Physics Past Paper PDF 2024-25
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Uploaded by RespectableGreenTourmaline672
UMS Bhandar
2024
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This document appears to be a physics document, likely a part of a physics textbook containing information about electrostatic potential, electric energy, and electric field concepts. It discusses various formulae and examples of calculations for scalar and vector quantities. The document also includes images and tables that assist with understanding the theories.
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HkkSfrdh vè;k; 2 fLFkjoS|qr foHko rFkk /kfjrk 2.1 Hkwfedk vè;k; 5 rFkk 7 (d{kk 11) esa fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dh èkkj.kk ls vkidks ifjfpr djk;k x;k FkkA tc dksbZ cká cy fdlh oLrq dks ,d ¯cnq ls nwljs ¯cnq rd] fdlh vU; cy_ tSlsµfLaçx cy] xq#Roh; cy vkfn osQ fo...
HkkSfrdh vè;k; 2 fLFkjoS|qr foHko rFkk /kfjrk 2.1 Hkwfedk vè;k; 5 rFkk 7 (d{kk 11) esa fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dh èkkj.kk ls vkidks ifjfpr djk;k x;k FkkA tc dksbZ cká cy fdlh oLrq dks ,d ¯cnq ls nwljs ¯cnq rd] fdlh vU; cy_ tSlsµfLaçx cy] xq#Roh; cy vkfn osQ fo#¼] ys tkrk gS] rks ml cká cy }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z ml oLrq esa fLFkfrt ÅtkZ osQ :i esa la fpr gks tkrk gSA tc cká cy gVk fy;k tkrk gS rks oLrq xfr djus yxrh gS vkSj oqQN xfrt ÅtkZ vftZr dj ysrh gS] rFkk ml oLrq dh mruh gh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ de gks tkrh gSA bl çdkj oLrq dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ rFkk xfrt ÅtkZ dk ;ksx lajf{kr jgrk gSA bl çdkj osQ cyksa dks laj{kh cy dgrs gSaA fLaçx cy rFkk xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy laj{kh cy osQ mnkgj.k gSaA xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy dh Hkk¡fr nks fLFkj vkos'kksa osQ chp yxus okyk owQykWe cy Hkh laj{kh cy gksrk gSA ;g dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gS] D;ksafd xf.krh; :i esa ;g cy xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy osQ leku gS_ nksuksa esa nwjh dh O;qRØe oxZ fuHkZjrk gS vkSj çeq[k :i ls vkuqikfrdrk fLFkjkad esa fHkUurk gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k fu;e dh lagfr;k¡ owQykWe fu;e esa vkos'kksa }kjk çfrLFkkfir gks tkrh gSaA bl çdkj] xq#Roh; {ks=k esa lagfr;ksa dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dh gh Hkk¡fr ge fdlh fLFkjoS|qr {ks=k esa vkos'k dh fLFkjoS|qr fLFkfrt ÅtkZ dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaA vkos'k foU;kl osQ dkj.k fdlh fLFkjoS|qr {ks=k E ij fopkj dhft,A ljyrk dh n`f"V ls igys ewy ¯cnq ij fLFkr fdlh vkos'k Q osQ dkj.k {ks=k E ij fopkj djrs gSaA dYiuk dhft, fd ge dksbZ ijh{k.k vkos'k q dks vkos'k Q osQ dkj.k vkos'k q ij yxs çfrd"khZ cy osQ fo#¼] ¯cnq R ls ¯cnq P rd ykrs gSaA fp=k 2.1 osQ lanHkZ esa ,slk rHkh gksxk tc Q rFkk q nksuksa èkukRed 44 gksa vFkok nksuksa ½.kkRed gksaA lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy,] ge Q, q > 0 ekurs gSaA 2024-25 fLFkjoS|qr foHko rFkk /kfjrk ;gk¡ nks fVIif.k;k¡ dh tk ldrh gSaA igyh] ge ;g ekurs gSa fd ijh{k.k vkos'k q bruk NksVk gS fd ;g ewy foU;kl dks fo{kqCèk ugha djrk] ;kuh ewy ¯cnq ij fLFkr vkos'k Q dks fo{kqCèk ugha djrk (vU;Fkk ge fdlh vfufnZ"V cy }kjk vkos'k Q dks ewy ¯cnq ij n`0) osQ dkj.k ml ij vR;ar èkheh fu;r pky ls yk;k tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa] cká cy }kjk yxs çfrd"khZ cy osQ fo#¼ ¯cnq R ls ¯cnq P vkos'k ij fd;k x;k dk;Z oS|qr cy }kjk fd, x, dk;Z dk ½.kkRed rd ys tk;k tkrk gSA gksrk gS] rFkk iw.kZr% vkos'k q dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ osQ :i esa lafpr gks tkrk gSA ;fn P ij igq¡p dj cká cy dks gVk fn;k tk, rks oS|qr cy vkos'k q dks Q ls nwj Hkst nsxk µ P ij lafpr ÅtkZ (fLFkfrt ÅtkZ) vkos'k q dks xfrt ÅtkZ çnku djus esa [kpZ gks tkrh gS rFkk ;g bl > a) 4 πεo r 2 ; (2.15) tSlk fd laosQr fn;k x;k gS] lehdj.k (2.15) osQoy mu nwfj;ksa osQ fy, tks f}èkqzo osQ vkdkj dh rqyuk esa vR;fèkd cM+h gSa] ftlosQ dkj.k a/r osQ mPp dksfV osQ inksa dh ux.; ekudj mis{kk dj nh xbZ gS] gh lfUudVr% lR; gSA ijarq] fdlh ¯cnq f}èkzqo p osQ fy, ewy ¯cnq ij lehdj.k (2.15) ;FkkFkZ gSA lehdj.k (2.15) ls] f}èkzqo v{k (θ = 0, π) ij foHko 1 p V =± (2.16) 4πεo r 2 (/ukRed fpÉ θ = 0 osQ fy, rFkk ½.kkRed fpÉ θ = π osQ fy, gS)A fuj{kh; (fo"kqor) lery (θ = π/2) esa foHko 'kwU; gSA fdlh f}èkqzo osQ oS|qr foHko rFkk ,dy vkos'k osQ oS|qr foHko osQ rqyukRed egRoiw.kZ y{k.k lehdj.kksa (2.8) rFkk (2.15) ls Li"V gSa % (i) fdlh oS|qr f}èkqzo osQ dkj.k foHko osQoy nwjh r ij gh fuHkZj ugha djrk] oju~ fLFkfr lfn'k r rFkk f}èkzqo vk?kw.kZ p osQ chp osQ dks.k ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA (rFkkfi ;g p osQ ifjr% v{kr% lefer gksrk gSA vr% ;fn vki p osQ ifjr% fLFkfr lfn'k r dks] dks.k θ dks fu;r j[krs gq,] ?kw.kZu djk,¡] rks ¯cnq P osQ ln`'k ?kw.kZu osQ iQyLo:i cus 'kaoqQ ij ¯cnqvksa ij ogh foHko gksxk tks ¯cnq P ij gSA) (ii) vfèkd nwfj;kas ij oS|qr f}èkzqo osQ dkj.k foHko 1/r 2 osQ vuqikr esa ?kVrk gS] u fd 1/r osQ vuqikr esa] tks fd ,dy vkos'k osQ dkj.k foHko dk ,d vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.k gSA (blosQ fy, vki fp=k 2.4 esa n'kkZ, r o 1/r 2 rFkk 1/r o r osQ chp oØksa dk mYys[k dj ldrs gSa ftUgsa fdlh vU; lanHkZ esa [khapk x;k gS)A 2.5 vkos'kksa osQ fudk; osQ dkj.k foHko fdlh vkos'kksa q1, q2,…, qn osQ ,sls fudk; ij fopkj dhft, ftuosQ fdlh ewy ¯cnq osQ lkis{k fLFkfr lfn'k Øe'k% r1, r2,…, rn gSa (fp=k 2.6)A ¯cnq P ij vkos'k q1 osQ dkj.k foHko 1 q1 V1 = 4 πεo r1P ;gk¡ r 1P ¯cnq P rFkk vkos'k q1 osQ chp dh nwjh gSA blh izdkj ¯cnq P ij vkos'k q2 osQ dkj.k foHko V2 rFkk vkos'k q3 osQ dkj.k foHko V3 dks Hkh O;Dr dj ldrs gSa 1 q2 1 q3 V2 = , V3 = 4 πεo r2P 4 πε o r3P ;gk¡ r2P rFkk r 3P ¯cnq P dh Øe'k% q 2 rFkk q3 ls nwfj;k¡ gSaA blh fp=k 2.6 fdlh ¯cnq ij vkos'kksa osQ fudk; osQ dkj.k foHko çdkj ge vU; vkos'kksa osQ dkj.k ¯cnq P ij foHko O;Dr dj ml ¯cnq ij O;f"Vxr vkos'kksa osQ dkj.k foHkoksa osQ ;ksx osQ ldrs gSaA vè;kjksi.k fl¼kar osQ vuqlkj] leLr vkos'k foU;kl cjkcj gksrk gSA osQ dkj.k ¯cnq P ij foHko V, foU;kl osQ O;f"Vxr vkos'kksa osQ foHkoksa osQ chtxf.krh; ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gS % V = V1 + V2 +... + Vn (2.17) 1 q1 q 2 q 50 = + +...... + n (2.18) 4πεo r1P r2 P rnP 2024-25 fLFkjoS|qr foHko rFkk /kfjrk ;fn gekjs ikl vkos'k ?kuRo ρ osQ vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.k dk dksbZ larr vkos'k forj.k gS rks igys dh Hkk¡fr mls ge ∆v lkb”k osQ ρ∆v vkos'k;qDr y?kq vk;ru vo;oksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSaA rc ge çR;sd vk;ru vo;o osQ dkj.k foHko fuèkkZfjr djosQ vkSj leLr ;ksxnkuksa dk ;ksx djosQ (lgh 'kCnksa esa] lekdfyr djosQ) leLr vkos'k forj.k osQ dkj.k foHko Kkr dj ldrs gSaA vè;k; 1 esa ge vè;;u dj pqosQ gSa fd fdlh ,dleku vkosf'kr xksyh; [kksy osQ dkj.k fdlh ckgj fLFkr ¯cnq osQ fy, fo|qr {ks=k bl çdkj gksrk gS] ekuks [kksy dk leLr vkos'k mlosQ osQa nz ij laosaQfnzr gksA vr% [kksy osQ ckgj fLFkr fdlh ¯cnq ij vkosf'kr dks'k osQ dkj.k foHko 1 q V = (r ≥ R ) [2.19(a)] 4πε o r ;gk¡ q xksyh; [kksy ij leLr vkos'k rFkk R xksyh; dks'k dh f=kT;k gSA dks'k osQ Hkhrj fo|qr {ks=k 'kwU; gksrk gSA blls ;g èofur gksrk gS (nsf[k, vuqHkkx 2.6) fd [kksy osQ Hkhrj foHko fu;r jgrk gS (D;ksafd [kksy osQ Hkhrj vkos'k dks xfr djkus ls dksbZ dk;Z ugha gksrk)] vkSj] blhfy, ;g [kksy osQ i`"B osQ foHko osQ leku gksrk gSA 1 q V = [2.19(b)] 4πεo R mnkgj.k 2.2 3 × 10–8C rFkk –2 × 10–8C osQ nks vkos'k ,d&nwljs ls 15 cm nwjh ij j[ks gSaA bu nksuksa vkos'kksa dks feykus okyh js[kk osQ fdl ¯cnq ij oS|qr foHko 'kwU; gS\ vuar ij oS|qr foHko 'kwU; yhft,A gy eku yhft, èkukos'k ewy ¯cnq O ij j[kk gSA nksuksa vkos'kksa dks feykus okyh js[kk x-v{k gS_ rFkk ½.kkos'k ewy ¯cnq osQ nkbZ± vksj j[kk gS (fp=k 2.7 nsf[k,)A fp=k 2.7 eku yhft, x-v{k ij og okafNr ¯cnq P gS tgk¡ oS|qr foHko 'kwU; gSA ;fn ¯cnq P dk x-funsZ'kkad x gS] rks Li"V :i ls x èkukRed gksuk pkfg,A (x < 0 osQ fy, ;g laHko ugha gks ldrk fd nks vkos'kksa osQ dkj.k oS|qr foHko tqM+dj 'kwU; gks tk,A) ;fn x ewy ¯cnq O rFkk A osQ chp dgha fLFkr gS] rks 1 3 × 10–8 2 × 10–8 − –2 = 0 4 πε 0 x × 10 –2 (15 − x ) × 10 ;gk¡ x dks cm esa fy;k x;k gSA vFkkZr 3 2 − =0 x 15 − x vFkok x = 9 cm mnkgj.k 2.2 ;fn ¯cnq x foLrkfjr js[kk OA ij gS] rks okafNr 'krZ osQ vuqlkj 3 2 − =0 x x − 15 51 2024-25 HkkSfrdh vFkok mnkgj.k 2.2 x = 45 cm bl çdkj] èkukos'k ls 9 cm rFkk 45 cm nwj ½.kkos'k dh vksj oS|qr foHko 'kwU; gSA è;ku nhft,] ;gk¡ ifjdyuksa osQ fy, okafNr lw=k dks vuar ij oS|qr foHko 'kwU; ekudj gh O;qRiUu fd;k x;k FkkA mnkgj.k 2.3 (a) rFkk (b) esa Øe'k% ,dy /u rFkk ½.k vkos'kksa dh {ks=k js[kk,¡ n'kkZ;h xbZ gSa http://video.mit.edu/watch/4-electrostatic-potential-electric-energy-ev- fp=k 2.8 (a) foHkokarj VP – VQ; VB – VA osQ fpÉ crkb,A (b) ¯cnq Q vkSj P; A vkSj B osQ chp ,d NksVs ls ½.k vkos'k dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ osQ varj conservative-field-equipotential-surfaces-12584/ dk fpÉ crkb,A (c) Q ls P rd ,d NksVs /ukos'k dks ys tkus esa {ks=k }kjk fd, x, dk;Z dk fpÉ crkb,A (d) B ls A rd ,d NksVs ls ½.k vkos'k dks ys tkus osQ fy, cká lk/u }kjk fd, x, dk;Z dk fpÉ crkb,A (e) B ls A rd tkus esa D;k ,d NksVs ls ½.kkos'k dh xfrt ÅtkZ c (fLFkfrt ÅtkZ)B gSA vr% fLFkfrt