LIA G8 Citizenship Workbook PDF

LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8 Introduction About this Workbook Workbooks are supplementary resources that provide additional support and reinforcement for students in their academic endeavors. Workbooks contain activities and opportunities for students to...

LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8 Introduction About this Workbook Workbooks are supplementary resources that provide additional support and reinforcement for students in their academic endeavors. Workbooks contain activities and opportunities for students to engage in valuable practice and academic inquiry, and enjoy learning as they immerse themselves into those activities. The primary objective of this workbook is to facilitate the advancement of knowledge, skills, attitude, and interpersonal skills as part of Lebawi’s curriculum and 21 st education drive. In this workbook, the instructional methodologies employed are derived from extensive research on student cognition and the construction of knowledge. Each unit possesses distinct characteristics and emphasizes content, skills, and learning objectives specific to that unit. However, the overall structure and format maintain a consistent pattern. It is recommended that students arrive adequately prepared for each class session by bringing their workbook, in addition to their textbook and practice book. It is essential that students actively participate in resolving the exercises related t o previously discussed subject matter, as outlined in the accompanying workbook. Active parent support is very essential at all times. The completion of the workbook activities requires personal engagement and effort. Students are highly encouraged and expected to engage in discussions with their instructor and classmates to address the challenges encountered during problem-solving. Academic Integrity: Engaging in the act of copying from peers does not contribute to the process of developing academic integrity neither assist in the process of acquiring knowledge. 1 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Unit 1: Virtue Ethics Keywords Virtue Ethics Ethics Honesty Courage Compassion Generosity Fairness Self-discipline Prudence 1.1. The concept of Virtue Ethics Virtue ethics is concerned with the development of one’s character in order to prepare one for good citizenship in an organized community, with the belief that a community composed of people of good character would be a good community. It is the pursuit of understanding and living a moral life. Virtues are citizen dispositions, habits, or characteristics that are conducive or beneficial to the healthy functioning and common good of a community. In society, responsible citizens are expected to exhibit qualities such as courage, generosity, and honesty, among others. This character-based approach to morality holds that virtue is acquired through practice. Moral virtue does not come naturally to us. Moral virtues are habits that we develop through practice and imitation of exceptionally virtuous people or especially virtuous actions. “A virtue,” or “virtues,” is specific character traits that tend to make a person virtuous, or good. For example, honesty, compassion, courage, and so on. The term “vice” is often associated with bad habits. Vices are the polar opposite of virtues, and they refer to evil or personal corruption. For instance, dishonesty, cowardice, or selfishness, injustice, and so on. The study of what good and bad ends to pursue in life, as well as what is right and wrong to do in daily life, is known as ethics. It is the creation of reasonable standards and procedures for making ethical decisions. 2 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) On the other hand, virtue ethics is a branch of ethics developed primarily by Aristotle and other ancient Greek thinkers that emphasizes the role of an individual’s character and virtues in determining the rightness of an action, as opposed to approaches that emphasize duties or rules or the consequences of actions. Steps in Ethical Decision Making are: 1. Identify the central ethical problem 2. Identify stakeholders and their interests 3. Find a possible solution to the dilemma 4. Evaluate each solution 5. Select and justify the solution that best solves the dilemma Virtue Ethics Rather than focusing on following rules, the emphasis in virtue ethics is on developing oneself as a good person. For example, suppose you were given the opportunity to donate to a charity. Donating, according to virtue ethicists, is the type of action that a virtuous person would take. Another example is deciding whether to lie or tell the truth; virtue ethicists ask whether they want to be honest or dishonest. Virtue ethicists’ value being a person who is honest, trustworthy, and generous, as well as other virtues that leads to a good life, over one’s ethical duty or obligations. 1.2 The qualities and principles of virtue ethics It is a known fact that humans enjoy virtue. Virtue, both civic and moral, is the path that leads to the greatest happiness for humans. This will lead us to a discussion of the virtue ethics principles and qualities. Thus, Virtue Ethics can be divided into two categories: moral virtues and civic virtues. 1.2.1 Moral virtues Refers to behaviors that allow a person to live reasonably in his or her community, region, or world. Moral virtues are dispositions that allow a person to live in accordance with their values. 