LIS18_LESSON1-5.pdf

LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION PROCESSING Information processing refers to the series of activities that libraries and information centers perform to acquire, organize, store, retrieve, and disseminate information. These processes ensure that users can access accurate, relevant, and organized...

LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION PROCESSING Information processing refers to the series of activities that libraries and information centers perform to acquire, organize, store, retrieve, and disseminate information. These processes ensure that users can access accurate, relevant, and organized information efficiently. Information processing is crucial for the following reasons:  Organization: Helps in structuring information in a way that it can be easily found and used by patrons.  Accessibility: Ensures that users can retrieve information quickly and in various formats.  Efficiency: Reduces the time and effort required to manage vast amounts of information.  Preservation: Ensures that information is stored safely and can be accessed by future generations. Historical Perspective The concept of information processing has evolved alongside the development of libraries. Traditionally, libraries were primarily focused on the physical organization of books and other materials. The advent of digital technology has transformed how information is processed, moving from manual cataloging and indexing to sophisticated automated systems. Early Libraries:  Ancient libraries, such as the Library of Alexandria, focused on the physical collection of scrolls and manuscripts.  Information processing involved manual cataloging and simple organizational systems. Modern Libraries:  The 20th century saw the development of more complex classification systems like the Dewey Decimal System and the Library of Congress Classification.  The introduction of computers in libraries revolutionized information processing, enabling faster cataloging, storage, and retrieval. Digital Era:  The rise of digital libraries has brought about new challenges and opportunities in information processing.  Libraries now manage digital assets, e-books, online databases, and electronic journals, requiring advanced information processing techniques. 3. The Role of Information Centers Information centers, such as libraries, archives, and data repositories, play a crucial role in society by managing and disseminating information. These centers ensure that information is available to those who need it, whether for research, education, or personal use. Functions of Information Centers.  Collection Development. Acquiring new materials and resources to meet the needs of users.  Cataloging and Classification. Organizing information so that it can be easily retrieved.  Information Retrieval. Helping users find the information they need through search tools, databases, and other resources.  Preservation. Ensuring that information is stored in a way that it remains accessible over time.  User Education. Providing guidance on how to access and use information resources effectively. Significance in the Modern World.  In an era of information overload, libraries and information centers serve as gatekeepers, helping users navigate vast amounts of data.  They support academic research, lifelong learning, and informed decision- making in various fields. Introduction to Computers Information and Communications Technology (ICT) - it deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information, securely. Computer  is an electronic machine which can take instructions, and perform computations based on those instructions.  It can be programmed and performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores and retrieves data and processes data. Data Processing Data - raw facts, a distinct pieces of information usually formatted in a special way. Information – meaningful data, collection of processed data.  is a process that involves transformation of data into information through classifying, sorting, merging, recording, retrieving, transmitting, or reporting.  it can be manual or computer based. CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER  SPEED  ACCURACY  INFORMATION STORAGE and RETRIEVAL  CONSISTENCY  PROVIDES NEW TIME DIMENSION. LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER  It cannot derive meaning from an object.  It is dependent on prepared instruction.  It cannot operate on its own.  it cannot correct wrong instruction (GIGO)  It cannot generate information on its own.  Lack of feeling and emotions.  Vulnerable to machine malfunctions. History of Computer 1. Manual – Mechanical 2. Electromechanical 3. Electronic Manual – Mechanical devices - devices powered by hand and requires physical effort from the user when used. Abacus  A counting device for making calculations consisting of a frame mounted with rods along which beads or balls are moved.  Mechanical data processing device which was developed in China in 3000 B.C. in order to add and subtract. Napier’s Bone  invented by John Napier in 1617 includes;  a set of rods or Napier’s rods, made of bone and other material, each divided into nine spaces contains numbers of column of the multiplication table  the inventor of logarithms, for facilitating the operations of multiplication and division. Oughtred’s Slide Rule  invented by two Englishmen Edmund Gunter and William Oughtred in 17th century  a rule upon which are marked by several graduated scales that may be moved relative to one another, so that certain calculations may be carried out  depending on the scales so marked, these calculations may include multiplication, division, logarithmic and trigonometric functions.  