lighting-techniques-tv.pdf

D’source 1 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-...

D’source 1 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 2 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Introduction Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction The module, ‘lighting techniques’ addresses the fundamentals of lighting and lighting technology for television. by The module is structured to introduce a first time learner who is interested in executing someone else’s lighting Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur design. The module has been divided under following heads: DoD, IIT Guwahati Introduction Lighting Techniques - Artistic vs. Technical Lighting Variables Basic Lighting Triangle Lighting Instruments and Accessories Lighting Control Consoles Source: Art of Lighting http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ introduction 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 3 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Techniques Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction Lighting Techniques - Artistic vs. Technical: by Available light (the natural, un-augmented light found at a location) often provides both a technically acceptable Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur video image while also conveying the artistically correct mood. But not always can we depend on Mother Nature DoD, IIT Guwahati alone. To light a set can be attributed basically to two reasons, viz. technical and artistic. The technical considerations factor in the minimum level of lighting required for a camera and is referred to as the Base Light. In absence of base light, the portions of the picture especially the darker areas could be filled with video noise, which appears as “grain”. The artistic reason can scale to innumerous needs ranging from highlighting an important area in a shot to simulating ambient light and creating depth in a shot. Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-techniques 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details Fig.1: Broadcast Lighting (Pro TV-Romania’s leading TV station) Photo Courtesy: ARRI Website: www.arri.de/ D’source 4 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati In Shot - 1, we can see that due to inadequate base light Source: has resulted in a grainy picture. http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-techniques 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles In Shot - 2, the adequate level of base light has result a 7. Art of Lighting finer picture. 8. Important Vocabulary Fig.2: Baselight and without Base Light. 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 5 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Variables Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction Video producers often manipulate three integral variables of lighting viz., light intensity, light character and color by temperature to achieve the desired lighting results. But before, we go further into details of the above referred Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur variables let’s have a look into two basic types of illumination as shown in fig.3 (shot - 1 and shot - 2) below. DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-variables 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details Shot - 1: Directional Light Shot - 2: Diffused Light Fig.3: Subject under Directional and Diffused Light. As you can see in the above figure, the directional light cast strong shadows and further has a narrow and sharp beam (see shot - 1). It can be used to illuminate a precise area. On the contrary, as we can see in shot - 2, the diffused light cast soft and translucent shadows and has a wide and indistinct beam. It covers a wider area than directional light. D’source 6 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Measuring Light Intensity - The Light Meter: Lighting Techniques for TV The light falling on an object is measured using a Light meter. A typical incident light meter has a half Ping-Pong ball-shaped photosphere, which collects the light (Fig.4). Place the meter with its back to the talent/subject and An Introduction point the photosphere in the direction of the camera to get your reading (see shot - 2). by Note: this assumes that your set is “normally reflective”. Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati If your set is in the snow, on water or full of bright, shiny objects, incident meter readings are often inaccurate. Use a reflected light meter reading. Also note that incident light meters are designed to properly expose a shade of middle gray that corresponds to average Caucasian skin. If you are metering very light-skinned or dark-skinned people, you’ll get more accuracy with a reflected meter reading. Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-variables 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details Shot - 1 Shot - 2 Fig.4: Demonstration on Light Meter. D’source 7 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Controlling Light Intensity: Lighting Techniques for TV The simple techniques of controlling light intensity are often used in TV lighting. For example, if a 30 wattage ta- ble lamp is inadequate to read a book, one can seek to bring the light nearer to the book or replace the light with An Introduction a high wattage lamp. But yet another way to control light intensity as shown in below Fig.5 (shot - 1 and Shot - 2) by is to partially block the light as it enters the camera. Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-variables Shot - 1: Controlling Light Intensity. Shot - 2: Neutral Density (N.D.) Filter. 1. Introduction Fig.5: Demonstration on Light Meter. 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables The aperture setting (see shot - 1) is an in-camera mechanism to control the amount of light reaching the im- 4. Basic Lighting Triangle aging device. The second image (shot - 2) is a Neutral Density (N.D.) Filter, attached in front of a camera lens to control the intensity of light. 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles Many lighting technicians use filter and gel material at the light source to regulate the intensity of light. 