3 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Honesty Honesty is a moral quality that entails positive and virtuous characteristics such as being truthful, trustworthy, loyal, fair, and sincere. Honesty is defined as the behavior and attitude of not telling or accepting lies. It is the practice of not stealing or cheating. In today’s society, a lack of honesty is a way for disaster. Individuals with public responsibility have been observed abusing public property on occasion. This is dishonesty. All of these are not characteristics of responsible citizens. Corruption not only leads to the mismanagement and abuse of resources, but it also has an impact on people’s minds. As a result, as responsible citizens, we must all fight dishonest and corrupt behavior. These are detrimental to progress and development. Courage Courage is the attitude of confronting and dealing with what is perceived to be difficult or painful rather than avoiding it; it is a quality of being fearless or brave. Compassion Compassion is an empathic understanding of another person’s feelings, accompanied by unselfishness or a desire to act on that person’s behalf. Compassion is the ability to empathize with others and care about their well-being, and it is thus an essential characteristic of citizens in a society dedicated to the common good. Generosity Generosity is defined as a moral disposition to expend time, effort, and resources for the benefit of others. The virtuous citizen is generous to others and the community as a whole. It is the quality of being kind and understanding, as well as the willingness to give others valuable things that is frequently defined as an act of selflessness. Fairness Fairness entails treating people fairly and not allowing your personal feelings to influence your decisions about others. Fairness is frequently defined as a method of evaluating people or situations that is free of bias. 4 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Fairness Fairness entails treating people fairly and not allowing your personal feelings to influence your decisions about others. Fairness is frequently defined as a method of evaluating people or situations that is free of bias. Prudence Prudence is the ability to make sound decisions in order to avoid danger or risk. It is an act of care, caution, and good judgement, as well as foresight. It entails exercising caution in your decisions and pausing to reflect before acting. 1.2.2 Civic virtues A civic virtue is a reasoned devotion or commitment that all citizens of a given state are expected to discharge or fulfil. It is profoundly applied or practiced if and only if citizens and students persistently internalized the aforementioned and other moral virtues, thereby incorporating them into their behavior or conduct. It refers to citizens actively participating in democracy for the private as well as the public good. 1. Paying Fair Taxes In addition to the other civic dispositions mentioned above, paying fair taxes a member of society is one of the responsibilities and obligations of a good citizen. Paying taxes allows the government to carry out its functions. As a result, every member of society must contribute to the government’s support. Tax evasion is the major problem of various countries. If a country is to proceed with its development, all citizens with income need to pay the right amount of tax. The contribution must be proportional to their respective income as much as possible. In other words, the more money one earns, the more taxes he or she must pay. Beside tax evasion, contraband is another problem that affects the economy of the country. It is an attempt to bring in or take out of the country commodities without paying the required taxes to the government. 5 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) 2. Staying informed It entails keeping up with current events by reading newspapers, listening to the radio, and watching television. This would inform citizens about what the government is doing and allow them to make informed decisions. Citizens and students, for example, must evaluate and be informed about social, economic, and political issues in their communities, regions, and country level. As a result, they are better able to make informed decisions. This could also assist citizens in carrying out their responsibilities effectively. It would also assist citizens in understanding what they are expected to do. 3. Participating in public government You are already aware that in a democracy, political power is vested in the people. As a result, it necessitates citizens’ active participation in their own affairs. Participation entails being involved in a variety of affairs at various levels and situations. This can occur at the local, regional, and national levels. Importance of virtue ethics Virtue ethics is critical for both individuals and societies. It instils life’s ideals and virtues. The following are some of the reasons why virtue ethics is important: It helps one to distinguish between right and wrong Enables to become responsible and contributing members in the society It helps in finding out the true purpose of life It also helps in building a positive approach to things It helps to eliminate problems of social evils from one’s life Virtue ethics in daily life You were introduced to the various virtues and principles of virtue ethics in previous lessons. These are positive characteristics such as honesty, compassion, truthfulness, fairness, prudence, generosity, self-discipline, and so on. Moral virtues are the worthy principles that one follows to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. These virtues are regarded as valuable in the development of a person’s character. Ethiopia’s future is in the hands of students. Our country’s future is dependent on the moral values instilled in them during their school years. 