ÅtkZ varj dk fpÉ èkukRed gSA HkkSfrdh (c) fdlh y?kq /ukos'k dks Q ls P rd ys tkus esa cká ,tsalh dks fo|qr {ks=k osQ fo#¼ dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA vr%] fo|qr {ks=k }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z ½.kkRed gSA mnkgj.k 2.3 (d) fdlh y?kq ½.kkos'k dks B ls A rd ys tkus esa cká ,tsalh dks dk;Z djuk gksrk gS tks /ukRed gSA (e) ½.kkos'k ij izfrd"khZ cy yxus osQ dkj.k osx ?kVrk gS vr% B ls A rd tkus esa 52 xfrt ÅtkZ ?kV tkrh gSA 2024-25 fLFkjoS|qr foHko rFkk /kfjrk 2.6 lefoHko i`"B dksbZ lefoHko i`"B ,slk i`"B gksrk gS ftlosQ i`"B osQ gj ¯cnq ij foHko fu;r jgrk gSA fdlh ,dy vkos'k q osQ fy,] lehdj.k (2.8) }kjk oS|qr foHkoµ 1 q V= 4πεo r blls ;g çdV gksrk gS fd ;fn r fu;r gS rks V fu;r jgrk gSA bl çdkj fdlh ,dy vkos'k osQ fy, lefoHko i`"B laosaQnzh xksys gksrs gSa ftuosQ osaQnz ij og vkos'k fLFkr gksrk gSA vc fdlh ,dy vkos'k q osQ fy, fo|qr {ks=k js[kk,¡ vkos'k ls vkjaHk gksus okyh vFkok ml vkos'k ij lekIr gksus okyh (;g fuHkZj djrk gS fd vkos'k q èkukRed gS vFkok ½.kkRed) vjh; js[kk,¡ gksrh gSaA Li"V gS] fdlh lefoHko i`"B osQ fdlh Hkh ¯cnq ij fo|qr {ks=k lnSo gh ml ¯cnq ij vfHkyacor gksrk gSA ;g O;kid :i ls lR; gS % fdlh Hkh vkos'k foU;kl osQ fy, fdlh Hkh ¯cnq ls xqtjus okyk lefoHko i`"B ml ¯cnq ij fo|qr {ks=k osQ vfHkyacor gksrk gSA bl çdFku dh O;qRifÙk ljy gSA ;fn fo|qr {ks=k lefoHko i`"B osQ vfHkyacor ugha gS_ rks bl {ks=k dk i`"B osQ vuqfn'k dksbZ 'kwU;srj ?kVd gksxkA fdlh ,dkad ijh{k.k vkos'k dk {ks=k osQ bl ?kVd dh fo#¼ fn'kk esa xfr djkus osQ fy, oqQN dk;Z djuk vko';d gksxkA ijarq ;g fdlh lefoHko i`"B dh ifjHkk"kk osQ fo#¼ gS % lefoHko i`"B osQ fdUgha Hkh nks ¯cnqvksa osQ chp dksbZ foHkokarj ugha gksrk] rFkk bl i`"B ij fdlh ijh{k.k vkos'k dks xfr djkus osQ fy, dksbZ dk;Z djuk vko';d fp=k 2.9 fdlh ,dy vkos'k ugha gksrkA vr% fdlh lefoHko i`"B osQ lHkh ¯cnqvksa ij fo|qr {ks=k i`"B osQ vfHkyacor gksrk q osQ fy, (a) lefoHko i`"B gSA lefoHko i`"B fdlh vkos'k foU;kl osQ pkjksa vksj dh fo|qr {ks=k js[kkvksa osQ n`';ksa osQ laosaQnzh xksyh; i`"B gksrs gSa oSdfYid n`'; çLrqr djrs gSaA ftuos Q osaQæ ij vkos'k fLFkr gksrk gS] rFkk (b) ;fn q > 0 gS] rks {ks=k js[kk,¡ vkos'k ls vkjaHk gksus okyh vjh; js[kk,¡ gksrh gSaA fp=k 2.10 fdlh ,dleku fo|qr {ks=k osQ fy, lefoHko i`"BA fdlh v{k osQ vuqfn'k] eku yhft, x-v{k osQ vuqfn'k fdlh ,dleku fo|qr {ks=k E osQ fy,] lefoHko i`"B x-v{k osQ vfHkyacor] vFkkZr y-z ry osQ lekarj ry gksrs gSa (fp=k 2.10)A fp=k 2.11 esa (a) fdlh oS|qr f}/qzo rFkk (b) esa nks loZle /ukos'kksa osQ dkj.k lefoHko i`"B rFkk oS|qr js[kk,¡ n'kkZbZ xbZ gSaA fp=k 2.11(a) fdlh oS|qr f}èkqzo rFkk (b) nks loZle /ukos'kksa osQ {ks=k osQ fy, oqQN lefoHko i`"BA 53 2024-25 HkkSfrdh 2.6.1 fo|qr {ks=k rFkk oS|qr foHko esa laca/ ,d&nwljs osQ ikl j[ks nks lefoHko i`"Bksa A rFkk B (fp=k 2.12) ftuosQ foHkoksa osQ eku Øe'k% V rFkk V + δV gSa] ;gk¡ δV fo|qr {ks=k E dh fn'kk esa V esa ifjorZu gSA eku yhft, i`"B B ij dksbZ ¯cnq P gSA eku yhft, i`"B A dh ¯cnq P ls yacor nwjh δl gSA ;g Hkh ekfu, fd fo|qr {ks=k osQ fo#¼ dksbZ ,dkad /ukos'k bl yac osQ vuqfn'k