Local government UNIT 7.docx

**Local government can be directly and indirectly involved in sustainable tourism. -- UNIT 7**  a. Direct involvement absolute necessity in: Laws, Regulations, Provide infrastructure, Security - safe environment (tourists & locals), attract crime, anti -terrorism, stability, crossing international...

**Local government can be directly and indirectly involved in sustainable tourism. -- UNIT 7**  a. Direct involvement absolute necessity in: Laws, Regulations, Provide infrastructure, Security - safe environment (tourists & locals), attract crime, anti -terrorism, stability, crossing international borders - tourists,, transport, Limit tourism - VISAS/ entry (nationality, volume), Laws on the use & renovation of heritage sites & buildings;  b. Indirect involvement: Providing supports to the private sectors (hotel), providing incentives to the private sectors to develop in locality (tax relief), Encourage proper use, appreciation of heritage sites and culture.   Enabling visitor growth and tourism development have not been traditional functions of local government, who have often seen their role as limited to providing the utilities and amenities required and administering necessary planning and development processes (Kearsley, 1997). But time pass and in all the structure of governance was understanding that local governance can have power not only in sustainable development but also in sustainable tourism development. Local governance get fast information's about the problems that have the community. Also local governance know with details natural resources and human capital so through the careful assessment it can plan the future to help the community in employments, local business, infrastructures etc. The concept of sustainability relates to the maintenance and enhancement of environmental, social and economic resources, in order to meet the needs of current and future generations. The three components of sustainability are:   **Environmental sustainability**  --  This requires that natural capital remains intact. This means that the source and sink functions of the environment should not be degraded. Therefore, the extraction of renewable resources should not exceed the rate at which they are renewed, and the absorptive capacity to the environment to assimilate wastes should not be exceeded. Furthermore, the extraction of non-renewable resources should be minimised and should not exceed agreed minimum strategic levels. ** ** **Social sustainability**  --  Which requires that the cohesion of society and its ability to work towards common goals be maintained? Individual needs, such as those for health and well-being, nutrition, shelter, education and cultural expression should be met.   **Economic sustainability**  --  Which occurs when development, which moves towards social and environmental sustainability, is financially feasible? Sustainable tourism presents a paradox. At one level sustainable tourism is a success given the concept's diffusion among industry, government, academics and policy actors. Yet, it is simultaneously a policy failure given the continued growth in the environmental impacts of tourism in absolute terms (C. Michael Hall, 2011).   **Local Governance and Plan for Development** Tourism has positive economic impact and creates opportunities, on employment, on gross income and production, but it may also have negative effects, particularly on the environment. The role of tourism on environmental and human development is necessarily ambiguous (Serdoura, Moreira & Almeida, 2009). On the one hand, while being an integrated economic activity, it is dependent on the changes of the territory and population, as it needs environmental and socio-economic quality to be viable (CTP, 2005).Unplanned and uncontrolled tourism growth can result in such a deterioration of the environment that tourist growth can be compromised. To develop a theoretical framework for tourism sustainability, we will assess the impacts of tourism development to environmental balance, accessibility, socioeconomic dynamics, territorial and social justice and equality on job opportunities. Tourism provides a major economic development opportunity for many countries and a means of improving the livelihoods of its residents. Both the public and private sectors involved in tourism depend on planning to achieve sustainable tourism development that respects the local community, creates appropriate employment, maintains the natural environment, and delivers a quality visitor experience. However, many tourism destinations have pursued development without proper planning and without considering the many impacts such development will bring to the community.   **Local Governance and Infrastructure** An important role of the public sector is to monitor tourism activities and development to secure a reliable source of information. This information can then be used to develop strategies and plans for sustainable tourism development. To have tourism development, although the lows and plans of development, local government must do concrete work as fast as they can in infrastructure improve. Tourists like the nature, environmental, landscape, and cultural heritage, but also they need some condition to go around in one area. To go in one place and to spend money, they want qualitative conditions. So, when we talk about the infrastructure, local government must do invest to improve the quality of all needed infrastructure for tourists and tourism development like roads, water, electricity, waste. **Local Government and Private Sector of Economy** The role of tourism on environmental and human development is necessarily unclear (Serdoura, Moreira & Almeida, 2009). Local authorities enable sustainable tourism development by encouraging and facilitating private sector investment in development activities via development plans and strategies, the annual planning process. The economic effects of tourism include changing work and consumption patterns, standards of living, and social roles and practices. For the private sector, financial risk and profitability are the primary concerns including the sources of capital for the planned project, extent of foreign ownership or control, wage rates for the local labour force, and availability of private sector funds for investment. So local government have support role for local economy giving them flexibility in taxes and financial aid. Also local government can give them information about news in agriculture, tourism services, ICT, other technologies, and encourage them to prove them. One important thing is that local government needs to take the balance in economic support and to help all the kind of businesses so the area will not have mono economy, because in tourism everything is interest for someone. And tourists go to visit one area if they have many kind services, with different costs for them. **Local Government and Promo Marketing** In the last decade the tourism industry has been marked by a strong internationalization of its markets with new competitors entering and old ones leaving on a day-to-day basis. This has forced actors of the tourist market to seek for global business strategies and to achieve effective cross-border integration, coordination and control of activities in order to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. Tourism needs a strong marketing and promo. Local government is one important actor to organize different events for promo marketing in tourism. Encourage proper use & appreciation of heritage sites & culture. " Event tourism is an activity in which territorial authorities are becoming increasingly interested due to its potential to: stimulate the development of new facilities, to promote the host area, and the significant economic benefits it can bring to an area, such as increased employment (Fry, 1993; Kean, 1993). **Ecological sustainability** Ecological sustainability includes everything that is connected with the Earth\'s ecosystems. Amongst other things, this includes the stability of climate systems, the quality of air, land and water, land use and soil erosion, biodiversity (diversity of both species and habitats), and ecosystem services (e.g. pollination and photosynthesis). When it comes to the ecological systems, it is often possible to give quite a good definition of sustainability. Production of goods and services must not compromise the carrying capacity of ecosystems, i.e. nature has to be able to regenerate utilised resources. Amongst other things, ecological sustainability relates to the functioning of the Earth\'s biogeochemical system, which includes the following: - Water (pollutants, groundwater levels, salinity, temperature, alien species) - Air (pollutants, particles, ozone layer, climate system, noise) - Land (pollutants, erosion, land use, alien species) - Biodiversity (species and habitats (natural habitats), GMOs) - Ecosystem services (e.g. pollination, photosynthesis, water purification, climate control) Ecological sustainability sometimes also includes human health, to the extent that it is affected by the external environment in terms of pollutants, noise, etc. **Renewable Energy Source** **Definition of Renewable Energy Source** Every day we rely on energy to provide us with electricity, hot water, and fuel for our cars. Most of this energy comes from **fossil fuels**, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These are **non-renewable energy sources**, which mean that if we use them all up, we can never get more during our lifetime. Fossil fuels also contribute greatly to global climate change by releasing carbon dioxide into the air when they are burned. Because fossil fuels can run out and are bad for the environment, it is important that we start switching to other energy sources, like **renewable energy sources**. These are energy sources that are constantly being replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and water. This means that we can use them as much as we want, and we do not have to worry about them running out. Additionally, renewable energy sources are usually much more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels. Overall, they release very few chemicals, like carbon dioxide, that can harm the environment. Currently, less than ten percent of all the energy we use comes from renewable sources. So, you might be wondering, \'if renewable energy sources do not harm the environment and will not run out, then why are we not using them everywhere and all the time?