logic.docx

philosophy ========== ### it comes from the Greek words "**philos**" which means love and "**sophia**" meaning wisdom. Originally, it meant "**love of wisdom**" for the reason that its ultimate goal is wisdom. Pythagoras ---------- ### the first to call himself a philosopo, a term which means "**...

philosophy ========== ### it comes from the Greek words "**philos**" which means love and "**sophia**" meaning wisdom. Originally, it meant "**love of wisdom**" for the reason that its ultimate goal is wisdom. Pythagoras ---------- ### the first to call himself a philosopo, a term which means "**a lover of wisdom"** Philosophy ---------- ### a science, because it uses certain steps or procedures in scrutinizing what is right, true, good and beautiful. The investigation is systematic. However, the philosopher investigates things using ONLY his/her natural capacity to think or simply human reason alone. difference between holistic and partial perspective =================================================== Holistic Perspective -------------------- ### seeing the entire art work by stepping back a little. There you can see, the real beauty of a masterpiece looking at the problem in all angles. ### taking the sides of all involved in a particular problem. You draw them to see things objectively. **[Partial Perspective]** ------------------------------------- ### focuses on a specific aspect of a thing or situation. Just like "**zooming in**" to a picture taken in a camera. In real life situations, ### Details that only you can see, being the viewer up, close and personal. interpretation will be totally different from others' view. You become more empathetic than the rest Why is there a need to philosophize? ==================================== ### Philosophy makes man a [full man]. **Full man** means being cultured, refined and well-rounded. It will provide you the ability to **synthesize**, **criticize**, s**ystematize**, **assimilate** and **evaluate** a variety of knowledge. logic ----- ### branch of philosophy that focuses on the analysis of arguments ### studies and elaborates on good argumentation ### study of correct thinking and reasoning fallacy ------- ### group of statement that appears to be arguments, but fails to support the conclusion 1. argumentum ad hominem ======================== attacking the person -------------------- ### hominem came from latin word "homo" which means man. hitting the person below the belt instead of focusing on the issue at hand 2. argumentum ad baculum ======================== appeal to force --------------- ### baculum is a latin word which means scepter or stick. a scepter is a symbol of authority. this is committed when a person uses threat or force to advance an argument 3. argumentum ad misercordiam ============================= appeal to pity -------------- ### misercordiam came from latin word misericordia which means pity or compassion. a person uses emotion such as pity to convince someone 4. aargumentum ad populum ========================= appeal to people/ bandwagon fallacy ----------------------------------- ### populum is the latin word for people. the idea is presented acceptable because a lot of people accept it 5. argumentum ad tradition/ antiqitatem ======================================= appeal to tradition ------------------- ### traditio means tradition. advancing an idea since it has been practice for a long time. it is acceptable because it has been true for a long time 6. argumentum ad ignorantiam ============================ appeal to ignorance ------------------- ### ignoratiam a latin word for ignorance. whatever has been proven false must be true and vice versa. a person could not give a counter-argument 7. petitio princippi ==================== begging the question -------------------- ### a fallacy in which a conclusion is taken for granted in the premises. assuming the thing or idea to be proven it true. also known as circular argument 8. hasty generalization ======================= ### this fallacy is committed when one reaches a generalization based on insufficient evidence 9. cause-and-effect =================== post hoc, ergo, propter hoc --------------------------- ### assuming that the effect is relaTED TO A CAUSE BECAUSE BOTH. ### EVENTS OCCUR ONE AFTER ANOTHER 10. FALLACY OF COMPOSITION ========================== ### INFERS THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE OF A PART, IS TRUE OF A WHOLE. ASSUMING THAT WHAT IS TRUE OF A PARTS IS TRUE FOR THE WHOLE. INDIVIDUAL TO ALL 11. FALLACY OF DIVISION ======================= ### INFERS THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE OF THE WHOLE, MUST ALSO BE ON ITS PART. ASSUMING THAT WHAT IS TRUE FOR THE WHOLE IS TRUE FOR ITS PARTS. ALL TO INDIVIDUAL 12. FALLACY OF EQUIVOCATION =========================== ### USING THE SAME TERM IN A DIFFERENT SITUATION WITH DIFFERENT MEANING 13. FALLACY OF ACCIDENT ======================= ### OCCURS WHEN ONE ATTEMPTS TO APPLY A GENERAL RULE TO AN IRRELEVANT SITUATION 14. ARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAM ============================= ARGUMENT FROM AUTHORITY ----------------------- ### COMMITTED WHEN A PERSON USES A NAME OF A POPULAR CELEBRITY OR NAME OF AN EXPERT TO PUT MORE WEIGHT IN THE ASSERTION BEING MADE RED HERRING =========== ### DIVERTING THE TOPIC AND MAKES AN ARGUMENT OF IT. FALSE DICHOTOMY =============== ### WHEN YOU ASK TO TAKE SIDES ON ONLY TWO OBJECTS BUT YOU REALLY HAVE OTHER OPTIONS TO CHOOSE FROM. DOMAINS OF TRUTH ================ Truth ----- ### the way or process by which we can distinguish claims that are true from those that are false. **[NATURAL WORLD]** ------------------------------- ### totality of the physical realm Jurgen Habermas --------------- ### argues that apart from the scientific truths, there are other truths, there are other domains in life in which we understand truth differently ***OBJECTIVE TRUTHS*** ---------------------- ### [descriptions of "states of] [affairs" which remain true regardless of who is] [viewing them.] SOCIAL DOMAIN ------------- ### products of "agreement" in a society that has been established over time. ### truths are "created" or constructed by people PERSONAL DOMAIN --------------- ### "truth" is analogous with ***[sincerity]*** ### ***A person who proves to be consistent with what he declares about himself is regarded as AUTHENTIC*** RICHARD RORTY ------------- ### ***offers a simple way of defining truth: truth can be understood as what has passed "procedures of justification," (Rorty, 1989)*** ***JUSTIFICATION*** ------------------- ### ***the process of proving the truth or validity of a statement. This process is made up of ways of critically testing a claim against certain criteria*** methods of philosophizing ========================= 1. dialect method ----------------- ### formulated by the greek philosopher socrates. it start by eliciting the definition of a certain word. it is through a series of question. ### it is treated in a different way by george wilhelm hegel, a german philosopher. refers this to "spirit" as a collective consciousness of a society ### thesis + antithesis = synthesis 2. progmatic method ------------------- ### popularized by william james and john dewey. relevant by solving real life problems 3. phenomenological ------------------- ### conceived by edmund husserl. it is free from biases or pre-conceived ideas. ### experience is the world as it appears to us 4. primary and secondary reflection ----------------------------------- ### primary- distinguish who we are ### secondary- a more expansive view of the self 5. analytica method ------------------- ### cambrigde university. george edward moore, bertrand russell, and ludwig wittgenstein. ### logical clarification of thought