the first analog computer (of the modern ages).  Pascal’s Calculator (Pascaline)  invented by the famous French mathematician, Blaise Pascal in 1642.  It used the toothed counting wheel in addition and subtraction. A mechanism to calculate with 8 figures and carrying of 10's ,100's, and 1000's. Leibniz’s Calculator  invented by Baron Gottfried von Leibniz in 1674.  it utilizes the same techniques for addition and subtraction as the Pascaline device but could also perform multiplication and division & extract square roots. Babbage’s Analytical Engine  invented by Charles Babbage in 1822.  He is known as the “Father of Modern Computers”.  The Analytical Engine was designed to use two types of cards: 1. operation cards use to indicate the specific functions to be performed. 2. variable cards to specify the actual data. Augusta Ada Byron  The first Computer Programmer.  Also known as Ada Lovelace.  Born on 10 December 1815 at London, England.  Married to William King in 1835.  She became the “Countess of Lovelace” when King was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838. (NOTE:Please note that Augusta Ada Byron's name has been corrected from "Ada Augusta Byron" in the professor's PowerPoint presentation. This correction is based on verified research, and both parties have agreed on this change. Thank you for your understanding. To learn more about the first computer programmer, you may visit the ff. provided links: Ada Lovelace - Wikipedia , This 'Countess of Computing' wrote the first computer program (nationalgeographic.com) , Who Was Ada Lovelace? | Smithsonian (smithsonianmag.com) ) Electro-Mechanical Devices - a device powered by an electric motor and uses relays and switches. Hollerith’s Punched-Card Machine (Tabulating system)  invented by Herman Hollerith in 1880.  it used punched cards, read electronically to keep and transfer data.  a machine to tabulate census data in 1890 more efficiently than by traditional hand methods. Jacquard’s Loom  invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804.  It used punched cards to create patterns on fabric woven on a loom the hole punches directed the threads up or down, thus producing the patterns.  It was the forerunner of the keypunch machine. Mark I  invented by Howard Aiken in 1944 to 1959 at Harvard.  official name of the Mark I was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator.  Mark I could perform the four basic arithmetic operations.  could locate information stored in tabular form 51 feet long, 8 feet high, and 2 feet thick had 750,000 parts and 500 miles wire weighed 5 tons. Electronic Devices - these are devices which use only electrical switches and circuitry. Atanasoff-Berry Computer  invented by John Atanasoff in 1942.  the first digital computer that used binary logic circuitry and had regenerative memory. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)  invented by Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly in 1943 to 1946.  the first large-scale vacuum-tube computer.  consisted of over 18,000 vacuum tubes and required the manual setting of switches to achieve desired results.  It could perform 300 multiplications per second. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)  It was invented by John Von Neumann in 1945.  This was designed as a stored-program computer. Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)  A computer milestone achieved by Presper Eckert Jr. and Dr. John Mauchly, the team that invented the ENIAC computer.  the first commercially available computer to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. Generations of Computer First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes  The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.  very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity.  generates a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors  replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.  invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s.  far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.  2nd generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.  High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time (e.g. early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN).  COBOL and FORTRAN - the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits  The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.  Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.  It used keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.  Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors  first generation filled an entire room 4th generation could now fit in the palm of the hand.  The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer - from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls on a single chip.  in 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user.  in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.  Also developed the GUI’s.  the mouse and the use of other handheld devices. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence  still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.  