i`"B B ls i`"B A ij ys tk;k tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa fd;k x;k dk;Z |E|δ l gSA ;g dk;Z foHkokarj VA–VB osQ cjkcj gSA bl izdkj |E|δ l = V − (V +δV )= –δV vFkkZr |E|= − δV (2.20) δl Li"V gS fd δ V ½.kkRed gS] δV = – | δV| ge lehdj.k (2.20) dks nqckjk bl çdkj fy[k ldrs gSa % fp=k 2.12 foHko ls {ks=k ijA δV δV E =− =+ (2.21) δl δl bl çdkj ge fo|qr {ks=k rFkk oS|rq foHko ls lacfa èkr nks egRoiw.kZ fu"d"kks± ij igqp ¡ rs gSa µ (i) fo|qr {ks=k ml fn'kk esa gksrk gS tgk¡ foHko esa lokZfèkd ßkl gksrk gSA (ii) fdlh ¯cnq ij fo|qr {ks=k dk ifjek.k] ml ¯cnq ij lefoHko i`"B osQ vfHkyacor foHko osQ ifjek.k esa çfr ,dkad foLFkkiu ifjorZu }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA 2.7 vkos'kksa osQ fudk; dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ igys ge ,d ljy çdj.k ij fopkj djrs gSa ftlesa fdlh ewy ¯cnq osQ lkis{k r1 rFkk r2 fLFkfr lfn'kksa okys nks vkos'k q1 rFkk q2 gSaA vkb, bl foU;kl osQ fuekZ.k esa fd, x, dk;Z (cká) dk ifjdyu djsaA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd igys vkjaHk esa ge nksuksa vkos'kksa q1 rFkk q2 dks vuar ij ekusa rFkk ckn esa cká ,tsalh }kjk mUgsa budh orZeku fLFkfr;ksa rd ykus esa fd, x, dk;Z dk ifjdyu djsaA eku yhft,] ge igys vkos'k q1 dks vuar ls ¯cnq r1 rd ykrs gSaA pw¡fd bl fLFkfr esa dksbZ cká {ks=k ugha gS] ftlosQ fo#¼ dk;Z djus dh vko';drk iM+s] vr% q1 dks vuar ls r1 rd ykus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z 'kwU; gSA ;g vkos'k fno~QLFkku esa ,d foHko V1 mRiUu djrk gS 1 q1 V1 = 4 πεo r1P ;gk¡ r1P fno~QLFkku osQ fdlh ¯cnq P dh q1 dh fLFkfr ls nwjh gSA foHko dh ifjHkk"kk ls] vkos'k q2 dks vuar ls ¯cnq r2 rd ykus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z r2 ij q1 }kjk foHko dk q2 xquk gksrk gSµ 1 q1q 2 q2 ij fd;k x;k dk;Z = 54 4 πεo r12 2024-25 fLFkjoS|qr foHko rFkk /kfjrk ;gk¡ r12 ¯cnq 1 rFkk 2 osQ chp dh nwjh gSA p¡wfd fLFkjoS|rq cy laj{kh gS] ;g dk;Z fudk; dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ osQ :i esa lafpr gks tkrk gSA vr% nks vkos'kksa q1 rFkk q2 osQ fudk; dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ 1 q1q 2 fp=k 2.13 vkos'kksa q1 rFkk q2 osQ fudk; dh U = (2.22) 4 πεo r12 fLFkfrt ÅtkZ vkos'kksa osQ xq.kuiQy osQ Li"V gS] fd ;fn igys q2 dks mldh orZeku fLFkfr ij yk;k tkrk vkSj vuqØekuqikrh rFkk muosQ chp dh nwjh osQ rRi'pkr q1 dks yk;k tkrk] rks Hkh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ U bruh gh gksrhA vfèkd O;qRØekuqikrh gksrh gSA O;kid :i esa] lehdj.k (2.22) esa n'kkZ;k x;k fLFkfrt ÅtkZ osQ fy, O;atd] lnSo gh vifjofrZr jgrk gS] pkgs fufnZ"V LFkkuksa ij vkos'kksa dks fdlh Hkh çdkj ls yk;k tk,A ;g fLFkjoS|qr cyksa osQ fy, dk;Z dh iFk&Lora=krk osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA lehdj.k (2.22) q1 rFkk q2 osQ fdlh Hkh fpÉ osQ fy, lR; gSA ;fn q1 q2 > 0 gS] rks fLFkfrt ÅtkZ èkukRed gksrh gSA ;g visf{kr Hkh gS] D;ksafd ltkrh; vkos'kksa (q1 q2 > 0) osQ fy,] fLFkjoS|qr cy çfrd"khZ gksrk gS rFkk vkos'kksa dks vuar ls fdlh ifjfer nwjh rd bl çfrd"khZ cy osQ fo#¼ ykus esa èkukRed dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA blosQ foijhr] fotkrh; vkos'kksa (q1 q2 < 0) osQ fy, fLFkjoS|rq cy vkd"khZ gksrk gSA bl çdj.k es]a vkos'kksa dks mudh nh xbZ fLFkfr;ksa ls vuar rd bl vkd"khZ cy osQ fo#¼ ys tkus esa èkukRed dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] mRØfer iFk (vuar ls orZeku fLFkfr;ksa rd) osQ fy, dk;Z osQ ½.kkRed ifjek.k dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlosQ dkj.k fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ½.kkRed gksrh gSA lehdj.k (2.22) dks vklkuh ls vkos'kksa osQ fdruh Hkh la[;k osQ fudk; osQ fy, O;kid cuk;k tk ldrk gSA vkb,] vc ge rhu vkos'kksa q1, q2 rFkk q3 tks Øe'k% r1, r2 rFkk r3 ij fLFkr gSa] osQ fudk; dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ifjdfyr djsaA igyss q1 dks vuar ls r1 rd ykus esa dksbZ dk;Z ugha gksrkA rRi'pkr ge q2 dks vuar ls r2 rd ykrs gSaA igys dh gh Hkk¡fr bl pj.k esa fd;k x;k dk;Z 1 q1q 2 q2V1( r2 ) = (2.23) 4πε o r12 vkos'k q1 rFkk q2 vius pkjksa vksj foHko mRiUu djrs gSa] fdlh ¯cnq P ij ;g foHko 1 q1 q 2 V1, 2 = + 4 πε o r1P r2 P (2.24) vkos'k q3 dks vuar ls ¯cnq r3 rd ykus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z r3 ij V1,2 dk q3 xquk gksrk gSA 1 q1q 3 q 2q 3 vr% q 3V1,2 ( r3 ) = + (2.25) 4 πε o r13 r23 vkos'kksa dks mudh nh xbZ fLFkfr;ksa ij ,d=k djus esa fd;k x;k oqQy dk;Z fofHkUu pj.kksa ¹lehdj.k (2.23) rFkk lehdj.k (2.25)º esa fd, x, dk;ks± dk ;ksx djus ij çkIr gksrk gSA 1 q1q 2 q1q3 q 2q 3 U = + + (2.26) fp=k 2.14 fp=k esa fn, x, laoQs rkas lfgr lehdj.k 4 πε o r12 r13 r23 (2.26) esa rhu vkos'kksa osQ fudk; dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ ;gk¡ fiQj] fLFkjoS|qr cy dh laj{kh çÑfr osQ dkj.k (vFkok nh xbZ gSA rqY; :i esa] dk;Z dh iFk&Lora=krk) fLFkfrt ÅtkZ U dks vafre O;atd] lehdj.k (2.26), foU;kl dks fdl çdkj la;ksftr fd;k 55 x;k gS] mlosQ Øe ij fuHkZj ugha djrkA fLFkfrt ÅtkZ foU;kl dh 2024-25 HkkSfrdh orZeku voLFkk dk vfHkyk{kf.kd xq.k gksrk gS] ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj ugha djrk fd bl foU;kl dks fdl çdkj çkIr fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k 2.4 fp=k 2.15 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj pkj vkos'k Hkqtk d okys fdlh oxZ ABCD osQ 'kh"kks± ij O;ofLFkr fd, x, gSaA (a) bl O;oLFkk dks ,d lkFk cukus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z Kkr dhft,A (b) dksbZ vkos'k q0 oxZ osQ osaQnz E ij yk;k tkrk gS rFkk pkjksa vkos'k vius 'kh"kks± ij n` 0 osQ fy,] fo|qr {ks=k i`"B osQ cfgeqZ[kh vfHkyacor gS_ rFkk σ < 0 osQ fy,] fo|qr {ks=k i`"B osQ vareqZ[kh vfHkyacor gSA fp=k 2.17 fdlh vkosf'kr pkyd osQ i`"B ij fo|qr 2.9.1 fLFkjoS|qr ifjj{k.k {ks=k osQ fy, lehdj.k (2.35) O;qRiUu djus osQ fy,] pquk x;k xkmlh; i`"B (dksbZ fMfc;k)A fdlh ,sls pkyd osQ fo"k; esa fopkj dhft, ftlesa dksbZ dksVj (xqgk) gks rFkk ml dksVj osQ Hkhrj dksbZ vkos'k u gksA ,d fof'k"V ifj.kke ;g ns[kus dks feysxk fd pkgs dksVj dh dksbZ Hkh vkÑfr ,oa vkdkj D;ksa u gks] rFkk pkgs ml pkyd ij fdrus Hkh ifjek.k dk vkos'k gks vkSj fdruh Hkh rhozrk osQ cká {ks=k esa mls D;ksa u j[kk x;k gks] dksVj osQ Hkhrj fo|qr {ks=k 'kwU; gksrk gSA