\' It is because many of them are currently expensive to harness, are inefficient, or have other disadvantages. For example, using energy from the wind might be great in an area that is really windy all year-round, but it wouldn\'t work so well in an area with very little wind. **Types of Renewable Energy** Let\'s look a little closer at five examples of renewable energy sources, including the pros and cons of each. **Solar energy**, or energy from the sun, is harnessed using solar collectors. This collected energy can then be used to provide heat, light, or other forms of electricity. - Pros: Sunlight is free and readily available almost everywhere. Using it does not create any wastes or pollutants. - Cons: The technology needed to collect and use solar energy can be expensive. Sunlight can only be collected during the day when it is sunny. **Wind energy** is just what it sounds like: energy that we get from the wind. Windmills have been used for hundreds of years to pump water from the ground. Today, we use large, tall wind turbines that use the wind to generate electricity. Many wind turbines are often placed together in wind farms in flat areas with strong winds. - Pros: Does not produce any waste or pollutants. It takes up little ground space. - Cons: Wind turbines can disturb or kill flying creatures, like birds and bats. Wind is not constant and reliable everywhere. When water is used to generate electricity, it is called **hydroelectric power**, or **hydropower**. Most hydropower plants use a dam on a river to create a reservoir to store water. As water is released from the reservoir, it flows through a turbine and causes it to spin. This activates a generator that produces electricity. - Pros: Hydropower is relatively inexpensive, and it leaves no harmful chemicals. - Cons: Dams can change and destroy habitats near rivers. Dams can also prevent the migration of fish. **Local Renewable Energy Benefits and Resources** Local governments can dramatically reduce their carbon footprint by purchasing or directly generating electricity from clean, renewable sources. The most common renewable power technologies include: - Solar (photovoltaic, solar thermal) - Wind - Biogas (e.g., landfill gas/wastewater treatment digester gas) - Geothermal - Biomass - Low-impact hydroelectricity - Emerging technologies - wave and tidal power Local governments can lead by example by generating energy on--site, purchasing green power, or purchasing renewable energy. Using a combination of renewable energy options can help meet local government goals especially in some regions where availability and quality of renewable resources vary. Options for using renewable energy include: - [**Generating renewable energy on-site**](https://www.epa.gov/statelocalenergy/site-renewable-energy-generation) using a system or device at the location where the power is used (e.g., PV panels on a state building, geothermal heat pumps, biomass-fuelled combined heat and power). - **Purchasing green power** through renewable (RECs) - also known as green tags, green energy certificates, or tradable renewable certificates -- that represent the technology and environmental attributes of electricity generated from renewable resources. - **Purchasing renewable energy** from an electric utility through a [green pricing or green marketing](https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/green-power-supply-options) program, where buyers pay a small premium in exchange for electricity generated locally from green power resources. **Benefits of Renewable Energy** Environmental and economic benefits of using renewable energy include: - Generating energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and reduces some types of air pollution - Diversifying energy supply and reducing dependence on imported fuels - Creating economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation, and more **Implementing On-site Renewable Energy Projects** On-site power generation provides local governments with the most direct access to renewable energy. In addition to the overall benefits, on-site projects also provide a hedge against financial risks and improve power quality and supply reliability. However, local governments considering on-site generation may face possible technical, financial, and regulatory challenges. To overcome these challenges, local governments can: - Assess the availability of local renewable resources - Consider the costs of different renewable technologies - Examine the aggregate costs and benefits of on-site green power - Consider permitting requirements for locations where the facility could be sited - Involve local stakeholders, particularly concerning siting - Assess available sources of financing and other incentives **Policies to Promote Renewable Energy** Progressive policy-making has the greatest impact on our renewable energy future. We have gathered what we believe to be the most effective government policies around the world to promote renewable energy technologies. Studies show that the world is blessed with renewable resources. There is enough potential capacity on each continent to meet the world\'s entire power generation requirements without the use of fossil fuels. In the past decade, technology costs have dropped dramatically - yet the key driver for getting renewable onto the grid has been forward-thinking policy-making at the local, state and federal levels. **Q: Why are we interested in accelerating the use of renewable resources for electricity and transportation fuels?** GENI focuses on extending access to electricity (through the grid) while tapping renewable sources to create the electricity. Energy, specifically electrical energy, provides the foundation of our modern society. It supports our transportation system, communications, water and waste treatment, agriculture, health care, lights and computers. 