the use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.  The goal of 5th generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. COMPUTER SOFTWARE  Computer software or software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system.  It provides instructions that tell the computer how to operate. Types of Software  System Software  Programming Software  Application Software System Software  System software helps run the computer hardware and computer system.  It includes device drivers, operating systems, servers, utilities, windowing systems. Programming Software  Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way.  The tools include compilers, debuggers, interpreters, linkers, and text editors.  Serves as “Language translator” which converts the English like instructions to machine readable codes. Application Software  Application software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (not directly computer development related) tasks.  Typical applications include industrial automation, business software, computer games, office productivity tools, chat, messenger, browser (i.e. the internet and everything that flows on it) databases, educational software, medical software. EXAMPLES:  Word Processing  Spreadsheets  Database Management  Presentation  Graphic Program  Multimedia Authoring  Web Design Tools/ Web Browsers  Electronic Games Ways of acquiring software:  Public Domain Software  Shareware  Freeware  Commercial Software Public Domain Software  Programs that are uncopyrighted because their authors intended to share them with everyone else are in the public domain.  It can be used without restriction as components of other programs when reusing such code. Freeware  Has a copyright.  Can only give away exact copies of the software.  Cannot be changed or used in another program without the copyright holder’s permission. Shareware  Also called liteware.  is software that is distributed free on a trial basis with the understanding that the user may need or want to pay for it later. Commercial Software  Has the most resistive copyright.  Have to buy the software before you can use it.  Can usually make one copy of the software as a backup copy.  Can not copy, look at the program’s code, change, or use the software in another program. COMPUTER HARDWARE THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Elements of a Computer System Consists of the hardware, software and peopleware. 1. Computer Hardware - refers to physical components and all parts of the computer that you can touch. 2. Computer software - generally refers to instruction or data and those computer related things that you can't touch. 3. Peopleware – end user Hardware Components 1. Input Devices 2. Output Devices 3. Input/Output Devices Input Devices  is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system (such as a computer). Classification of Input Devices  the modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)  whether the input is discrete (keypresses) or continuous (e.g. a mouse's position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous).  the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensional traditional mice, or three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD applications). Input device (keyboard)  is a human interface device which is represented as a layout of buttons.  can be used to either input a linguistic character to a computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer. Pointing Devices  are input devices used to specify a position in space, classified as direct (e.g. touch screen) and indirect (e.g. mouse, trackball, etc). mouse.avif Imaging and Video Input Devices  Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer. e.g. Webcam, Image scanner, Fingerprint scanner, Barcode reader, 3D scanner, Laser rangefinder. Audio Input Devices  Audio devices are used to either capture or create sound.  In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture produced sound. E.g. (Microphone, MIDI keyboard or digital musical instrument) Output Devices  an output device displays information on a screen, creates printed copies or generates sound. Monitors and Displays  Shows the processed information on a screen.  A monitor or display produces a soft copy. Printers  produce a hard copy (also called as printout). Kinds of Printer Dot-matrix printers use metal pins to strike an inked ribbon to make dots on a piece of paper. Ink jet printers (non-impact printer) – use drops of magnetic ink to produce dots on a page to produce text or images. Laser printers (non-impact printer) – a laser or LEDS make dots on a light sensitive drum. A toner (very tiny particles of plastic) sticks to the drum where the dots are made. The paper is pressed against the drum and the toner is placed on the paper. The paper is then heated and the toner melts into the paper. Plotter  A device that draws pictures on paper based on commands from a computer.  Speakers  Used to output sound (audio). Input/Output Devices a piece of hardware that is used for both providing information to the computer and receiving information. Disk Drive  It reads and writes information in it Hard Disk Drive  a rigid magnetic disk mounted permanently in a drive unit Optical Disk  access disk which has recorded information on it with a laser beam that burns pits into its surface. Modem (MODulator-DEModulator)  the modem modulates the computer output to an acceptable signal for transmission and then demodulates the signal back for computer input System Unit  The main part of a personal computer.  