blh ifj.kke osQ ,d ljy çdj.k dks ge igys Hkh fl¼ dj pqosQ gSa % fdlh xksyh; dks'k osQ Hkhrj fo|qr {ks=k 'kwU; gksrk gSA dks'k osQ fy, ifj.kke dh O;qRifÙk esa geus dks'k dh xksyh; lefefr dk mi;ksx fd;k Fkk (vè;k; 1 nsf[k,)A ijarq fdlh pkyd dk (vkos'k eqDr) dksVj esa fo|qr {ks=k dk foyksiu] tSlk fd igys o.kZu fd;k tk pqdk gS] ,d vR;fèkd O;kid ifj.kke gSA blls lacafèkr ,d ifj.kke ;g Hkh gS fd ;fn pkyd vkosf'kr Hkh gS] vFkok fdlh cká fo|qr {ks=k }kjk mnklhu pkyd ij vkos'k çsfjr D;ksa u fd, x, gksa] leLr vkos'k osQoy pkyd 62 ij dksVj lfgr mlosQ cká i`"B ij fo|eku jgrk gSA 2024-25 fLFkjoS|qr foHko rFkk /kfjrk fp=k 2.18 esa fn, x, ifj.kkeksa dh O;qRifÙk dks ;gk¡ ge NksM+ jgs gSa] ijarq gesa budh egRoiw.kZ my>uksa dk è;ku gSA ckgj pkgs fdruk Hkh vkos'k rFkk oSQlk Hkh fo|qr {ks=k foU;kl D;ksa u gks] ml pkyd esa dksbZ Hkh dksVj cká fo|qr {ks=kksa osQ çHkko ls lnSo ifjjf{kr jgrh gS_ dksVj osQ Hkhrj fo|qr {ks=k lnSo gh 'kwU; gksrk gSA bls fLFkjoS|qr ifjj{k.k dgrs gSaA bl çHkko dk mi;ksx laosnu'khy midj.kksa dks cká fo|qr çHkkoksa ls cpkus esa fd;k tkrk gSA fp=k 2.19 esa fdlh pkyd osQ egRoiw.kZ fLFkjoS|qr xq.kèkeks± dk lkjka'k fn;k x;k gSA fp=k 2.18 fdlh Hkh pkyd dh dksVj (xqgk) osQ Hkhrj fo|qr {ks=k 'kwU; gksrk gSA pkyd dk leLr vkos'k dksVj lfgr ml pkyd osQ osQoy cká i`"B ij gh fo|eku jgrk gS (dksVj osQ Hkhrj dksbZ vkos'k ugha j[ks x, gSa)A fp=k 2.19 fdlh pkyd osQ oqQN egRoiw.kZ fLFkjoS|qr xq.kèkeZA mnkgj.k 2.7 (a) lw[ks ckyksa esa da?kk ?kqekus osQ ckn og dkx”k osQ VqdM+ksa dks vkdf"kZr dj ysrk gS] D;ksa\ ;fn cky Hkhxs gksa ;k o"kkZ dk fnu gks rks D;k gksrk gS\ ¹è;ku jgs fd dkx”k fo|qr pkyd ugha gSAº (b) lkèkkj.k jcj fo|qrjksèkh gSA ijarq ok;q;ku osQ fo'ks"k jcj osQ ifg, gyosQ pkyd cuk, tkrs gSaA ;g D;ksa vko';d gS\ (c) tks okgu Toyu'khy inkFkZ ys tkrs gSa mudh èkkrq dh jfLl;k¡ (”kathjsa) okgu osQ xfre; gksus ij èkjrh dks Nwrh jgrh gSa] D;ksa\ (d) ,d fpfM+;k ,d mPp 'kfDr osQ [kqys (vjf{kr) fctyh osQ rkj ij cSBh gS] vkSj mldks oqQN ugha gksrkA èkjrh ij [kM+k ,d O;fDr mlh rkj dks Nwrk gS vkSj mls lka?kkfrd (?kkrd) èkDdk yxrk gS] D;ksa\ mnkgj.k 2.7 gy (a) bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd oaQ?kk ?k"kZ.k }kjk vkosf'kr gksrk gSA vkosf'kr oaQ?ks }kjk dkx”k osQ v.kq /qzfor gks tkrs gSa] ifj.kkeLo:i ,d usV vkd"khZ cy izkIr gksrk gSA ;fn ckyksa esa ueh gS vFkok o"kkZ dk fnu gS rks oaQ?ks vkSj ckyksa osQ chp ?k"kZ.k de gks tkrk gS rFkk oaQ?kk vkosf'kr ugha gksrkA vr% og dkx”k osQ NksVs VqdM+ksa dks vkd£"kr ugha djrkA 63 2024-25 HkkSfrdh (b) ftlls ?k"kZ.k }kjk mRiUu vkos'k dk Hkwfe esa pkyu gks losQA pw¡fd fLFkjoS|qr vkos'k vR;fèkd ek=kk esa Vk;jksa osQ i`"B ij lafpr gksdj fpuxkjh (LikoZQ) iSnk djrk gS ftlls mnkgj.k 2.7 vkx yx ldrh gSA (c) dkj.k (b) osQ leku ghA (d) fo|qr /kjk osQoy rc gh izokfgr gksrh gS tc foHkokarj gksrk gSA 2.10 ijkoS|qr rFkk /qzo.k ijkoS|qr vpkyd inkFkZ gksrs gSaA pkydksa dh rqyuk esa buesa dksbZ vkos'k okgd ugha (vFkok ux.;) gksrkA vuqHkkx (2.9) dks ;kn dhft,] D;k gksrk gS tc fdlh pkyd dks fdlh cká fo|qr {ks=k esa j[kk tkrk gS\ pkyd esa eqDr vkos'k okgd xfr djosQ vius