1.7 billion people on our planet still have no access to electricity and live in daily struggle just to survive. **Access to electricity and fuel essentially determines our standard of living, providing us with education, nutrition and economic opportunities.** We advocate sustainable development, meaning that while we must increase energy access, it should not compromise the ability of future generations to live well. **Conventional sources of energy pose significant threats to our current and future global security, environmental quality, health and social well being. Renewable energy sources mitigate the negative effects of fossil fuel use.** Solar, wind and geothermal power, for example, do not contribute to global climate change, will not run-out and are available to everyone around the globe. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **\"The World Energy Outlook 2000 shows that there is the potential | | to achieve a greater share for renewables, if more vigorous policies | | are implemented.\"** | | | | [**INTERNATIONAL ENERGY | | AGENCY**](http://www.iea.org/public/freepdfs/2003/binnenwerkiea2.pdf) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Renewable power resources are abundant around the world. Then, why haven\'t we already switched from fossil fuels to renewable? **We are deeply dependent on the use of fossil fuels, and consequently, significant barriers exist to mainstreaming renewable energy use**. According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), - Fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) account for 80% of global energy consumption - Total energy sales worldwide amount to about \$1 trillion per year (3% global GDP) - Fossil fuel subsidies are about \$150 billion per year - \'New renewable\' sales are about \$20 billion per year **Q: How will changing government policy affect the future usage/adoption of renewable? Can\'t we depend on the power of the free market?** Traditionally, governments have intervened in the energy sector because they considered access to energy to be a public good. When a good or service innately benefits society, but the benefit is not captured in the market price, this product tends to be under produced. Energy is a public good because it empowers communities and benefits one\'s standard of living. Consequently, governments have justified providing subsidies and widening access through public ownership and regulation (UNDP 43).\ \ Now the world faces risks from global climate change and local ecosystem destruction due to the carbon dioxide emissions and other pollutants from fossil fuel combustion. These costs to society (externalities) are not included in the price for fossil fuel energy production. **Jamaica's National Environmental Education Action Plan for Sustainable Development** Jamaica's National Environmental Education Action Plan for Sustainable Development has been developed at a time when the world is still evolving tools to embrace the shift from a pure concern with the protection of the natural environment, to an integration of environmental and developmental agendas. The integrative view is consistent with local concerns. Environmental concerns with the carrying capacity of specific ecosystems cannot be separated from human settlement and land use considerations, which themselves are linked with infrastructure and services. Urban blight, water pollution, denudation of the hillsides cannot be separated from poverty. Air and water pollution, human health hazards, cannot be separated from industry. Litter cannot be separated from a lack of national pride and from a feeling, among many Jamaicans, that they have no personal stake in the society. To be meaningful in a Jamaican context, environmental education must integrate the concepts of human development -- social and economic -- with sustainable natural resource use and environmental protection, in a holistic, inter-disciplinary conceptual framework. The National Environmental Education Action Plan for Sustainable Development, therefore, focuses on identifying education, awareness and training activities which enhance knowledge, values, skills and action on broad issues relating to human interaction with the environment; within a context of efforts to achieve sustainable development and develop citizens prepared to participate in a sustainable society. In embracing both environment and development, the Plan simultaneously identifies strategic environmental and developmental priorities for immediate attention; while creating room to set long-term goals, and develop co-lateral approaches with other economic and social initiatives seeking to move Jamaican society towards a sustainable future. Jamaica's journey towards awareness of the need to act on environmental issues, to integrate the idea of sustainable development, and to focus on Environmental Education for Sustainable Development has been going on for some time. The following are some of the milestones along the way: National physical plans, each including chapters on conservation and development, were developed for the periods 1972 - 1979, and 1978 - 1998. A National Land Policy was promulgated in 1996. In 1972, the year of the Stockholm conference on the environment, Jamaica established a Natural Resources Conservation Department (NRCD), with an emphasis on environmental conservation and protection. Based on the 1975 launching of a UNESCO-UNEP International Environmental Education Programme, and on the 1977 UNESCO-UNEP Inter-Governmental Conference on Environmental Education, Jamaica became an active participant