Includes the chassis, microprocessor, main memory, bus, and ports, but does not include the keyboard or monitor, or any peripheral devices Motherboard  is the main circuit board of a microprocessor.  it is also known as the main board or system board. Central Processing Unit (CPU)  is the brain of the computer.  It referred to simply as the processor or central processor.  the central electronic chip that determines the processing power of the computer. Its speed is measured in hertz (one cycle per second). Three Basic Parts of CPU The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) –does all the arithmetic and logical operations of the computer The Control Unit – directs the flow of information into the CPU and or/memory or storage and controls the instructions the CPU will do next. Registers – used to store data and instructions inside the processor. CPU system Memory is somewhat like an electronic filing cabinet capable of holding data or instructions consists of silicon chips, usually uses either Very-large-scale integration (VLS or VLSI) technology to create the chips. Two Forms of Memory  Read Only Memory (ROM)  Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory  Stores information which is used by the CPU.  It can also hold programs that are directly accessed by the CPU.  The instructions cannot be erased nor altered.  These instructions are built into the electronic circuits of the chips and are called firmware.  The instructions in the ROM are nonvolatile. They stay there even when the computer is turned off. Random Access Memory (RAM)  Access to information is either random or sequential access:  Random access means that any piece of information in the RAM can be accessed at any given time without accessing other information first.  The other kind of access is sequential access.  RAM - WORKING MEMORY (VOLATILE) RAM - Boot sequence, Window OS, Browser, Facebook, YouTube  The instructions here are constantly changing, depending on the needs of the CPU.  Instructions are volatile. When the computer is turned off, the information in the RAM disappears.  Hence, the information in the RAM needs to be saved to a secondary storage device before the computer is turned off.  Access to information is random order. Computer data storage  often called storage or memory.  It refers to computer components, devices, and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Secondary storage devices  It refers to mass storage  e.g. optical discs, forms of magnetic storage like hard disks, and other types slower than RAM, but of a more permanent nature. Quantities  The computer stores information as a string of zeros (0) and ones (1)  The term bit was first used in 1946 by John Turkey  Bit is short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine.  The standard string length is eight 0’s or 1’s in a row called a byte  Byte is compose of 8 consecutive bits.  A byte equals one character ( a letter, number or symbol)  There are 256 standard characters used by almost all computers Unit of data measurement Bit – the smallest type of information, represented by 0,1 known as binary digits. Byte - equivalent to 8 bits, represent 1 character, letter , number. Kilobyte (Kb) = 1,024 bytes Megabyte (Mb) =1,048,576 bytes Gigabyte (Gb) = 1,073,741,824 bytes Terabyte (Tb) = 1,099,511,627,776 Hard Drive  is the primary device that a computer uses to store information. It stores programs, data files, saves and organizes files. Types: (internal and external or removable drive) Floppy disk  Low capacity disk, that uses magnetic coated film like disc to hold the data. Optical Disc (CD/DVD)  A direct access disk, has information recorded on it with a laser beam that burns pits into its surface (CD burning). USB (Universal Serial Bus) Flash Drive/Thumb drive  Also known as Pen Drive is the next revolution in secondary portable storage device. Zip Drive  a removable disk that holds a large amount of information. It can be used to archive and protect large amount of data. Data Size Measurement The Lower case “b’ dictates bits 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes The Upper case “B” dictates bytes 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1000 KB 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1000 MB Communication Devices  an electronic or human translator that act as an interface between two people from widely different countries or cultures. Sound Card  for music or speech from programs, CD-ROMs, and microphone. It usually includes a MIDI interface for input from musical instruments. MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)  needed to connect musical instruments to a computer so that the music played can be stored as a file, displayed on screen, edited, printed or played back. Network Interface Card (NIC)/LAN card  enables the computer to communicate with other computers linked together by cable through the interface. Used for shared storage of programs and work files, and for sharing printers. Peripheral devices  any piece of hardware attached to a computer.  