Lipid Chemistry PDF

LIPID CHEMISTRY Rahimyar Khan T. Pata, RMT, MD Assistant Professor 1 Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition FEU-NRMF Institute of Medicine Scan to view and download student handout OUTLINE: LIPID CHEMISTRY ❑ Introduction ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Classification of ❑ Stero...

LIPID CHEMISTRY Rahimyar Khan T. Pata, RMT, MD Assistant Professor 1 Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition FEU-NRMF Institute of Medicine Scan to view and download student handout OUTLINE: LIPID CHEMISTRY ❑ Introduction ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Classification of ❑ Steroid Hormones Lipids ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Phospholipids ❑Biological Membranes ❑ Eicosanoids  Which of the following is a general characteristic of lipids? A. Lipids are soluble in water. B. Lipids are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. C.Lipids serve primarily as structural components of cell walls. D.Lipids generally have a high melting point.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: INTRODUCTION Soluble in nonpolar solvents ❑ Introduction Relatively insoluble in water ❑ Classification of Lipids primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and ❑ Fatty Acids oxygen atoms ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids NO common sub-unit ❑ Eicosanoids NOT true polymers ❑ Isoprenoids essential dietary constituents ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins produced in the liver ❑ Lipid Analysis transported by lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes Stored in adipose tissues  Which of the following is a general characteristic of lipids? A. Lipids are soluble in water. B. Lipids are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. C.Lipids serve primarily as structural components of cell walls. D.Lipids generally have a high melting point.  According to Bloor's Classification of lipids, which of the following groups is correctly categorized? A. Simple lipids include phospholipids and glycolipids. B. Compound lipids include fats and waxes. C.Derived lipids include fatty acids and steroids. D.Simple lipids include triglycerides and steroids.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: BLOOR’S CLASSIFICATION ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  According to Bloor's Classification of lipids, which of the following groups is correctly categorized? A. Simple lipids include phospholipids and glycolipids. B. Compound lipids include fats and waxes. C.Derived lipids include fatty acids and steroids. D.Simple lipids include triglycerides and steroids.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: FATTY ACIDS ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones R- COOH ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: FATTY ACIDS (FAs) Types Of Fatty Acid Acc. To ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols Number Of Carbon Atoms ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids Short: 2 to 4 ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones Medium: 6 to 12 ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis Long: 14 to 26 ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  Which of the following statements correctly describes the nomenclature of fatty acids? A. A fatty acid with the formula 18:1(Δ9) has 18 carbon atoms and one double bond at the 9th carbon from the carboxyl end. B. A fatty acid with the formula 16:0 has 16 carbon atoms and two double bonds. C. The omega-3 fatty acid nomenclature indicates the position of the first double bond from the carboxyl end of the molecule. D. The fatty acid with the formula 20:4(Δ5,8,11,14) is a saturated fatty acid.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: Naming of FAs ❑ Introduction GENEVAN SYSTEM ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❖ Saturated FAs: end in –anoic ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❖ Unsaturated FAs: end in -enoic ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones Labelling carbon atoms ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❖ Carbon #1: carboxyl carbon ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❖ α, β, and γ carbons: carbon atoms adjacent to the ❑ Biological Membranes carboxyl carbon ❖ω- or n-carbon: terminal methyl carbon  LIPID CHEMISTRY: Naming of FAs DELTA vs OMEGA SYSTEM ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids DELTA SYSTEM OMEGA SYSTEM ❑ Triacylglycerols Number starting from the carboxylic starting from the methyl end ❑ Phospholipids of carbon acid end (α Carbon end) to to the carbon with the first ❑ Eicosanoids atoms the carbon with the first double bond ❑ Isoprenoids double bond ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes Which of the following statements correctly describes the nomenclature of fatty acids? A. A fatty acid with the formula 18:1(Δ9) has 18 carbon atoms and one double bond at the 9th carbon from the carboxyl end. B. A fatty acid with the formula 16:0 has 16 carbon atoms and two double bonds. C. The omega-3 fatty acid nomenclature indicates the position of the first double bond from the carboxyl end of the molecule. D. The fatty acid with the formula 20:4(Δ5,8,11,14) is a saturated fatty acid.  Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids based on their chemical properties? A. Saturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have no double bonds. B. Saturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are solid. C. Unsaturated fatty acids can be hydrogenated to form saturated fatty acids. D. Unsaturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while saturated fatty acids have double bonds. LIPID CHEMISTRY: POINT OF SATURATED UNSATURATED SATURATED VS UNSATURATED FAs DIFFERENCES ◦ Introduction DOUBLE BONDS NONE ONE or MORE ◦ Classification of Lipids *MELTING HIGHER Lower ◦ Fatty Acids TEMPERATURE ◦ Triacylglycerols ◦ Phospholipids EXAMPLES Acetic, butyric, Palmitoleic, oleic, ◦ Eicosanoids valeric, caproic, elaidic, linoleic, y- ◦ Isoprenoids lauric, myristic, linoleic, a-linolenic, ◦ Steroid Hormones ◦ Lipoproteins palmitic and arachidonic, ◦ Lipid Analysis stearic fatty acid timnodonic, ◦ Lipid Peroxidation cervonic fatty acid ◦ Biological Membranes  COMMON SATURATED FATTY ACIDS & THEIR SOURCES COMMON UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS COMMON UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS  LIPID CHEMISTRY: FATTY ACIDS (FAs) ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: UNSATURATED FAs 2 TYPES ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids MONOUNSATURATED ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols POLYUNSATURATED ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids based on their chemical properties? A. Saturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have no double bonds. B. Saturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are solid. C. Unsaturated fatty acids can be hydrogenated to form saturated fatty acids. D. Unsaturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while saturated fatty acids have double bonds.  A 55-year-old male patient with a history of cardiovascular disease visits his doctor for a routine check-up. His diet consists largely of processed foods, and his blood work indicates elevated levels of LDL cholesterol. The doctor advises him to reduce his intake of trans fatty acids and increase his consumption of cis fatty acids. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of cis and trans fatty acids? Choices: A. Trans fatty acids raise HDL cholesterol levels, while cis fatty acids raise LDL cholesterol levels. B. Trans fatty acids are typically found in natural, unprocessed foods, while cis fatty acids are found in industrially processed foods. C. Cis fatty acids can be converted to trans fatty acids during hydrogenation, and trans fatty acids are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. D. Both cis and trans fatty acids have the same health effects and can be consumed interchangeably.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: Cis and Trans Configuration of Unsaturated FAs ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖CIS: SAME ❑ Fatty Acids side of the ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids bond ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❖ TRANS: ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins OPPOSITE ❑ Lipid Peroxidation side of the ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Biological Membranes bond  BAKIT MASARAP ANG BAWAL???  A 55-year-old male patient with a history of cardiovascular disease visits his doctor for a routine check-up. His diet consists largely of processed foods, and his blood work indicates elevated levels of LDL cholesterol. The doctor advises him to reduce his intake of trans fatty acids and increase his consumption of cis fatty acids. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of cis and trans fatty acids? Choices: A. Trans fatty acids raise HDL cholesterol levels, while cis fatty acids raise LDL cholesterol levels. B. Trans fatty acids are typically found in natural, unprocessed foods, while cis fatty acids are found in industrially processed foods. C. Cis fatty acids can be converted to trans fatty acids during hydrogenation, and trans fatty acids are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. D. Both cis and trans fatty acids have the same health effects and can be consumed interchangeably. DIETARY SOURCES OF FATTY ACIDS  LIPID CHEMISTRY: ESSENTIAL FAs ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖ Linolenic acid ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❖ a- linolenic acid ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids CLINICAL CORRELATION ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones EFA deficiency: rare; scaly dermatitis, ❑ Lipoproteins visual & neurologic abnormalities ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: FUNCTIONS OF ESSENTIAL FAs ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖ integral components of membrane ❑ Fatty Acids structure often in the 2 position of ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❖ needed for synthesis of Arachidonic ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones acid ❑ Lipoproteins ❖ lower the risk of cardiovascular disease ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes ❖ Lower the risk of fatty liver  A 60-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and elevated triglyceride levels visits his cardiologist for a follow-up appointment. His cardiologist recommends increasing his intake of omega-3 fatty acids through dietary sources such as fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts. After following this recommendation for six months, his blood tests show reduced triglyceride levels and improved blood pressure. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of omega-3 fatty acids? Choices A. Omega-3 fatty acids increase triglyceride levels and are not recommended for patients with cardiovascular disease. B. Omega-3 fatty acids are found primarily in red meat and dairy products, which are beneficial for heart health. C. Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce triglyceride levels and improve cardiovascular health. D. Omega-3 fatty acids have no impact on blood pressure or triglyceride levels.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: OMEGA-3 FAs ❖ Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖ Eicosapentaenoic acid ❑ Fatty Acids ❖ Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes SOURCES OF OMEGA 3- FATTY ACIDS  A 60-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and elevated triglyceride levels visits his cardiologist for a follow-up appointment. His cardiologist recommends increasing his intake of omega-3 fatty acids through dietary sources such as fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts. After following this recommendation for six months, his blood tests show reduced triglyceride levels and improved blood pressure. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of omega-3 fatty acids? Choices A. Omega-3 fatty acids increase triglyceride levels and are not recommended for patients with cardiovascular disease. B. Omega-3 fatty acids are found primarily in red meat and dairy products, which are beneficial for heart health. C. Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce triglyceride levels and improve cardiovascular health. D. Omega-3 fatty acids have no impact on blood pressure or triglyceride levels.  A 50-year-old female patient with a family history of diabetes and heart disease is looking to improve her diet to reduce her risk factors. Her nutritionist suggests increasing her intake of omega-6 fatty acids through sources such as vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, while maintaining a balanced ratio with omega-3 fatty acids. After six months, her lipid profile shows a decrease in LDL cholesterol and stable blood glucose levels. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of omega-6 fatty acids? Choices: A. Omega-6 fatty acids are harmful and should be completely avoided in a heart-healthy diet. B. Omega-6 fatty acids can help reduce LDL cholesterol levels and, when balanced with omega-3 fatty acids, are beneficial for cardiovascular health. C. Omega-6 fatty acids are primarily found in animal fats and contribute to higher LDL cholesterol levels. D. Omega-6 fatty acids have no significant impact on cholesterol levels or cardiovascular health.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: OMEGA-6 FAs ❖ Linoleic acid ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖ Arachidonic acid ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes SOURCES OF OMEGA-6 FATTY ACID  A 50-year-old female patient with a family history of diabetes and heart disease is looking to improve her diet to reduce her risk factors. Her nutritionist suggests increasing her intake of omega-6 fatty acids through sources such as vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, while maintaining a balanced ratio with omega-3 fatty acids. After six months, her lipid profile shows a decrease in LDL cholesterol and stable blood glucose levels. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of omega-6 fatty acids?  Choices: A. Omega-6 fatty acids are harmful and should be completely avoided in a heart-healthy diet. B. Omega-6 fatty acids can help reduce LDL cholesterol levels and, when balanced with omega-3 fatty acids, are beneficial for cardiovascular health. C. Omega-6 fatty acids are primarily found in animal fats and contribute to higher LDL cholesterol levels. D. Omega-6 fatty acids have no significant impact on cholesterol levels or cardiovascular health. PHYSIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT FATTY ACIDS A 40-year-old male patient with a sedentary lifestyle and a diet high in processed foods comes to his doctor for a routine check-up. His blood tests reveal elevated levels of triacylglycerol (triglycerides) and LDL cholesterol. The doctor explains the need to reduce his intake of foods high in saturated fats and sugars, and to increase his physical activity. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of triacylglycerol (triglycerides) based on its chemical structure? Choices A. Triacylglycerol consists of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and is the primary form of stored energy in the body. B. Triacylglycerol consists of one fatty acid chain attached to three glycerol molecules and is primarily found in cell membranes. C. Triacylglycerol is composed of three amino acids and one glycerol molecule, functioning mainly as a structural component in cells. D. Triacylglycerol is a type of carbohydrate that raises blood glucose levels when consumed in excess.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: TRIACYLGLYCEROL/TRIGLYCERIDE ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖Structure: three fatty acids esterified to ❑ Fatty Acids a glycerol molecule ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❖ Main storage form of Fats ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❖ TAG mixtures: fats or oils ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TAGs ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖Saponification ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❖Saponification number ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❖ Iodine number ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❖ Reicherr-Meissl (RM) Number ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes A 40-year-old male patient with a sedentary lifestyle and a diet high in processed foods comes to his doctor for a routine check-up. His blood tests reveal elevated levels of triacylglycerol (triglycerides) and LDL cholesterol. The doctor explains the need to reduce his intake of foods high in saturated fats and sugars, and to increase his physical activity. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of triacylglycerol (triglycerides) based on its chemical structure? Choices A. Triacylglycerol consists of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and is the primary form of stored energy in the body. B. Triacylglycerol consists of one fatty acid chain attached to three glycerol molecules and is primarily found in cell membranes. C. Triacylglycerol is composed of three amino acids and one glycerol molecule, functioning mainly as a structural component in cells. D. Triacylglycerol is a type of carbohydrate that raises blood glucose levels when consumed in excess.  A 35-year-old female patient with a recent diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia visits her nutritionist to learn about dietary changes that can help manage her cholesterol levels. The nutritionist emphasizes the importance of incorporating foods rich in phospholipids, such as eggs, soybeans, and fish, into her diet. After three months, her blood tests show improved cholesterol levels and better cell membrane function markers. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of phospholipids based on their chemical structure? Choices A. Phospholipids are composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and serve as the primary form of energy storage. B. Phospholipids have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head, making them essential components of cell membranes and involved in cell signaling. C. Phospholipids are carbohydrates that help in regulating blood sugar levels and are not related to cholesterol management. D. Phospholipids consist of one fatty acid chain attached to three glycerol molecules and primarily function in energy metabolism.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: PHOSPHOLIPIDS ❑ Introduction ❖Main lipid components of membranes ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❖ 2 classes: glycerophospholipid & ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids sphingophospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❖ most are derived from phosphatidic acid ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: PHOSPHOLIPIDS ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  A premature newborn infant is admitted to the NICU due to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The medical team administers exogenous surfactant therapy containing phosphatidylcholine to help improve lung function and oxygenation. After treatment, the infant's respiratory status stabilizes, and lung function improves significantly. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of phosphatidylcholine based on its biochemical basis in respiratory distress syndrome? Choices: A. Phosphatidylcholine is a protein that aids in muscle contraction and has no role in lung function. B. Phosphatidylcholine is a carbohydrate that regulates blood sugar levels and is essential for maintaining lung health. C. Phosphatidylcholine is a major component of pulmonary surfactant, reducing surface tension in the alveoli and improving lung compliance. D. Phosphatidylcholine is composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and serves as the primary form of energy storage in the lungs.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS ❖ Phosphatidic acid (PA) + Alcohol ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS ❖ Phosphatidic acid (PA) + Alcohol ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS ❖ Phosphatidic acid (PA) + Alcohol ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes Ether glycerophospholipid  A 35-year-old female patient with a recent diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia visits her nutritionist to learn about dietary changes that can help manage her cholesterol levels. The nutritionist emphasizes the importance of incorporating foods rich in phospholipids, such as eggs, soybeans, and fish, into her diet. After three months, her blood tests show improved cholesterol levels and better cell membrane function markers. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of phospholipids based on their chemical structure? Choices A. Phospholipids are composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and serve as the primary form of energy storage. B. Phospholipids have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head, making them essential components of cell membranes and involved in cell signaling. C. Phospholipids are carbohydrates that help in regulating blood sugar levels and are not related to cholesterol management. D. Phospholipids consist of one fatty acid chain attached to three glycerol molecules and primarily function in energy metabolism.  A premature newborn infant is admitted to the NICU due to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The medical team administers exogenous surfactant therapy containing phosphatidylcholine to help improve lung function and oxygenation. After treatment, the infant's respiratory status stabilizes, and lung function improves significantly. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of phosphatidylcholine based on its biochemical basis in respiratory distress syndrome? Choices: A. Phosphatidylcholine is a protein that aids in muscle contraction and has no role in lung function. B. Phosphatidylcholine is a carbohydrate that regulates blood sugar levels and is essential for maintaining lung health. C. Phosphatidylcholine is a major component of pulmonary surfactant, reducing surface tension in the alveoli and improving lung compliance. D. Phosphatidylcholine is composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and serves as the primary form of energy storage in the lungs. A 65-year-old male patient presents with symptoms of Niemann-Pick disease type A, a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired sphingomyelin metabolism. The patient's neurologist explains the role of sphingomyelin in cellular function and its implications for the disease. Treatment options are discussed to manage symptoms and slow disease progression. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of sphingomyelin? Choices A. Sphingomyelin is a carbohydrate essential for regulating blood glucose levels and is involved in cellular signaling pathways. B. Sphingomyelin is a protein critical for muscle contraction and has no impact on neurological function. C. Sphingomyelin is a type of phospholipid found in cell membranes, contributing to membrane structure and stability. D. Sphingomyelin is composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and serves as a storage form of energy in cells.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS ❖Contains SPHINGOSINE ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖ SPHINGOMYELIN: important ❑ Fatty Acids component of the myelin of nerve fibers ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes A 65-year-old male patient presents with symptoms of Niemann-Pick disease type A, a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired sphingomyelin metabolism. The patient's neurologist explains the role of sphingomyelin in cellular function and its implications for the disease. Treatment options are discussed to manage symptoms and slow disease progression. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of sphingomyelin? Choices A. Sphingomyelin is a carbohydrate essential for regulating blood glucose levels and is involved in cellular signaling pathways. B. Sphingomyelin is a protein critical for muscle contraction and has no impact on neurological function. C. Sphingomyelin is a type of phospholipid found in cell membranes, contributing to membrane structure and stability. D. Sphingomyelin is composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and serves as a storage form of energy in cells.  A 20-year-old female patient presents with a history of recurrent infections and easy bruising. Further investigation reveals abnormal accumulation of glycosphingolipids in her white blood cells and tissues. The patient is diagnosed with Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder affecting glycosphingolipid metabolism. Treatment options and supportive care are discussed to manage her symptoms and improve quality of life. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of glycosphingolipids? Choices: A. Glycosphingolipids are proteins involved in muscle contraction and contribute to recurrent infections in affected individuals. B. Glycosphingolipids are carbohydrates essential for blood sugar regulation and play a role in easy bruising. C. Glycosphingolipids are complex lipids that play crucial roles in cell membranes and cellular signaling processes. D. Glycosphingolipids serve as energy storage molecules within cells, contributing to metabolic disturbances in lysosomal storage disorders.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: GLYCOLIPIDS/GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS ❖NO phosphate ❑ Introduction ❖ 2 types: neutral and ❑ Classification of Lipids acidic ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❖NEUTRAL: ❑ Phospholipids glucoserebroside, ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids lactosylceramide, ❑ Steroid Hormones Formann antigen ❑ Lipoproteins ❖ Acidic: Gangliosides, ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation Sulfatides ❑ Biological Membranes  A 20-year-old female patient presents with a history of recurrent infections and easy bruising. Further investigation reveals abnormal accumulation of glycosphingolipids in her white blood cells and tissues. The patient is diagnosed with Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder affecting glycosphingolipid metabolism. Treatment options and supportive care are discussed to manage her symptoms and improve quality of life. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of glycosphingolipids? Choices: A. Glycosphingolipids are proteins involved in muscle contraction and contribute to recurrent infections in affected individuals. B. Glycosphingolipids are carbohydrates essential for blood sugar regulation and play a role in easy bruising. C. Glycosphingolipids are complex lipids that play crucial roles in cell membranes and cellular signaling processes. D. Glycosphingolipids serve as energy storage molecules within cells, contributing to metabolic disturbances in lysosomal storage disorders.  A 45-year-old male patient with a history of chronic inflammation and joint pain seeks medical advice for management of his symptoms. His doctor recommends non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and dietary adjustments to include foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids. The doctor explains the role of eicosanoids in inflammation and their impact on overall health. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of eicosanoids? Choices: A. Eicosanoids are carbohydrates that regulate blood sugar levels and contribute to joint pain in affected individuals. B. Eicosanoids are proteins that aid in muscle contraction and are involved in chronic inflammation. C. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, regulating inflammation, blood clotting, and immune response. D. Eicosanoids are composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and serve as energy storage in the body.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: EICOSANOIDS ❖ Produced from 20-carbon polyunsaturated ❑ Introduction fatty acids ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖Make up an essential group of ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols pharmacologically active compounds ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  A 45-year-old male patient with a history of chronic inflammation and joint pain seeks medical advice for management of his symptoms. His doctor recommends non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and dietary adjustments to include foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids. The doctor explains the role of eicosanoids in inflammation and their impact on overall health. Based on this case, which of the following statements best explains the clinical significance of eicosanoids? Choices: A. Eicosanoids are carbohydrates that regulate blood sugar levels and contribute to joint pain in affected individuals. B. Eicosanoids are proteins that aid in muscle contraction and are involved in chronic inflammation. C. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, regulating inflammation, blood clotting, and immune response. D. Eicosanoids are composed of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone and serve as energy storage in the body. A 45-year-old woman has been experiencing chronic pain due to arthritis. She prefers natural remedies and has been researching alternative therapies. She comes across information on terpenes and their potential therapeutic effects. She decides to consult with her healthcare provider about integrating terpenes into her treatment plan. Which of the following statements should her healthcare provider most likely agree with regarding the clinical significance of terpenes? Choices A. Terpenes have no scientifically proven therapeutic benefits and should not be considered for pain management. B. Terpenes are primarily effective in aromatherapy and have no impact when taken orally or topically. C. Terpenes found in certain essential oils and cannabis strains may have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that could potentially help in managing the patient’s chronic pain. D. Terpenes are effective only when synthesized in a laboratory setting and are not naturally found in plants.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: ISOPRENOIDS ❖ has repeating 5- ❖Tetraterpenes ❑ Introduction carbon units ❖Polyterpenes ❑ Classification of Lipids (isoprene) ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❖ Types: terpenes & ❑ Phospholipids steroids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❖ Terpenes: ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❖ Monoterpenes ❑ Lipid Analysis ❖Sesquiterpenes ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes ❖Diterpenes ❖Triterpenes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: ISOPRENOIDS ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes Different Types of Terpenes & Their Properties  Medicinal Properties of Terpenes from Different Sources A 45-year-old woman has been experiencing chronic pain due to arthritis. She prefers natural remedies and has been researching alternative therapies. She comes across information on terpenes and their potential therapeutic effects. She decides to consult with her healthcare provider about integrating terpenes into her treatment plan. Which of the following statements should her healthcare provider most likely agree with regarding the clinical significance of terpenes? Choices A. Terpenes have no scientifically proven therapeutic benefits and should not be considered for pain management. B. Terpenes are primarily effective in aromatherapy and have no impact when taken orally or topically. C. Terpenes found in certain essential oils and cannabis strains may have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that could potentially help in managing the patient’s chronic pain. D. Terpenes are effective only when synthesized in a laboratory setting and are not naturally found in plants.  Which of the following statements accurately describes the chemical structure of cholesterol and its functions? A. Cholesterol is a carbohydrate with a linear chain structure and is primarily involved in energy storage. B. Cholesterol is a protein composed of amino acids and is essential for muscle contraction. C. Cholesterol is a lipid molecule with a structure consisting of four hydrocarbon rings and a hydroxyl group, and it is crucial for cell membrane stability and the synthesis of steroid hormones. D. Cholesterol is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides forming a double helix, and it is essential for genetic information storage.