in the international debate on environmental education. Jamaican educators were among the authors of a UNESCO-UNEP IEEP series of curriculum guides. In 1980, 1983, 1987 and 1988, Jamaica participated in Caribbean regional activity on environmental education, with a national training workshop on environmental education being held by Jamaica's Ministry of Education and UNESCO in 1981. National efforts aimed at developing an environmental education network were on-going throughout the 1980s. The NRCD was upgraded to the Natural Resources Conservation Authority in 1991, backed by some of the sternest environmental legislation in the Caribbean. In 1992, Jamaica participated in the United Nations Conference on Environment & Development at both the government and NGO levels, and has since expressed support for the implementation of Agenda 21, including Chapter 36 on public awareness, education and training. Against this background, the National Environmental Education Committee (NEEC) was established in 1993, beginning the process of developing a national environmental education action plan. Adopt, observe, implement and promote codes of conduct, e.g. the planned World Tourism Organisation's (WTO-OMT) Global Code of Ethics for Tourism **Global Code of Ethics for Tourism** As a fundamental frame of reference for responsible and sustainable tourism, the **Global Code of Ethics for Tourism** (GCET) is a comprehensive set of principles designed to guide key-players in tourism development. Addressed to governments, the travel industry, communities and tourists alike, it aims to help maximise the sector's benefits while minimising its potentially negative impact on the environment, cultural heritage and societies across the globe.\ \ Adopted in 1999 by the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization, its acknowledgement by the United Nations two years later expressly encouraged UNWTO to promote the effective follow-up of its provisions. Although not legally binding, the Code features a **voluntary implementation mechanism** through its recognition of the role of the [**[World Committee on Tourism Ethics]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/world-committee-tourism-ethics) (WCTE), to which stakeholders may refer matters concerning the application and interpretation of the document.\ \ The Code's **10 principles** amply cover the economic, social, cultural and environmental components of travel and tourism:\ [**[Article 1]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-1): Tourism\'s contribution to mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies\ [**[Article 2]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-2): Tourism as a vehicle for individual and collective fulfilment\ [**[Article 3]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-3): Tourism, a factor of sustainable development\ [**[Article 4]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-4): Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of mankind and contributor to its enhancement\ [**[Article 5]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-5): Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and communities\ [**[Article 6]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-6): Obligations of stakeholders in tourism development\ [**[Article 7]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-7): Right to tourism\ [**[Article 8]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-8): Liberty of tourist movements\ [**[Article 9]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-9): Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry\ [**[Article 10]**](http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism-article-10): Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism **Global Code of Ethics for Tourism - Article 1** http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/images/gcet1.jpgARTICLE 1\ \ **Tourism\'s contribution to mutual understanding and respect\ between peoples and societies**\ \ 1. The understanding and promotion of the ethical values common to humanity, with an attitude of tolerance and respect for the diversity of religious, philosophical and moral beliefs, are both the foundation and the consequence of responsible tourism; stakeholders in tourism development and tourists themselves should observe the social and cultural traditions and practices of all peoples, including those of minorities and indigenous peoples and to recognize their worth;\ \ 2. Tourism activities should be conducted in harmony with the attributes and traditions of the host regions and countries and in respect for their laws, practices and customs;\ \ 3. The host communities, on the one hand, and local professionals, on the other, should acquaint themselves with and respect the tourists who visit them and find out about their lifestyles, tastes and expectations; the education and training imparted to professionals contribute to a hospitable welcome;\ \ 4. It is the task of the public authorities to provide protection for tourists and visitors and their belongings; they must pay particular attention to the safety of foreign tourists owing to the particular vulnerability they may have; they should facilitate the introduction of specific means of information, prevention, security, insurance and assistance consistent with their needs; any attacks, assaults, kidnappings or threats against tourists or workers in the tourism industry, as well as the wilful destruction of tourism facilities or of