Ling 1 Lecture Slides Ch. 7 Parts of Speech PDF

Ling 1 online version Scott Gaines, Santa Monica College 1 Ch. 7: Grammar Lecture 1 – Parts of Speech 2 Goal • List out 9 primary parts of speech for English, including one not found in the book (Auxiliary verbs) • Practice "parsing" a sentence. 3 Parts of Speech (for English) • 1) Nouns: w...

Ling 1 online version Scott Gaines, Santa Monica College 1 Ch. 7: Grammar Lecture 1 – Parts of Speech 2 Goal • List out 9 primary parts of speech for English, including one not found in the book (Auxiliary verbs) • Practice "parsing" a sentence. 3 Parts of Speech (for English) • 1) Nouns: words used to name people, places, things, ideas, etc • man, woman, restaurant, language, height, etc • "Proper Nouns" official names of people, places, things: John, English, Starbucks, Santa Monica College, etc 4 Parts of Speech (for English) • 2) Articles: a/an, the, this, that, these, those, For this class, we will treat possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) as a type of article. This is not standard. • Why? They go in the same slot in English. (This is not the case in other languages): * = "ill-formed" / not allowed. • a book. It indicates that speakers of this the book. language find the sentence (or my book. word) to be incorrect/weird/bad. *my the book. *the my book. 5 Parts of Speech (for English) • 3) Pronouns: words which stand in for nouns... Pronouns in Modern English Singular Plural subject form, object form, possessive form subject form, object form, possessive form 1st person I, me, my/mine we, us, our/ours 2nd person (you, you, your/yours) you, you, your/yours 3rd person fem. she, her, her/hers 3rd person masc. he, him, his 3rd person neut. it, it, its they, them, their/theirs • (and remember that we are treating the possessive forms as articles) 6 Parts of Speech (for English) • 4) Adjectives: words which modify nouns to provide information about the noun's qualities/properties. • Properties: happy, sad, good, bad, large, small, tall, short, etc • Quantities: many, few, several, some etc • NOTE: In many languages, adjectives are a type of statal verb (a verb showing a state of being), so rather than saying something like "It is red," you would say "It reds.") 7 Parts of Speech (for English) • Together, [articles + adjectives + nouns] combine to form a singular unit called a "noun phrase": a tall boy, an intelligent woman, a good novel, many cute cats, good, strong, black coffee, etc. 8 Parts of Speech (for English) • The full noun phrase functions as one noun, and the full phrase can be replaced by one pronoun: I saw a tall boy, → I saw him. I saw an intelligent woman → I saw her I read a good novel → I read it. I saw many cute cats → I saw them. I drank good, strong, black coffee → I drank it. etc. 9 Parts of Speech (for English) • 5) Prepositions: words that combine with noun phrases to provide information about the time / place / direction / manner of that noun • before..., during..., after... • in..., into..., at..., near..., by..., beside..., on..., onto..., to..., toward..., from..., over..., above..., under..., below... • around..., about..., of..., with..., without... • for the above, a noun phrase would go in the space indicated by "..." • NOTE: Many languages use suffixes on nouns to indicate these concepts. Finnish: "In Tokyo" = "Tokyossa" 10 Parts of Speech (for English) • 6) Verbs: words used to name actions, states of being, etc. • go, be, have, talk, eat, drink, etc • 7) Adverbs: words used to modify verbs to provide information regarding the verb's time / place / manner, etc. • yesterday, tomorrow, etc • well, quickly, happily, sadly, rarely, frequently, etc • A subset of adverbs can be used to modify an adjective: very, really, so (as in "I was [so happy])" 11 Parts of Speech (for English) • 8) Conjunctions: words which link together either two clauses or two sentences or two units of the same grammatical category (two nouns, two adjectives, etc) • and, or, but 12 Parts of Speech (for English) • 9) Auxiliary verbs / modal verbs: can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must be (am/is/are/was/were) in the be ___ing construction "I am studying" have (have/has/had) in the have + past participle construction "I have eaten." 13 Parts of Speech • The only parts of speech which seem to be found in all languages are nouns and verbs, and even this distinction is blurry in some languages. • Many other parts of speech occur in other languages. We'll see some of these in future chapters. • As we've already seen, the concepts behind many of these parts of speech can be expressed through morphology rather than syntax. Languages differ wildly in the degree to which they rely on syntax vs morphology to convey a given concept. 14 Parts of Speech - Parsing • The main skill of knowing parts of speech is being able to take a sentence and label each word's part of speech. This process is called "parsing". Parse the following sentence: The cat slept on the couch. 15 Parts of Speech - Parsing • The main skill of knowing parts of speech is being able to take a sentence and label each word's part of speech. This process is called "parsing". Art N V P Art N Parse the following sentence: The cat slept on the couch. 16 Parts of Speech (for English) • Key conceptual note: The same looking word, in different situations, can be a different part of speech. pro V Art N pro Aux V "I am a student" " I am studying" pro V Adv Adj Conj pro V N "I was so hungry, so I ate lunch." 17 Parts of Speech (for English) Adj pro V Art Adj N P (Art) N • Now we have the basic tools in our toolbox... conj pro Aux V N P N conj V Det N • ... and we can label parts of speech and study the word-order... P Adj N • ...of simple sentences. 18 Next • Constituency and Agreement 19