6 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Unit One: Virtue Ethics Review Questions I. Read the following questions carefully and write short answers. Question 1: What is virtue ethics? Answer: Question 2: What is morality? Answer: Question 3: Describe the meaning of virtue? Answer: Question 4: What is vice? Answer: 7 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Skills Questions Read the following questions and provide precise answers. Question 1: Compare and contrast identifying the central ethical problem with identifying stake holders in ethical decision making. Answer: Question 2: Describe the difference between how to find a possible solution to the dilemma with evaluating the solution. Answer: 8 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Skills Questions Read the following questions and provide precise answers. Question 3: What are moral virtues? Answer: Question 4: Distinguish the difference between courage and honesty. Answer: 9 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Interpersonal Skills Questions Read the following questions and provide precise answers. Question 1: State what compassion is and mention its significance for societies. Answer: Question 2: What does generosity mean and how and why is it important for societies? Answer: 10 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Interpersonal Skills Questions Read the following questions and provide precise answers. Question 3: What is fairness? How is it connected to the values of our societies? Answer: Question 4: Point out what self-discipline is. Do you think it has relevance for the common good? Justify your claims with an evidence. Answer: 11 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Course Integration (CI) Question 1: What is prudence? How do you connect it to disciplines such as philosophy and psychology? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Course Integration (CI) Question 2: How do you relate civic virtue with disciplines such as moral philosophy and civics? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 12 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Curriculum Plus (C+) Question 1: How do you connect paying taxes with subjects such as Economics and Business? _______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Curriculum Plus (C+) Question 2: What does staying informed mean in connection to the Medias and technologies? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 13 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) Question 1: What is the importance of virtue ethics for Ethiopian societies? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) Question 2: Why is virtue ethics practiced in our daily lives important for Ethiopian societies? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Question 1: Compare and contrast truthfulness and generosity and state the UN SDG goals that are linked with it. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Question 2: Why do you think Ethiopia’s future is in the hands of its students? Connect this with UN SDG goals. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Unit 2: State and Government Keywords Federal Government President Prime Minister State Unitary 2.1 State structures The concept of state structure is concerned with whether power is constitutionally devolved to lower administrative units or monopolized centrally by national governments. This means for example, in Ethiopia regional governments have constitutionally devolved powers and functions, whereas Kenya has centralized everything to the national government. Countries around the world use various forms of state structure for a variety of reasons. There are 3 types of state structures in the world: unitary, federal, and confederal. The Federal and Unitary systems are more common throughout the world, whereas the confederal system is not. In all cases, no structure is inherently democratic or undemocratic. Being federal is not a guarantee of being democratic, and being unitary does not automatically place a country under an undemocratic system. There are unitary states that have more democracy than federal states, and vice versa. 2.1.1 Unitary state structure In fact, a unitary state is a set of political arrangements in which all executive, legislative, and judicial powers are concentrated at the center. It may involve horizontal separation of powers, i.e. the separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers within a political unit. It will not, however, allow for vertical power separation between a political unit and its subunits. A unitary state may delegate such powers to a subordinate unit, but it does not allow for the division of powers. The fact that the delegation is not based on law, but on the will of the central state. Nonetheless, the unitary state structure is a widely used state structure around the world. Countries with homogeneous societies prefer unitary state structures because they are less tolerant of diversity. China, Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, France, Finland, Italy, Kenya, South Africa, Djibouti, and others are examples of unitary states. 16 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) The advantages of unitary state structures ✓ Provides uniformity of administration ✓ Equal access to public service ✓ Avoids the conflict of authority that might happen due to the division of power between the center and its territorial units. The disadvantages Unitary state structure Though the unitary state structure is used by the majority of states around the world, it has some limitations in practice. Some of the limitations are as follows: ❖ Concentration of Power ❖ Miss use of power ❖ None recognition of local diversities 2.1.2 Federal state structure Federalism is a type of state structure that has at least two levels of government: the central level and the lower level, which includes the territorial entities that make up the country. Ethiopian regions, for example, are comparable to states in the United States and provinces in Australia. In relation to issues that are important to everyone, the central level of government governs the entire country. Defense, foreign policy, citizenship, macroeconomic policy, and national infrastructure such as ports and airports are typically governed by the federal government. The regional level of government has authority over certain types of policy and legislation, which are usually of immediate concern to its own people. As a result, federalism allows different groups to share power over common interests. It allows different groups of people in different parts of the country to enjoy diversity. Thus, territorially large countries with diverse societies prefer federalism. Except for China, the majority of large countries use a federal state structure. The existence of written constitutions becomes necessary for the federal political system to function. First, the federal relationship must be established through a permanent covenant of union, which is usually found in a written constitution outlining how power is divided or shared. Article 51 of the FDRE constitution, for example, lists the federal government’s powers and functions. 