elements of cultural or natural heritage should be severely condemned and punished in accordance with their respective national laws;\ \ 5. When travelling, tourists and visitors should not commit any criminal act or any act considered criminal by the laws of the country visited and abstain from any conduct felt to be offensive or injurious by the local populations, or likely to damage the local environment; they should refrain from all trafficking in illicit drugs, arms, antiques, protected species and products and substances that are dangerous or prohibited by national regulations;\ \ 6. Tourists and visitors have the responsibility to acquaint themselves, even before their departure, with the characteristics of the countries they are preparing to visit; they must be aware of the health and security risks inherent in any travel outside their usual environment and behave in such a way as to minimize those risks. ARTICLE 2 **Tourism as a vehicle for individual and collective fulfilment**\   1\. Tourism, the activity most frequently associated with rest and relaxation, sport and access to culture and nature, should be planned and practised as a privileged means of individual and collective fulfilment; when practised with a sufficiently open mind, it is an irreplaceable factor of self-education, mutual tolerance and for learning about the legitimate differences between peoples and cultures and their diversity; 2\. Tourism activities should respect the equality of men and women; they should promote human rights and, more particularly, the individual rights of the most vulnerable groups, notably children, the elderly, the handicapped, ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples;\ \ 3. The exploitation of human beings in any form, particularly sexual, especially when applied to children, conflicts with the fundamental aims of tourism and is the negation of tourism; as such, in accordance with international law, it should be energetically combatted with the cooperation of all the States concerned and penalized without concession by the national legislation of both the countries visited and the countries of the perpetrators of these acts, even when they are carried out abroad;\ \ 4. Travel for purposes of religion, health, education and cultural or linguistic exchanges are particularly beneficial forms of tourism, which deserve encouragement;\ \ 5. The introduction into curricula of education about the value of tourist exchanges, their economic, social and cultural benefits, and also their risks, should be encouraged ARTICLE 3 **Tourism, a factor of sustainable development**\   1\. All the stakeholders in tourism development should safeguard the natural environment with a view to achieving sound, continuous and sustainable economic growth geared to satisfying equitably the needs and aspirations of present and future generations; 2\. All forms of tourism development that are conducive to saving rare and precious resources, in particular water and energy, as well as avoiding so far as possible waste production, should be given priority and encouraged by national, regional and local public authorities;\ \ 3. The staggering in time and space of tourist and visitor flows, particularly those resulting from paid leave and school holidays, and a more even distribution of holidays should be sought so as to reduce the pressure of tourism activity on the environment and enhance its beneficial impact on the tourism industry and the local economy;\ \ 4. Tourism infrastructure should be designed and tourism activities programmed in such a way as to protect the natural heritage composed of ecosystems and biodiversity and to preserve endangered species of wildlife; the stakeholders in tourism development, and especially professionals, should agree to the imposition of limitations or constraints on their activities when these are exercised in particularly sensitive areas: desert, polar or high mountain regions, coastal areas, tropical forests or wetlands, propitious to the creation of nature reserves or protected areas;\ \ 5. Nature tourism and ecotourism are recognized as being particularly conducive to enriching and enhancing the standing of tourism, provided they respect the natural heritage and local populations and are in keeping with the carrying capacity of the sites ARTICLE 4 **Tourism, a user of the cultural heritage of mankind and\ contributor to its enhancement** 1\. Tourism resources belong to the common heritage of mankind; the communities in whose territories they are situated have particular rights and obligations to them; 2\. Tourism policies and activities should be conducted with respect for the artistic, archaeological and cultural heritage, which they should protect and pass on to future generations; particular care should be devoted to preserving and upgrading monuments, shrines and museums as well as archaeological and historic sites which must be widely open to tourist visits; encouragement should be given to public access to privately-owned cultural property and monuments, with respect for the rights of their owners, as well as to religious buildings, without prejudice to normal needs of worship;\ \ 3. Financial resources derived from visits to cultural sites and monuments should, at least in part, be used for the upkeep, safeguard, development and embellishment of this heritage;\ \ 4. Tourism activity should be planned in such a way as to allow traditional cultural products, crafts and folklore to survive and flourish, rather