one must distance oneself from emotional turmoil to find inner peace. For Stoics, happiness is achieved through discipline and the mastery of desires, rather than through indulgence 5. Theism -Theists find the meaning of life through their belief in God. In the Philippines, where Catholicism is the predominant faith, many people shape their life goals  - Nonexcludability is often affected by technological advancements The Public Good from the Politico-Economic - Technological progress can also create new Sense: public good e.g. streetlights A. Microeconomy - Economic concept of public good pertains to THE CONCEPT OF THE PUBLIC GOOD: A the benefit (profit) that may accrue to an VIEW FROM A FILIPINO PHILOSOPHER: individual or a firm in pursuing a project. Rolando M. Gripaldo - Basic assumptions is that the Homo economicus is a selfish individual who The Public Good from the Politicoethical Sense: would pursue an economic project either individually or in group if they will beefit National People and the Public Good from it Public Good - Communal or national public goods, 2 criterias: or goods aspired to or believed assumed to be aspired 1.Nonrivalry - “if one drinks from it, the stream will to from the perspective of the state by the communal not be diminished or exhausted (non-rival) and, or national public 2.Nonexcludability- at the same time, no one is - This type of goods may probably become excluded from drinking it". global public goods - A public good in that which benefits by its B.) Macroeconomy use the communal or national public, that is - Service orientation that prods tthe to say, the greatest number of the local or government to provide services through an national population unprofitable enterprise because such an enterprise is considered by the government. This can be perceived in two levels: as a public good 1.People Themselves Private Public Goods and Public Public Goods: - Perceives the public good to be beneficial to most if not to all of them. A. Public Public Goods - serves as the ethical standard by which the - Not entirely independent free riders for they public through a civil society-umfy somehow help pay for these governmental themselves in consideration of their public goods through paying their taxes individual and social benefits. direct or indirect - Individuals may think in terms of their own - Public Good as well in that they are riders. selfish benefits from a public good but there benefit from them. is also a recognition that unless they work - Interest not only of the individual public but together for their common welfare, then the the nation as a whole as well. public good aspired for not materialize B. Private Public Goods 2) Local or national government - Goods which the private sector sets up either - Believes or assumes with a utilitarian by itself or in participation with the perspective that a particular project or government (Local or national) since the service is desired by the populace as private sector sees their realization as necessary for their common welfare. profitable, and the general public benefits - E.g national defense, education, public from them as well either as customers or as health, etc. free riders. Communal People and the Public Good C. Mixed Public Goods -eg (massive dam) - Undertaken by some private organizations or - National significance to preserve a communal civil societies for the common good of the heritage as part of the national heritage or to sacrifice communal or national public it for the general good in the pursuit of modernization - Mixed in the sense that the undertakers are and globalization private groups and yet they seek not profits but service.. Once these private groups make Government and the Public Good: profit the primary consideration, then they - Desired generally by all in the sense that its become privates. corporations or redound to the general public's common cooperatives. good in terms of national pride, aesthetic appreciation, national well-being, national D. Public Bads moral uplift, etc. - Negative goods which the general public - Pursued by the local and civil societies scorns and in many cases, are avoided or not because its cost of implementation is so tolerated by both the private/public sectors. great civil societies cannot afford to pursue it on their own  Good Life: (Additional Information) 3 Dominant Ideas on what good life is: 1. Moral life (socrates and plato) 2. Fulfilled life (aristotle) 3. Life of pleasure (epicurus) A. The moral of life is a good life (Socrates and Plato) - Suggested by socrates and plato - Someone who possesses and practices most of the important virtues such as kindness, courage, loyalty and generosity - (Importance of good life) Examining, reflecting and questioning the nature of things B. Fulfilled Life (Aristotle) For someone to have a good life, he/she: 1. Morally virtuous 2. Healthy and long life 3. Prosperous 4. Have good friends 5. Respect others 6. Must have good luck 7. Uses talents, abilities, and capabilities C. Life of pleasure (Epicurus) - Suggested by Epicurus - Life is worth living because of pleasure - Pleasure = Hedonism 3 aspects of Good life: 1. Self mastery 2. Contemplation and learning 3. Servitude to society Ethics and Ethical Standards: - (Ethics) System of moral principles concerned with what is good for one’s self and society - Provides framework for answering complex questions