17 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Article 52, on the other hand, discusses the powers and functions of regional governments. It states that “all powers not expressly delegated to the Federal Government alone, or concurrently to the Federal Government and the States, are reserved to the States.” In terms of usage, one-third of the world’s population is governed by states with some form of federal structure. The United States, Brazil, Pakistan, Australia, Mexico, Switzerland, Canada, Nigeria, and Ethiopia are among these countries. Advantages of federal state structure 1) The advocators of federalism provide the following advantages for adopting federalism. Federalism is the best fit for dealing with ineffective administrations and maintaining complex socioeconomic and political conditions. 2) To match increased population and territorial size- As a country’s territorial size expands, some peripheral areas become inaccessible and difficult to control by the central state. 3) To accommodate diversity - Internally, it is due to a fear that religious and ethnic differences will lead to conflict and externally, about a possible military and economic threat. Disadvantages federal state structure ✓ deficiency of authority over constituent states and individual citizens: ✓ unfit for a state without geographic continuity ✓ confusion and conflict of laws ✓ expenses and dalliance due to its duplicated system of legislation and administration ✓ affects the of power of legislation at the central unit on subjects that need uniform legislation 2.1.3 Confederation (Confederal arrangement) In modern science, claims have been made as to whether a confederation is a type of state or should be considered differently. A confederation is formed when a group of people or nations form an alliance. It allows each member to govern it while voluntarily agreeing to collaborate on common goals. The arrangement is so loose that the component states retain their sovereignty. There is a definite central organ that coordinates the confederal states’ common activities, but entirely dependent on what the state units are willing to delegate. 18 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) The functioning of the European Union is a good example of this type (EU). As a result, in the modern world, confederation exists as a form of commonwealth association or organization without state elements, as well as a form of government structure. A confederation’s main goals usually include common defense, common postal services and communication links, common commercial practices, and cultural unity measures 2.2 Systems of government 2.2.1 Parliamentary system of government A cabinet government or prime ministerial system of government is referred to as a parliamentary system of government. It is a type of government in which the party or coalition of parties with the most representation in the legislature (parliament) forms the government. The prime minister or chancellor is appointed by the leader of the party or coalition. The prime minister appoints executive members from parliament. It is a system in which the legislature and the executive work together and the latter is held accountable to the former. Thus, the parliamentary system is one in which the true executive, the prime minister or the head of government, is directly and legally accountable to the legislature. As a result, all ministers should be members of this party. While the nomination of the Prime Minister in Ethiopia adheres to international principles, it takes an unusual approach in nominating executives, who may or may not be members of the parliament. Article 74/2 states that the Prime Minister shall submit to the House of Peoples’ Representatives nominees for ministerial positions from members of the two Houses or from persons who are not members of either House but have the necessary qualifications. When a majority of the ruling party or parliament loses confidence in the prime minister, he or she may be removed from office. Some of the parliamentarian countries are such as Ethiopia, Denmark, Japan, Malaysia, Sweden, Germany, India, Italy, Pakistan, Botswana, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. The parliamentary system originated in the United Kingdom. Features of Parliamentary System A. Leadership of the prime minister B. Nominal head of state C. Political homogeneity D. Collective responsibility E. The fusion of power 19 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) 2.2.2 Presidential systems of government A presidential system, also known as a single executive system, is a type of government in which the executive branch is led by a president. In this country, the head of government and the head of state is the president and, so the head of government is also the head of state in most cases. The executive is separate from the legislature and is led by the head of government. In this system, there is separation of power, since the executive is distinct from the legislative branch. Another important feature is that the executive is not accountable to the legislature. It is customary in the United States and other similar countries to vote for president and Congress at the same time. Both are directly elected by the people and thus accountable to them. As a result, there is no fusion of legislative and executive power in the presidential system. The president is elected directly by the people and