Linguistics Notes PDF

Anatomy of Speech: ​ Our mouth is primarily for eating and breathing ​ Speech is an overlaid function ​ We all have the same structure of mouth, languages just use them differently. Vocal Apparatus For Speech: The Larynx; vocal cords: ​ Voiceless sounds ○​ “Quiet” sounds...

Anatomy of Speech: ​ Our mouth is primarily for eating and breathing ​ Speech is an overlaid function ​ We all have the same structure of mouth, languages just use them differently. Vocal Apparatus For Speech: The Larynx; vocal cords: ​ Voiceless sounds ○​ “Quiet” sounds - pass, wish, back >> vocal cords are apart ​ Voiced sounds ○​ “Buzzing” sounds - buzz, did, car >> vocal cords are close together, vibrating Consonants: ❖​ 59 consonants sounds combined for all languages ❖​ Only 25 of these occur in English ❖​ Left side; manner of articulation ❖​ Top; Place of articulation, indicate where in the mouth is being produced Sound Classes for Consonants: Classes of sounds: -​ Groups of speech sounds based on certain criteria Classes of sounds you've seen so far: -​ Voicing; either voiced or voiceless Other classes of sounds: -​ Places of articulation: Where they are produced -​ Manners of articulation: How they are produced Places of articulation for English Consonants: ​ Bilabial- two lips ​ Pie, buy, my ○​ Ex. -V: Past, apart, leap ​ ​ ​ +V: Best, about, club ​ Labiodental- lower lip & upper teeth ​ Fat, vast Manner of Articulation: = How the sounds are articulated -​ Stops (complete closure, rapid release), support /p/ → Pay, bay, to, do, kill, gill -​ Affricates (combination of a stop & a fricative) → Cheap, jeep -​ Fricatives (narrow passage, continuous friction) ​ ​ → Fan, ran, bath, bathe, sue, zoo, mission, fission, hop -​ Nasals (air flowing out of nasal cavity) → My, no, ring -​ Approximant (narrow passage, but without friction) → Liquid: lack, rack → Glide: Whack, yack -​ Vowels (no obstruction at all) → beet, bet, bat, boat → but, boot, bot, bait Example: Scan- 3 consonant sounds Consonant sounds: ​ Voicing: Place: Manner: (IPA Symbols) ​ /s/ Voiceless Alveolar Fricative ​ /k/ Voiceless Velar Stop ​ /n/ Voiced Alveolar Nasal​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Vowels: Classes of vowels- ​ Vowels are grouped in 3 major ways: (Based on articulation & auditory) -​ Bckness (front, central, back) -​ Height (high, mid, low) -​ Rounding (rounded or unrounded) Monophthongal Vowels in English: ​ Vowels sounds that form 1 vowel unit ​ Simple vowel sounds Example- i (beat) i = IPA symbols → /bit/ beat = english word C. (bawdy) → /c/: boar, store, court Diphthong: ​ Two different vowel sounds that form 1 vowel unit IPA English Spelling /aI/, not /ay/ Buy, Sigh, Hide /aU/, not /aw/ Cow, House, Loud /cI/, not /oy/ Boy, roid, noise ​