A few examples of peripheral devices are scanners, printers, monitors, keyboard, mouse and digital cameras. COMPUTER NETWORKING & INTERNET What is a computer network? A computer network is a group of interconnected nodes or computing devices that exchange data and resources with each other. A network connection between these devices can be established using cable or wireless media. Types of network Local-Area Networks (LANs) – is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line and typically share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for example, within an office building). Metropolitan-Area Networks (MANs) - is a large-scale network that connects multiple corporate LANs together. Wide-Area Networks (WANs) - provide communication solutions for organizations or people who need to exchange digital information between two distant places (in one country or in two different countries). Campus-Area Networks (CANs) - the computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base. Home-Area Networks (HANs) - a network contained within a user's home that connects a person's digital devices. Client and Server  A client is any computer hardware or software device that requests access to a service provided by a server. Clients are typically seen as the requesting program or user in a client-server architecture.  A server is a computer or system that provides resources, data, services, or programs to other computers, known as clients, over a network. In theory, whenever computers share resources with client machines they are considered servers. TOPOLOGY  Bus Topology: All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks. Ethernet systems use a bus topology.  Ring Topology: All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances.  Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub.  Tree Topology: A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable.  Mesh Topology: is a network topology in which devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh topology, every node has a connection to every other node in the network. NETWORK TOPOLOGY  Modem (MODulator- DEModulator) - the modem modulates the computer output to an acceptable signal for transmission and then demodulates the signal back for computer input. COMMUNICATION LINKS Twisted-Pair Cable – consists of two insulated strands of copper wire twisted around each other. Coaxial Cables – carries signals of higher frequency ranges than twisted-pair cable, in part because the media are constructed quite differently. Microwave - are very high-frequency radio signals that are transmitted through open space. Optical Fiber – also known as light-wave transmission, makes use of hair-like transparent strands to carry data in the form of light pulses. Communication Satellites – provide a special form of microwave transmission. it requires earth stations, or “dishes,” that transmit and receive signals to and from the orbited satellite. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) COMPONENTS Network Adapter Card – act as the physical interface or connection between the computer and the network cable. Bridges – is a device that connects two LANs or two segments of the same time. Hubs – is an affordable connection point for different types of devices on a network. Switches – is a device that learns which machine is connected to its ports by using the PC, printer, or other devices’ IP address. Routers – is a complicated device that stores the routing information for network. Gateways – is a node on a network that serves as an entrance to another network. HOW THE INTERNET STARTED Arpanet - stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. In the late 1960s, the u.s. defense department created a network that linked military computers together. the network, called Arpanet, was connected in a way that ensured if one section of the network was damaged; the remaining computers on the network would still be able to communicate with each other. NSFNET - stands for National Science Foundation Network. The National Science Foundation created NSFNET in the mid-1980s. NSFNET used the technology developed for Arpanet to allow universities and schools to connect each other. by 1987, NSFNET could no longer handle the amount of information that was being transferred. the national science foundation improved the network to allow more information to transfer. this improved, high speed network became the internet. Public Access - in the 1980, most of the people accessing the internet were scientists and researchers. in the early 1990s, many companies started to offer access to home users. this allowed anyone with a modem and a computer to access the internet. World Wide Web (WWW) - the World Wide Web was created in the early 1990s by the European laboratory for particle physics. the goal of the world wide web was to allow researchers to work together on project information and make project information easily accessible. the first publicly accessible web site was created in 1991. WHY DO USERS ACCESS THE INTERNET?  Communications/News Updates  Information  Shopping  Banking  Online Classes  Entertainment  Research WHAT THE INTERNET OFFERS?  Electronic Mail (e-Mail). is the most popular feature on the internet.  Entertainment. the internet offers many different forms of entertainment, such as radio and television broadcasts, video and music.  Discussion Groups. you can join discussion groups on the internet you meet people around the world with similar interests. you can ask questions, discuss problems and read interesting stories.  