is not accountable to the legislature. The executive is constitutionally separated from the legislative branch. As a result, the legislature has no authority over executive ministers. France, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Kenya are examples of countries that use presidential forms of government. Features of Presidential System A. Superior position of president B. Separation of powers C. Process of impeachment D. The president has a fixed term of office 2.3 The Relationship and Difference between State and Government State and government are so closely related in political discourse. Hence, they are frequently used interchangeably. However, they are diametrically opposed concepts. Some of the issues concerning state-government relations are listed below: ✓ In the absence of government, state cannot exist; ✓ The Montevideo convention defines a state as having four components: population, territory, government, and sovereignty. This implies that the government is one of the four components of the state. ✓ Government is not only one of the elements, but the most important one. Because the state is an abstract entity, and hence all of the collective will of the state are expressed and 20 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) implemented through government. Government refers to the people, institutions, and rules that govern a country. ✓ Government is responsible for achieving all of a state’s objectives. It accomplishes the state’s goal. As a result, the government is referred to as the “brain of the state.” ✓ The state provides legitimacy to the government, and the government makes the state a reality. Thus, governments, along with other organs, form a state by wielding influence and control through law and coercion. ✓ All people who live in a state are subject to the state’s jurisdiction. However, the government is made up of only a few people. Only a few people make laws, implement laws, and carry out executive and judicial functions. While the state and government are inextricably linked in this way, they also have distinct differences. The distinctions between states and government are exemplified by the following ideas: A. State is a wider concept than government B. State is abstract while government is concrete C. Government is intrinsic while state is extrinsic to human beings D. State represents but government materializes political power in a given territory E. The state is almost permanent, whereas government is temporary 2.4 Forms of government in Ethiopia In this section, you are going to discuss different forms of government in Ethiopia, which is one of the ancient states in the world. A. Monarchical Regimes in Ethiopia The imperial system has existed until the 1974 in the country. The imperial form of government was Monarchical with absolutist and centralized administration. Power was transferred to descendants of the emperor. In line to this, the 1931 constitution of Ethiopia article 4 states that ‘the throne and the crown of the empire shall be transmitted to descendants of the emperor pursuant to the law of the imperial house’. The emperor was the law enforcer, law maker and partly adjudicator. Hence, the emperor had personalized power with unitary state structure. Though the constitution depicts two chambered parliament namely chamber of the Senate (yeheggue Mewossenga Meker beth) and the Chamber of Deputies (yeheggue Memriya Meker beth), law making power was controlled by the emperor. Peoples of the country had subject status, and members are nominated by the emperor to sit in chamber of Senate. 21 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) B. The military regime in Ethiopia The long persistent feudal system in Ethiopia was ended with coming of the derg regime into the power. The word Derg is the Arabic word to mean committee. It has the following features: ✓ Emerged to be military and dictatorial form of government in Ethiopia. ✓ Adopted unitary state structure. ✓ Replaced feudalism and monarchical systems by socialism and presidential systems of government respectively. ✓ Ended ancestral power succession to descents of the emperors. ✓ The working class became the sovereign power possessor by forming unicameral chambered parliament named as National Shengo. ✓ The president was the head of state and commander –in-chief of the national army. C. The post 1991 Republican form government The Dergue was deposed in May 1991. Following that Ethiopia adopted a republican form of government with a parliamentarian system of government since 1991. A republic is a type of government in which a state is ruled by citizens’ representatives. The main tool for practicing republicanism is to hold free, fair, and periodic elections. To that end, series of elections have been held in the country since the change of regime in 1991, despite their limitations. There were there were complains of one-party dominance, election rigging and corruptions. 2.4.1 Strengths and limitations of different forms of government in Ethiopia A. Strengths and limitations of the monarchical system in Ethiopia The monarchical system played an important role in state formation and nation building, which was followed by modernization. It also established a ministerial system in order to form a strong executive in the country. Regardless of government changes, all monarchical systems were unwavering in their commitment to ensuring sovereignty and national unity of the country. We can look at the Adwa victory, which became a symbol of independence for all black peoples around the world and was the result of Ethiopian patriotism. Furthermore, diplomatic successes contributed to the formation of a continental organization and the hosting of the current African Union. As a result, Addis Ababa has become Africa’s capital city. Despite the fact that the constitutional system is still in its infancy, the foundation of a written constitution in 1931 laid a remarkable foundation. However, the process of establishing a state