7. Art of Lighting For example: 8. Important Vocabulary Fastening a gel square of ‘ND’ material at the light source or window panes helps reducing the intensity of light 9. References falling on the set. The ‘ND’ material come in various grades numbered through one to four. The higher the num- 10. Contact Details ber the less is the intensity of light. D’source 8 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Light Character: Lighting Techniques for TV The second characteristic is light character. It is the relative harshness or softness of light beam-also called the degree of diffusion of the light beam. An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: Sun - Light Source Fresnel - Light Source Broad Light Edited http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ Fig.6: Color Temperature - Light Sources. lighting-variables The third important lighting variable is color temperature. Different light sources (studio lights, fluorescents, the sun, etc) provide different colored version of the nominally “white light”. Within the spectrum of visible light (the 1. Introduction wave-lengths falling between infrared and ultraviolet), there are many gradations of color. Sources emitting light 2. Lighting Techniques closer to the infrared have, as you would imagine more of a reddish/orange tinge, and likewise, those further 3. Lighting Variables up toward the ultraviolet end of the spectrum look more bluish. The imperceptible difference between differ- ent light versions is often compensated electronically by the camera following a process called white balance as 4. Basic Lighting Triangle shown in the figure below. 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 9 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-variables 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting Demonstration of White balance. 8. Important Vocabulary Fig.7: Color Temperature - Auto White Balance adjustment in an EFP camera. 9. References 10. Contact Details In the above figure, the Auto White Balance adjustment is carried out to suit the outdoor lighting condition.The adjustment values are stored in one of the memories. Once, the memory (A or B) is assigned and ascertaining the required ND and iris adjustments, the camera operator zooms in on a white piece of thermocol obtaining a white area on the screen. The final step is to press the white balance button. During adjustment, an in-progress message is displayed on the screen and when the adjustment is completed successfully, the messages changes to a completion message and the obtained color temperature is displayed. D’source 10 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course A common color temperature in professional productions is3, 200 degrees on the Kelvin scale (abbreviated 3,200 Lighting Techniques for TV deg, K). An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-variables 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details A Typical Quartz Lamp. Fig.8: Color Temperature - Studio Quartz Lamp. With quartz lamps (see fig. 8) serving as our reference for pure white light, sources with a higher Kelvin rating emit white light with a bluish tint, and those with a lower color temperature radiate white light with a reddish tint. HMIs have one important difference: they produce a 5,600 deg.K light that mixes, unfiltered, with day light”. D’source 11 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-variables 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary Fig.9: Color Temperature - Color Correction gel. 9. References The color correction gels are often used to change the color temperature at light source. In the above figure, we 10. Contact Details can see the use of Color Temperature Blue (CTB), a color correction gel at the light source and the window panes, converting the color temperature to match with ‘daylight’ color. A CTB gel converts tungsten light of 3200 deg K to ‘daylight’ color. D’source 12 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Basic Lighting Triangle Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction The purpose behind lighting a subject can be attributed to three main reasons: by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur To properly illuminate a subject, with a motivated source. DoD, IIT Guwahati To fill in shadows created by such motivated source. To separate the subject from the back ground. The motivated source or the key light is the most obvious source of light in a lighting triangle. It often creates harsh shadows. The fill light compensate the harsh shadows by filling the darker areas. The third main source of illumination is called the back light, also sometimes referred to as a ‘rim’ light. The back light’s chief function is to separate the subject from the background. This helps create the illusion of depth and three- dimensionality on Source: our two- dimensional television screen. In a normal lighting design, back lights, like key and fill lights, are placed http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ above and directly behind the subject. Sometimes back lights are placed opposite the key light. basic-lighting-triangle 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References Shot - 1: Shot - 2: 10. Contact Details Fig.10: Three Point Lighting. As we can see in the overhead diagram (shot - 1) the key light is at right angles to the fill light and the back light is positioned behind and above the subject. D’source 13 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course The cross fire between the key and fill light and the backlight positioned exactly above and behind the subject, Lighting Techniques for TV explains the basic lighting triangle followed initially by all professionals. The ratio of lighting between key, back and fill light is (1:1:1/2).Supposedly, if the key light is measured at light intensity of 500 f.c. (foot candles), the back An Introduction light too should be calculated at an intensity of 500 f.c. (foot candles) and the fill light at a lower intensity of 250 by f.c. (foot candles). Now, under many circumstances one may choose to differ with the above mentioned lighting Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur ratio to suite creative needs. Now, for instance if we have a poorly lit back ground one may