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: CHOLESTEROL ❖ major sterol in ❑ Introduction animal tissues ❑ Classification of Lipids ❖ precursor in the ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols synthesis of all ❑ Phospholipids steroid ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids hormones, ❑ Steroid Hormones Vitamin D, and ❑ Lipoproteins bile salts ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes  Which of the following statements accurately describes the chemical structure of cholesterol and its functions? A. Cholesterol is a carbohydrate with a linear chain structure and is primarily involved in energy storage. B. Cholesterol is a protein composed of amino acids and is essential for muscle contraction. C. Cholesterol is a lipid molecule with a structure consisting of four hydrocarbon rings and a hydroxyl group, and it is crucial for cell membrane stability and the synthesis of steroid hormones. D. Cholesterol is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides forming a double helix, and it is essential for genetic information storage. A 34-year-old woman has been experiencing irregular menstrual cycles, fatigue, and unexplained weight gain. She visits her healthcare provider for an evaluation. Blood tests reveal the following hormone levels: elevated cortisol, low progesterone, and slightly elevated testosterone. She also reports high stress levels and difficulty sleeping. Her healthcare provider is concerned about the potential underlying conditions contributing to her symptoms and hormone imbalances. Which of the following statements best analyzes the clinical significance of her steroid hormone levels? Choices: A. Her elevated cortisol level indicates she is likely experiencing acute stress, which is normal and does not require further evaluation. B. Her low progesterone and elevated testosterone levels suggest she may have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), while the elevated cortisol level points to possible chronic stress or an adrenal disorder. C. Her hormone levels are within the normal range, and her symptoms are likely unrelated to her steroid hormone levels. D. Her elevated cortisol level and low progesterone level suggest she is in the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle, and no further action is necessary.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: STEROID HORMONES ❖Glucocorticoids: cortisol ❑ Introduction ❖Mineralocorticoids: ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids aldosterone ❑ Triacylglycerols ❖Sex Hormones: ❑ Phospholipids androgens, estrogens, ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids and progesterone ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑ Lipid Peroxidation ❑ Biological Membranes LIPID CHEMISTRY: STEROID HORMONES A 34-year-old woman has been experiencing irregular menstrual cycles, fatigue, and unexplained weight gain. She visits her healthcare provider for an evaluation. Blood tests reveal the following hormone levels: elevated cortisol, low progesterone, and slightly elevated testosterone. She also reports high stress levels and difficulty sleeping. Her healthcare provider is concerned about the potential underlying conditions contributing to her symptoms and hormone imbalances. Which of the following statements best analyzes the clinical significance of her steroid hormone levels? Choices: A. Her elevated cortisol level indicates she is likely experiencing acute stress, which is normal and does not require further evaluation. B. Her low progesterone and elevated testosterone levels suggest she may have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), while the elevated cortisol level points to possible chronic stress or an adrenal disorder. C. Her hormone levels are within the normal range, and her symptoms are likely unrelated to her steroid hormone levels. D. Her elevated cortisol level and low progesterone level suggest she is in the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle, and no further action is necessary. A 48-year-old woman visits her healthcare provider for a wellness check. Her blood tests reveal the following lipid profile: total cholesterol of 240 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol of 160 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol of 35 mg/dL, and triglycerides of 150 mg/dL. Linda is a smoker, has a family history of cardiovascular disease, and leads a sedentary lifestyle. She is concerned about her risk of heart disease and asks her healthcare provider about the significance of her cholesterol levels. Which of the following statements best analyzes the clinical significance of Linda’s cholesterol levels? Choices: A. Her cholesterol levels are within the normal range, and no immediate action is necessary. B. Her LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels are concerning, indicating an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and require a comprehensive management plan including lifestyle changes and possibly medication. C. Her HDL cholesterol level is high, which offsets the risk associated with her LDL cholesterol level, so no changes are needed. D. Her total cholesterol level is the only important factor, and since it is not extremely high, she should not be worried about cardiovascular disease.  LIPID CHEMISTRY: LIPOPROTEINS ❖ Chylomicrons (CM) ❑ Introduction ❖ Very-Low ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids Density ❑ Triacylglycerols Lipoprotein ❑ Phospholipids (VLDL) ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❖ Low-Density ❑ Steroid Hormones Lipoprotein (LDL) ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❖ High-Density ❑ Lipid Peroxidation Lipoprotein (HDL) ❑ Biological Membranes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: LIPOPROTEINS ❑ Introduction ❑ Classification of Lipids ❑ Fatty Acids ❑ Triacylglycerols ❑ Phospholipids ❑ Eicosanoids ❑ Isoprenoids ❑ Steroid Hormones ❑ Lipoproteins ❑ Lipid Analysis ❑Lipid Peroxidation ❑Biological Membranes  LIPID CHEMISTRY: LIPOPROTEINS LIPOPROTEIN PROTEIN LIPID MAIN LIPID APOLIPO- DIAMETER DEN- SOURCE (%) (%) COMPONENT PROTEINS (nm) SITY (g/mL) CM 1-2 98-99 Triacylglycerol A-1, A-II, A- 90-1000