than causing them to degenerate and become standardized ARTICLE 5 **Tourism, a beneficial activity for host countries and communities** 1\. Local populations should be associated with tourism activities and share equitably in the economic, social and cultural benefits they generate, and particularly in the creation of direct and indirect jobs resulting from them; 2\. Tourism policies should be applied in such a way as to help to raise the standard of living of the populations of the regions visited and meet their needs; the planning and architectural approach to and operation of tourism resorts and accommodation should aim to integrate them, to the extent possible, in the local economic and social fabric; where skills are equal, priority should be given to local manpower;\ \ 3. Special attention should be paid to the specific problems of coastal areas and island territories and to vulnerable rural or mountain regions, for which tourism often represents a rare opportunity for development in the face of the decline of traditional economic activities;\ \ 4. Tourism professionals, particularly investors, governed by the regulations laid down by the public authorities, should carry out studies of the impact of their development projects on the environment and natural surroundings; they should also deliver, with the greatest transparency and objectivity, information on their future programmes and their foreseeable repercussions and foster dialogue on their contents with the populations concerned ARTICLE 6 **Obligations of stakeholders in tourism development** 1\. Tourism professionals have an obligation to provide tourists with objective and honest information on their places of destination and on the conditions of travel, hospitality and stays; they should ensure that the contractual clauses proposed to their customers are readily understandable as to the nature, price and quality of the services they commit themselves to providing and the financial compensation payable by them in the event of a unilateral breach of contract on their part; 2\. Tourism professionals, insofar as it depends on them, should show concern, in co-operation with the public authorities, for the security and safety, accident prevention, health protection and food safety of those who seek their services; likewise, they should ensure the existence of suitable systems of insurance and assistance; they should accept the reporting obligations prescribed by national regulations and pay fair compensation in the event of failure to observe their contractual obligations\ \ 3. Tourism professionals, so far as this depends on them, should contribute to the cultural and spiritual fulfilment of tourists and allow them, during their travels, to practise their religions;\ \ 4. The public authorities of the generating States and the host countries, in cooperation with the professionals concerned and their associations, should ensure that the necessary mechanisms are in place for the repatriation of tourists in the event of the bankruptcy of the enterprise that organized their travel;\ \ 5. Governments have the right -- and the duty - especially in a crisis, to inform their nationals of the difficult circumstances, or even the dangers they may encounter during their travels abroad; it is their responsibility however to issue such information without prejudicing in an unjustified or exaggerated manner the tourism industry of the host countries and the interests of their own operators; the contents of travel advisories should therefore be discussed beforehand with the authorities of the host countries and the professionals concerned; recommendations formulated should be strictly proportionate to the gravity of the situations encountered and confined to the geographical areas where the insecurity has arisen; such advisories should be qualified or cancelled as soon as a return to normality permits;\ \ 6. The press, and particularly the specialized travel press and the other media, including modern means of electronic communication, should issue honest and balanced information on events and situations that could influence the flow of tourists; they should also provide accurate and reliable information to the consumers of tourism services; the new communication and electronic commerce technologies should also be developed and used for this purpose; as is the case for the media, they should not in any way promote sex tourism ARTICLE 7 **Right to tourism** 1\. The prospect of direct and personal access to the discovery and enjoyment of the planet's resources constitutes a right equally open to all the world's inhabitants; the increasingly extensive participation in national and international tourism should be regarded as one of the best possible expressions of the sustained growth of free time, and obstacles should not be placed in its way; 2\. The universal right to tourism must be regarded as the corollary of the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay, guaranteed by Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 7.d of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;\ \ 3. Social tourism, and in particular associative tourism, which facilitates widespread access to leisure, travel and holidays, should be developed with the support of the public authorities;\ \ 4. Family, youth, student and senior tourism and tourism for people with disabilities, should be encouraged and facilitated ARTICLE 8 **Liberty of tourist movements** 1\. Tourists and visitors should