lol hoa.docx

WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE - aka mesopotamian architecture MASSIVENESS MONUMENTALITY GRANDEUR MESO/POTAMIA greek word for in between rivers mesos = middle. potamos= river \"the fertile crescent\" tigris and euphrates = \"in between rivers\" GEOGRAPHICAL= tigris and euphrates - 'in between...

WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE - aka mesopotamian architecture MASSIVENESS MONUMENTALITY GRANDEUR MESO/POTAMIA greek word for in between rivers mesos = middle. potamos= river \"the fertile crescent\" tigris and euphrates = \"in between rivers\" GEOGRAPHICAL= tigris and euphrates - 'in between rivers\" 4 main civilizations: SUMER           Iraq (Baghdad to Persian Gulf) BABYLON.      Iraq ASSYRIA.        Northern Iraq and Southeastern         Turkey PERSIA.           Iran GEOLOGICAL ASSYRIA AND BABYLON clay turned into bricks sun-dried bricks for ordinary finish kiln-dried bricks for lacing important color-glazed bricks for decorative purposes GEOLOGICAL PERSIAN used timber and colored limestone CLIMATIC ASSYRIA & BABYLON temples on platforms due to flooding ZIGGURATS CLIMATIC PERSIAN open-type buildings due to extreme heat CLIMATIC IN-GENERAL COURTYARD form of buildings due to desert conditions RELIGIOUS used king-headed winged lions, bulls, and monsters (PERSIA) for decorations of doorways of palaces. RELIGIOUS Babylon and Assyria ZIGGURAT: temple on platforms to be closer to heaven HISTORICAL SUMERIANS \[KISH, URUK, UR\] - characterized by monumental temples of sun-dried bricks faced with burnt/glazed bricks - structures are often built upon the ruins of ther predecesor. example:     sumerian high temple at khafaje ASSYRIANS BABYLON capital of babylonia - characterized by mud-brick construction with walls articulated by pilasters & recesses faced with burnt/glazed bricks - Palaces and temples were decorated with enameled brick friezes of bulls and lions.     - developed POLYCHROME\ friezes designed in color-glazed brick work tower of babel ASSYRIANS \[nineveh, dun, khorsabad, nimrud, assur\] - characterized by mud-brick buildings stone was used for carved monumental decorative sculptures - interiors were all large and filled with columns -temples lost their importance to palaces PERSIANS modern day Iran characterized architectural by synthesis of events from Assyria, Egypt and lonian Greece. IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES SUMER KING UR-NAMMU- erected the Great Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq BABYLONIA KING NEBUCHADNEZZAR II erected the:           The Great Palace of Nebuchadnezzar - Ishtar Gate - Hanging Garden of Babylon KING HAMMURABI wrote the first ever codes of law in cruciform HAMMURABI'S CODE SARGON II - erected the Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad, Iraq ASSYRIA SENNACHERIB -  transferred the Assyrian Empire\'s capital to Nineveh CYRUS THE GREAT - father of the Iranian Nation and the Persian Empire XERXES I - executed most of the construction of the Palace of Persepolis - started the construction of the Hall of the Hundred Columns (aka the Throne Hall) - erected the Gate of All Nations - ARTAXERXES 1 - finished the construction of the Palace of Persepolis and the Hall of the Hundred Columns ARCHITECTURAL DIFFERENCES between civilizations CONSTRUCTION METHOD BABYLON and ASSYRIA ARCH & VAULT; BUTTRESSED  --------------------- --------------------------- PERSIA COLUMNAR & TRABEATED BUILDING TYPES BABYLON.     MASSIVENESS, MAGNIFICENCE AND GRANDEUR -------------- ---------------------------------------- PERSIA LIGHT AND AIRY MAGNIFICENCE BUILDING CHARACTER BABYLON CHIEF TEMPLES HAVE SACRED ZIGGURATS --------- ------------------------------------- PERSIA LARGE COLUMNAR HALLS WALLS BABYLON AND ASSYRIA WHITE-WASHED AND PAINTED IN COLOR.   BURNT BRICKS AS ACCENT --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- PERSIA DOUBLE MUD BRICK WALLS -- -- OPENINGS BABYLON AND ASSYRIA NO WINDOWS, VENTILATION VIA TERRACOTA PIPES --------------------- --------------------------------------------- PERSIA SMALL WINDOWS WITH LINTEL ORNAMENTATION:    LAMASSU the monumental stone sculptures of human-headed, winged bulls or lions that guarded the entrances to the temples and palaces   Mesopotamian Structures ZIGGURATS aka holy mountains - temple-tower built in diminishing stages of mud brick with buttressed walls faced with burnt bricks - topmost part accessed only by priests - corners face to cardinal points (north, east, west, south) GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR Tell El-Muqayyar, Iraq erected by King Ur-Nammu - A temple dedicated to the moon god TEMPLE OVAL- Khafaje Iraq WHITE TEMPLE & ZIGGURAT- Khafaje, Iraq Borssipa Ziggurat - Birs Nimrud.  - Rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II City of Babylon- Largest Population PALACE OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR II - largest archeological site in the Middle East ISHTAR GATE reconstruction at Pergamon Museum, Berlin -  8th gate to the inner city of Babylon - Large 4-storey portal dominating the processional avenue through the city - Covered in glazed bricks, colorful tiles, and decorative friezes of bulls & dragon HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON - Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - Built for Nebuchadnezzar\'s wife, Amytis of Media TEMPLE OF MARDUK aKa ESAGILA Marduk = Supreme god TOWER OF BABEL PALACE OF SARGON- Khorsabbad, Iraq by Sargon Il - First palace in world history PALACE OF SUSA- Darius I PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS Fars Province, Iran - Greek word which means City of Persians started construction: Darius I did majority of the construction: Xerxes I finished construction: Artaxerxes I PARTS OF THE PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS GATE OF ALL NATIONS by Xerxes I -Xerxes I name was written in 3 different languages to inform everyone that he ordered the Gate of All Nations to be built THE APADANA by Darius I aka the Grand/Royal Audience Hall Considered as the most impressive part of the Palace of Persepolis TACHARA PALACES of Darius I and Xerxes \| the smallest buildings but among the first TRIPYLON by Artaxerxes ! served as the Reception Area and Guard Room THE TREASURY by Darius I served as the armoury and storehouse HALL OF THE HUNDRED COLUMNS aka The Throne Hall columns having capitals of double bull and double unicorn started construction : Xerxes I finished construction: Artaxerxes