Chat. the chat feature allows you to exchange typed messages with another person on the internet. a message you send will instantly appear on the other person’s computer.  Online Shopping. you can order on the internet without leaving your desk. You can purchase items such as books, flowers, music CD’s or DVD’s and used cars.  Online Banking. many banks allow you to access your banking information over the web. you can pay bills, transfer money between accounts ad even apply for a loan.  Commercial Sites. by the mid-1990s, over 30 million people had access to the internet. to reach this huge market, most big companies created their own sites on the world wide web to sell or provide information about their products. there are now thousands of companies on the web. WHAT IS THE WEB? The World Wide Web is also referred to as the Web, WWW or w3. Website is a computer program that runs a web server that provides access to a group of related Webpages. Webpage/s (or Web Page/s) are electronic computer files filled with text that are stored on a remote computer called web server. there are two kinds of areas on the page clickable areas and non-clickable areas. Static areas are the parts of the page that don’t change and don’t do anything when you put your mouse over them, click on them. these areas include:  Text  Images Dynamic areas are areas of a web page that you can put your mouse cursor over and lick on and the web browser will do something. Dynamic areas include:  Hyperlinks  Images Hyperlinks - parts of a web page that you can click and will take you to other information or another computer, web server or web site on the internet. Bookmarks are handy way to remember a website and return to it later. using bookmarks, you can tell your computer to remember where a specific web page is located and clicking on the bookmark will bring you back to the same page later. the term ‘bookmark’ is used in Netscape and Mozilla browsers. Internet Explorer uses the word ‘Favorites’. WEB TERMINOLOGIES  Internet – the worldwide connections of computers. “cyberspace”, “net” , “information , superhighway” the largest computer network.  A web site is a collection of related web pages  A web page contains text, graphics, sound, video, and links to other web pages.  You can share information by creating web pages or posting photos on a photo sharing community. WEB BROWSER  is a software application used to locate and display web pages.  a web browser can open web-based HTML file ,FTP connection, graphics images and other files.  Most popular browsers includes Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox. EXAMPLES OF WEB BROWSER  Microsoft Internet Explorer. this browser is automatically installed with windows  Mozilla Firefox. Free web browser supporting plugins and renders web pages using the gecko engine derived from Netscape originally.  Opera. originally a stripped-down browser offering less functionality but greater page rendering speed  Apple Safari. web browsing engine using the Apple Webkit rendering engine  Google Chrome. web browser from search engine giant google that uses the Apple Webkit rendering engine, but utilizes additional sandboxing and instance isolation features for better security.  NCSA Mosaic. the first web browser. BROWSER FUNCTIONS Plug-ins - these are the software you can download and install on your computer that extends the functionality of your web browser. plugins run ‘applets’applets’ or handle different kinds of media files, such as audio (files with names ending in.ogg,.wav,.mp3,.rm,.ram and more) and video (files ending in.avi,.mpeg,.mov, and.qt). the adobe flash plugin runs flash applets.swf). sun’ sun’s java plugins runs java ‘applets’ applets’ (.jar). Cache. when a web browser downloads a web page, it stores that web page in a special location on the computer called the cache. storing web pages and the content inside the them allows the browser to skip re-downloading that content if the web page have not been changed on the web server. this speeds up the web browsing experience, particularly when hitting the back button to return to the previous web page. BROWSER FUNCTIONS AND COMPONENTS Bookmarks and Shortcuts. list of favorites can be browsed later and when the the listed site is click on, the site web page is retrieved from the server. Filtering Software - the software that prevents certain webpages from being displayed. iSpam blocker - is the phrase used to describe a type of computer software that is designed to prevent spam, or unsolicited e-mail sent in bulk to a large number of recipients, from going directly to the inbox of your e-mail client. ADDITIONAL INFO: UNIFORMED RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL) Wireless Fidelity (WIFI) Internet - the largest computer network File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Two types of Twisted-Pair Cable Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Affordable and commonly used for telephone and computer networking. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Includes a layer of insulation and an outer protective shield around each pair or around the group of pairs. A modem consists of two sub-units: modulator and demodulator. Here's what they do: Modulator: Converts digital signal into analog signal for transmission. Demodulator: Converts analog signal back to digital signal upon reception. MAG-REVIEW NA KAYO. TIGILAN NIYO MUNA MAG-PROCRASTINATE. LABYU.