benefit, in compliance with international law and national legislation, from the liberty to move within their countries and from one State to another, in accordance with Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; they should have access to places of transit and stay and to tourism and cultural sites without being subject to excessive formalities or discrimination; 2\. Tourists and visitors should have access to all available forms of communication, internal or external; they should benefit from prompt and easy access to local administrative, legal and health services; they should be free to contact the consular representatives of their countries of origin in compliance with the diplomatic conventions in force;\ \ 3. Tourists and visitors should benefit from the same rights as the citizens of the country visited concerning the confidentiality of the personal data and information concerning them, especially when these are stored electronically;\ \ 4. Administrative procedures relating to border crossings whether they fall within the competence of States or result from international agreements, such as visas or health and customs formalities, should be adapted, so far as possible, so as to facilitate to the maximum freedom of travel and widespread access to international tourism; agreements between groups of countries to harmonize and simplify these procedures should be encouraged; specific taxes and levies penalizing the tourism industry and undermining its competitiveness should be gradually phased out or corrected;\ \ 5. So far as the economic situation of the countries from which they come permits, travellers should have access to allowances of convertible currencies needed for their travels RTICLE 9 **Rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry** 1\. The fundamental rights of salaried and self-employed workers in the tourism industry and related activities, should be guaranteed under the supervision of the national and local administrations, both of their States of origin and of the host countries with particular care, given the specific constraints linked in particular to the seasonality of their activity, the global dimension of their industry and the flexibility often required of them by the nature of their work; 2\. Salaried and self-employed workers in the tourism industry and related activities have the right and the duty to acquire appropriate initial and continuous training; they should be given adequate social protection; job insecurity should be limited so far as possible; and a specific status, with particular regard to their social welfare, should be offered to seasonal workers in the sector;\ \ 3. Any natural or legal person, provided he, she or it has the necessary abilities and skills, should be entitled to develop a professional activity in the field of tourism under existing national laws; entrepreneurs and investors - especially in the area of small and medium-sized enterprises - should be entitled to free access to the tourism sector with a minimum of legal or administrative restrictions;\ \ 4. Exchanges of experience offered to executives and workers, whether salaried or not, from different countries, contributes to foster the development of the world tourism industry; these movements should be facilitated so far as possible in compliance with the applicable national laws and international conventions;\ \ 5. As an irreplaceable factor of solidarity in the development and dynamic growth of international exchanges, multinational enterprises of the tourism industry should not exploit the dominant positions they sometimes occupy; they should avoid becoming the vehicles of cultural and social models artificially imposed on the host communities; in exchange for their freedom to invest and trade which should be fully recognized, they should involve themselves in local development, avoiding, by the excessive repatriation of their profits or their induced imports, a reduction of their contribution to the economies in which they are established;\ \ 6. Partnership and the establishment of balanced relations between enterprises of generating and receiving countries contribute to the sustainable development of tourism and an equitable distribution of the benefits of its growth ARTICLE 10 **Implementation of the principles of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism** 1\. The public and private stakeholders in tourism development should cooperate in the implementation of these principles and monitor their effective application; 2\. The stakeholders in tourism development should recognize the role of international institutions, among which the World Tourism Organization ranks first, and non-governmental organizations with competence in the field of tourism promotion and development, the protection of human rights, the environment or health, with due respect for the general principles of international law;\ \ 3. The same stakeholders should demonstrate their intention to refer any disputes concerning the application or interpretation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism for conciliation to an impartial third body known as the World Committee on Tourism Ethics. **ASSIGNMENT -- UNIT 7** Explain the roles of Jamaica national and regional tourist boards. Roles include: Provision of information in country and out of country; Marketing and promotion, Quality standards and benchmarking. **Rubric for the Assignment** This should include:-Pictures **No more than 10-15 pages** TOTAL 60%