choose to increase DoD, IIT Guwahati the intensity of backlight to the ratio of (1:1 ½:1/2), which results to an increase of 250f.c of back light than the key light. The three-point lighting on many occasions proves to be restrictive if more than one camera angle is desired. In many such cases the four-point lighting is used. Apart from providing wider camera angle, the easier nature of set up is an added advantage to four-point lighting. However, nature of light is very flat. It uses four spot lights. Source: The lighting ratio in four point lighting is 1:1 for all the lights i.e. all four lights illuminate in the same intensity. http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ basic-lighting-triangle 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 14 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Instruments-Accessories Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction The appropriate selection of lighting equipments and accessories is very crucial to any TV production. There are by two generic categories of instruments: spot lights, simply called spots and fill lights, called fills, or sometimes Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur floods. DoD, IIT Guwahati Spot lights/spots: Spots are found in three main varieties, the most common and flexible is Fresnel. The lighting equipment is named after Augustine Fresnel, the inventor of the instrument’s concentric circled lens, which is responsible for conversion of the light into a soft edged beam. Within the Fresnel, the lamp and the reflector position are adjusted by a crank and screw system. This allows the light beam to be made broad or narrow as de- sired. Most Fresnels use the 3200 deg.K quartz lamps. However, HMI lights also come in the operationally flexible Fresnel configuration. Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ The second type of lensed spot light is the ellipsoidal (see fig.11), sometimes called aleko light. The ellipsoidal spot lighting-instruments-accessories light creates a narrower, more precisely shaped beam than the pinned Fresnel. The ellipsoidal primary advan- tage is its ability to throw a sharply defined, intense light beam across a relatively long distance. The ellipsoidal features beam shaping “leaves” within its inner mechanism, which can project a great number of shaped beams 1. Introduction of light, including sharp or softy edged circles, squares and other geometrics. Ellipsoidal spotlights permit the 2. Lighting Techniques insertion of cookies into the instrument to project a wide variety of patterns on curtains, floors and walls. 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details Shot - 1: Fresnel Shot - 2: Ellipsoidal Fig.11: Images of Different Types of Spot Lights. Ellipsoidal are employed frequently in theater and stage productions but see more limited application in TV pro- duction. D’source 15 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Unlike the relatively bulky Fresnel’s and ellipsoidal, open front spots have no lenses. This reduces their weight Lighting Techniques for TV and makes them ideal for field productions with small crews. Sometimes called bashers, open front spots, like Fresnel’s, can serve both as spots and fills, but they don’t focus quite as efficiently as Fresnel’s. Open front spots An Introduction are relatively inexpensive. A portable kit containing three open fronts cost less than two Fresnel’s or one HMI by light. Lighting manufacturers market many excellent lighting kits, designed around open front spot and fill instru- Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur ments, with lightweight, collapsible stands and other ingeniously designed accessories. DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-instruments-accessories 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables Fig.12: Visuals on Different Types of Accessories for Spot Lights. 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 16 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Fill Lights: Lighting Techniques for TV Fill lights or fills gives diffused lighting. Tasked with providing fill and base light, plus some background and side lighting, fills come in five main varieties as show in the figure below. An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-instruments-accessories Shot - 1: Scoop Shot - 2: Broad 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details Shot - 3: Soft Light Shot - 4: Cyc Light D’source 17 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-instruments-accessories 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary Fig.5: Strip Light 9. References Fig.13: Different Varieties of Fill Lights. 10. Contact Details Both Fresnel and open front spots sometimes can serve as fill light in a pinch. However, the Fresnel is designed primarily for spot lighting, so the broad, scoop, or softlight is the usual choice for fill lighting. D’source 18 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-instruments-accessories Fig.14: Visual on how reflectors are used to redirect light and serve as fill light. 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details Fig.15: A TV Studio. In the television studio, various types of spot lights and fill lights are suspended from the ceiling (see fig.15). The lights are too heavy and bulky to be used outside. D’source 19 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Most EFP’s (Electronic Field Production) use portable lighting packages that consist of several small, efficient Lighting Techniques for TV lighting instruments that can be plugged into ordinary electrical outlets. Most portable instrument can either be mounted on collapsible floor stand or clipped on to doors, windowsills or furniture. These instruments generally An Introduction operate as flood lights but can be adjusted to function as spot light as well. To obtain more directional control, by EFP lighting packages include a number of small spot lights, which can be diffused with a collapsible diffusion Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur tent often called soft box. In general, television lighting has less contrast between light and shadow areas than do DoD, IIT Guwahati film and theatre lighting. Diffused light is therefore used extensively in television lighting, especially on news and interview sets, for game shows and situation comedies and in many field productions. Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-instruments-accessories 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle Fig.16: Bounce - Lighting and Lighting Umbrellas Fig.16: A Typical ENG Portable Light Kit. 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 20 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Lighting Control Consoles Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction Lighting control consoles allow you to adjust the intensity of many lighting instruments at the same time and to by program sophisticated changes in your lighting effects to occur on cue. Consoles allow grouping of instruments Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur to be preset, faded up, faded out and/or replaced by an entirely different array of light for the next scene. The DoD, IIT Guwahati more sophisticated control consoles electronically store hundreds of these lighting configurations. Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ lighting-control-consoles 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details Fig.18: Modern - Day Lighting Consoles. D’source 21 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Art of Lighting Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction The art of lighting differs on highlights and shadows as well as the way light effect is given. In shot - 1, below (see by fig.19) the contrast between highlights and shadows, a key feature to low key lighting. On the contrary, In shot - 2, Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur under high key lighting, the subject is under no influence of high contrast range between highlights and shad- DoD, IIT Guwahati ows. Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ art-lighting 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting Shot - 1: Low key Lighting Shot - 2: High Key Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary Fig.19: Highlights and Shadows - Low and High Key Lighting. 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 22 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course The background light is effectively used to highlight clothes and clothing accessories in the background of the Lighting Techniques for TV stage scene as we can see in shot - 1 (see fig.20) below. An Introduction In shot - 2, the kicker light, placed behind and below the subject unlike rim light, placed behind but above the by subject, creates an “hallow effect”. Such techniques are often employed in shampoo commercials. Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ art-lighting 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles Shot - 1: Background Light Shot - 2: Kicker Light 7. Art of Lighting Fig.20: Use of background light and Kicker Light. 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 23 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Similar to background light, set lights are used to provide sufficient baselight in the scene to avoid video noise Lighting Techniques for TV and to flatly illuminate all relevant portions of the set. An Introduction by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ art-lighting 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details Fig.21: Typical use of Set Light. D’source 24 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Important Vocabulary Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction Important Vocabulary – Terms used for the Module: by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur 1. Available Light: DoD, IIT Guwahati Naturally existing light found on location. 2. Background Lights: The background lights also called ‘specials’ in theatre primarily serves the function of highlighting an important object(s) in the background. Properly designed background light greatly aids to suggest three- dimensionality in a frame. Source: 3. Back Light: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ The back light is the third source of illumination in the basic lighting triangle and serves the purpose of separat- important-vocabulary ing the subject from the background. 4. Baselight: 1. Introduction The camera’s need a minimum level of light intensity to deliver acceptable video footage i.e. without objection- 2. Lighting Techniques able video noise. 3. Lighting Variables 5. Basic Lighting Triangle: 4. Basic Lighting Triangle Basic lighting triangle or “triangular” lighting engages all three source of illumination i.e. key, back and fill light in 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories the ratio of 1:1:1/2 to properly and artistically illuminate a subject. 6. Lighting Control Consoles 6. Bounce- Lighting: 7. Art of Lighting A lighting technique in which the instruments are aimed at a white ceiling or walls rather than directly at the 8. Important Vocabulary subject. The light reflected of these surfaces provides a soft, highly diffused effect. 9. References 10. Contact Details 7. Broad: A rectangular, open front fills. 8. CTB (Color Temperature Blue): A color correction gel responsible for converting tungsten light of 3200K to ‘daylight’ color. 9. Color Temperature: A light source’s relative position along the spectrum of visible light, measured in degrees on the Kelvin scale. D’source 25 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course 10. Cucalorus (cookie): Lighting Techniques for TV A patterned piece of metal, wood or cardboard placed in front of a Fresnel to project the pattern on a wall or other surface: also a patterned metal insert placed inside and behind the lens of an ellipsoidal light used for the An Introduction same purpose. by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur 11. Cyc Lights: DoD, IIT Guwahati Broads used to illuminate, and often to colorize, a cyclorama. 12. ENG: Electronic news gathering. 13. EFP: Source: Electronic field production. http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ important-vocabulary 14. Ellipsoidal Light: A spotlight creating the narrowest, most clearly shaped and intense beam of light of any instrument used in TV production. 1. Introduction 15. Fill Light: 2. Lighting Techniques In the lighting triangle, the light responsible for softening shadows made by the key light. 