and 22 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) nation building has not been completed. In most ways, it ignored the diversity of the country’s peoples. The continuation of ancestral power transfer, state religion, and the absence of a party system were among the major limitations of the monarchical system. B. Strengths and limitations of the military Regime in Ethiopia When the Derg regime succeeded the imperial system, it, like all its predecessors, was fully committed to the sovereignty and national unity, with the motto “Ethiopia First,” claiming the country’s indivisibility. It has maintained the diplomatic ties inherited from the imperial regime, but, with a more emphasis towards the East socialist blocs. Land redistribution to tillers and literacy campaigns were among critical successes. Furthermore, the regime’s successes included the decree of “equality of cultures” of different identity groups and Secularism. However, gross human rights violations, such as ‘Red Terror,’ have resulted in the deaths of a large number of people. Interstate and intrastate wars, as well as a mono-party system, have been discovered to be antithetical to the democratization process. The Effect of Seasons on Pastoral Activities Pastoralism is a term used to describe an economy based predominantly on the herding of animals, such as cattle, goats, sheep, and camels (see Fig. 2.10). Pastoral societies are most common in Eastern Africa. Among the best-known pastoral societies are the Masai of East Africa. Pastoralism is particularly well suited to life in harsh environments, such as arid grasslands and semi deserts. In these areas, poor soil does not sustain an agricultural economy, but the vegetation can be used for animal husbandry. The herds produce dairy foods, blood, meat, wool, hides, and dung. The dung is used for fuel. Pastoralists' movements are governed to a great extent by the needs of their animals. Many pastoralists migrate seasonally in search of pasture and water for their herds. This seasonal migration of pastoralists is known as transhumance. In Ethiopia, pastoralists inhabit, mainly, the southern, south eastern and north eastern parts of the country. Their modes of livelihood are based largely on pastoral activities, such as animal husbandry. As the areas they inhabit are rainfall shortage areas, it is likely that they move from one place to another in search of food and water for their cattle. In areas where the soil is productive, there are semi pastoralists. The livelihood of these pastoralists is based on both animal herding and farming. Such pastoralists stay relatively permanently in their areas till any change arises in the climatic condition. In general, pastoralists and/or semi pastoralists are affected by shortage of rain in a given wet seasons of the regions. 23 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Unit Two: State and Government Review Questions Read the following questions carefully and write short answers. Question 1: What is a state? Answer: Question 2: What is a unitary state? Answer: Question 3: Explain the advantages of unitary state structure. Answer: Question 4: What are the disadvantages of unitary state structure? Answer: 24 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Skills Questions Read the following questions and provide precise answers. Question 1: Mention about the meaning of federalism. Answer: Question 2: Point out the advantages of federalism. Answer: 25 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Skills Questions Read the following questions and provide precise answers. Question 3: List the disadvantages of federalism. Answer: Question 4: What does confederation mean? Answer: 26 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Interpersonal Skills Questions Read the following questions and provide precise answers. Question 1: Describe about parliamentary system and list its strengths and weaknesses. Answer: Question 2: What are the features of parliamentary system? Answer: 27 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Interpersonal Skills Questions Read the following questions and provide precise answers. Question 3: State about presidential systems of government and mention its strengths and weaknesses. Answer: Question 4: Compare and contrast state with government. Answer: 28 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Course Integration (CI) Question 1: What were the strengths of the monarchical regime in Ethiopia? Connect it to CI? ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Course Integration (CI) Question 2: State the limitations of the monarchical governments in Ethiopia. Connect it to CI. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 29 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Curriculum Plus (C+) Question 1: Describe the strengths of the military regime in Ethiopia. Connect it with C+. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Curriculum Plus (C+) Question 2: State the limitations of the military regime in Ethiopia. Connect it to C+. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 30 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) Question 1: What were the strengths of the post 1991 regime in Ethiopia? Connect it with IKS. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) Question 2: What were the limitations of the post 1991 regime in Ethiopia? Connect it to IKS. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 31 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8  LEBAWI INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY (LIA) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Question 1: Explain about the Montevideo Conference, and connect it with the UN SDG goals. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Question 2: Explain how the earliest Ethiopian state came into existence, and connect it with the UN SDG goals. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ 32 | 32 Lebawi International Academy (LIA) Citizenship Workbook for Grade 8