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 16. Fill Lights(fills): Sometimes also known as a ‘flood’ are lighting instruments that provides diffused light than spots and are tasked 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories with providing fill and base light plus some background and side lighting. 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 17. Flood: 8. Important Vocabulary Adjusting a lighting instrument such as a Fresnel spotlight to project a broader, more diffused beam of light. Also known as “spread”. 9. References 10. Contact Details 18. Focusing: Either narrowing or widening the beam of light an instrument emits. 19. Foot Candle (f. c): The intensity of light falling on a surface placed 1 foot away from a point light source of 1 candle power. D’source 26 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course 20. Foot Lambert: Lighting Techniques for TV The measuring unit for reflected light. Reflected light is the product of incident light falling on an object and the object’s reflectance. The Caucasian face with a typical reflectance of.36 reflects 36 foot lamberts when illuminat- An Introduction ed with 100 foot candles of incident light(100 f.c. times.36=36 foot lamberts). by Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur 21. Fresnel: DoD, IIT Guwahati An adjustable focus spotlight with a unique glass lens, consisting of a series of concentric circles. 22. Halogen-Metal-Iodide(HMI) Light: Similar in design and intent to a Fresnel ,HMI lights operate at a color temperature of 5,600 deg.K, compared to a Quartz lamps 3,200 deg.K. Source: 23. Key Light: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ The main source of illumination in the lighting triangle. important-vocabulary 24. Kicker Light: A type of back light striking the subject from a low angle. Kickers provide subject with a halo effect. 1. Introduction 25. Light Intensity: 2. Lighting Techniques The level of brightness provided by a light source. 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 26. Light Meter: A photosensitive device that measures light intensity. 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 27. Lighting console: 7. Art of Lighting A device used to switch lights on and off and/or control the intensities of one or more lighting instruments in a 8. Important Vocabulary studio. Also called a “board”. 9. References 28. Lighting Ratios: 10. Contact Details The relative intensities of the key, back and fill lights in the lighting triangle. 29. Lighting Umbrella: A lighting accessory used to diffuse the harsh quality of spotlights, allowing them to simulate the effect of soft- lights. 30. Motivated Light Source: The logical direction in the shot from which the key light should come. D’source 27 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course 31. Neutral Density (ND) Filter: Lighting Techniques for TV A frequently used filter that reduces the intensity of light reaching the camera’s image sensing device(s) without effecting color values. An Introduction by 32. Quartz Lamp: Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur The artificial incandescent light source used most often in television production. The light features a tungsten DoD, IIT Guwahati filament that glows in an iodide (also known as halogen) gas. The “glass” envelope is made of quartz, from which the lamp gets its name. Also called “tungsten-halogen” or “quartz-iodide” lamps. 33. Reflected Light: Light that bounces off the subject rather than light striking the subject directly. Source: 34. Set Light: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ Fill lights used to provide sufficient baselight in a scene to avoid video noise and flatly illuminate all relevant por- important-vocabulary tions of the set. 35. Spotlights (Spots): Lighting instruments with beams narrowly focused; used specially for key, back and background lighting. 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 36. Video Noise: 3. Lighting Variables “Grain or “snow visible in the picture, especially the darker areas. Video noise results due to inadequate base light 4. Basic Lighting Triangle levels. 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 28 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course References Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction Ralph Donald. Thomas Spann, Fundamentals of Television Production, Published in India by arrangement with by M/s. Blackwell Publishing Company, Oxford, U.K. Published by S. S. Chhabra for Surjeet Publications. Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur DoD, IIT Guwahati Monaco, James, How to Read a Film: The World of Movies, Media, and Multimedia : Language, History and Theo- ry, Oxford University Press, 2000. Dymtryk, Edward, On Film Editing, published by Elsevier. Source: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ references 1. Introduction 2. Lighting Techniques 3. Lighting Variables 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories 6. Lighting Control Consoles 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details D’source 29 Digital Learning Environment for Design - www.dsource.in Design Course Contact Details Lighting Techniques for TV An Introduction This documentation for the course was done by by Tonmoy Thakur and Professor Ravi Mokashi Punekar, Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar and Tonmoy Thakur Faculty at DoD, IIT Guwahati. DoD, IIT Guwahati You can get in touch with Prof. Ravi Mokashi Punekar at mokashi[at]iitg.ernet.in You could write to the following address regarding suggestions and clarifications: Source: Helpdesk Details: http://www.dsource.in/course/lighting-techniques-tv/ Co-ordinator contact-details Project e-kalpa Department of Design Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 1. Introduction North Guwahati 2. Lighting Techniques Guwahati 781039 Assam, 3. Lighting Variables India 4. Basic Lighting Triangle 5. Lighting Instruments-Accessories Phone: +91-361-2582500, +91-361-2582451 6. Lighting Control Consoles Fax: +91-361-2690762 Email: dsource.in[at]gmail.com 7. Art of Lighting 8. Important Vocabulary 9. References 10. Contact Details