dks bl çdkj lek;ksftr dj ysrs gSa fd çsfjr vkos'kksa osQ dkj.k fo|qr {ks=k cká {ks=k dk fojksèk djrk gSA ;g ml le; rd gksrk jgrk gS tc rd fd fLFkj fLFkfr esa nksuksa {ks=k ,d-nwljs dk fujlu dj nsrs gSa rFkk pkyd osQ Hkhrj usV fLFkjoS|qr {ks=k 'kwU; gksrk gSA fdlh ijkoS|qr esa vkos'k dh ;g eqDr xfr laHko ugha gksrhA fiQj Hkh ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd cká {ks=k ijkoS|qr osQ i`"B ij oqQN vkos'k çsfjr dj nsrk gS tks ,d ,slk {ks=k mRiUu djrk gS tks cká {ks=k dk fojksèk djrk gSA ijarq pkyd ls fHkUu] bl çdkj dk çsfjr fo|qr {ks=k cká {ks=k dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa fp=k 2.20 fdlh cká fo|qr {ks=k esa fdlh pkyd rFkk fujf{kr ugha djrkA ;g osQoy {ks=k dks ?kVk nsrk gSA bl çHkko dh ijkoS|qr osQ O;ogkj esa va rjA lhek ijkoS|qr dh çÑfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA bl çHkko dks le>us osQ fy, gesa fdlh ijkoS|rq inkFkZ esa vkf.od Lrj ij vkos'k forj.k osQ vè;;u dh vko';drk gksxhA fdlh inkFkZ osQ v.kq èkzqoh vFkok vèkzqoh gks ldrs gSaA fdlh vèkqzoh v.kq esa èkukos'k rFkk ½.kkos'k osQ osaQnz laikrh gksrs gSaA rc v.kq dk dksbZ LFkk;h (vFkok vkarfjd) f}èkzqo v/zqoh v.kq vk?kw.kZ ugha gksrkA vkWDlhtu (O2) rFkk gkbMªkstu (H2) v.kq vèkzqoh v.kqvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSa ftuesa lefefr osQ dkj.k dksbZ f}èkzoq vk?kw.kZ ugha gksrkA blosQ foijhr dksbZ èkqoz h v.kq og gksrk gS ftlesa èkukos'kksa rFkk ½.kkos'kksa osQ osaQnz i`Fkd&i`Fkd (ml fLFkfr esa Hkh tc dksbZ cká {ks=k ugha gS) gksrs gSaA ,sls v.kqvksa esa LFkk;h f}èkzqo vk?kw.kZ gksrk gSA HCl tSlk vk;uh v.kq vFkok ty (H2O) dk dksbZ v.kq èkzqoh v.kqvksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA /zoq h v.kq fdlh cká fo|qr {ks=k esa vèkqzoh v.kq osQ èkukos'k rFkk ½.kkos'k foijhr fn'kkvksa esa foLFkkfir gks tkrs gSaA ;g fp=k 2.21 èkzqoh rFkk vèkzqoh v.kqvksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.kA foLFkkiu rc #drk gS tc v.kq osQ vo;oh vkos'kksa ij cká cy çR;ku;u cy (v.kq esa vkarfjd {ks=kksa osQ dkj.k) }kjk larqfyr gks tkrk gSA vr% vèkqzoh v.kq ,d çsfjr f}èkzqo 64 vk?kw.kZ fodflr dj ysrk gSA ml fLFkfr esa ijkoS|qr dks cká {ks=k }kjk èkqzfor dgk tkrk gSA ge 2024-25 fLFkjoS|qr foHko rFkk /kfjrk osQoy ml ljy fLFkfr ij gh fopkj djsaxs ftlesa çsfjr f}èkzqo vk?kw.kZ {ks=k dh fn'kk esa gksrk gS rFkk {ks=k dh rhozrk osQ vuqØekuqikrh gksrk gSA (inkFkZ ftuosQ fy, ;g vfHk/kj.kk lR; gS mUgsa jSf[kd lenSf'kd ijkoS|qr dgrs gSa) fofHkUu v.kqvksa osQ çsfjr f}èkzqo vk?kw.kZ ,d-nwljs ls tqM+dj cká {ks=k dh mifLFkfr esa ijkoS|qr dk usV f}èkqzo vk?kw.kZ çnku djrs gSaA èkzqoh v.kqvksa dk dksbZ ijkoS|qr fdlh cká {ks=k esa ,d usV f}èkqzo vk?kw.kZ Hkh fodflr dj ysrk gS] ijarq v/zqoh v.kq bldk dkj.k fHkUu gksrk gSA fdlh cká {ks=k dh vuqifLFkfr esa] fofHkUu LFkk;h f}èkzqo rkih; fo{kksHk osQ dkj.k ;kn`fPNd vfHkfoU;kflr gksrs gaS_ vr% oqQy f}èkzqo vk?kw.kZ 'kwU; gksrk gSA tc dksbZ cká {ks=k vuqç;qDr fd;k tkrk gS rks O;f"Vxr f}èkzqo vk?kw.kZ {ks=k osQ lkFk la jsf[kr gksus yxrs gSaA tc lc v.kqvksa ij bldk ;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks cká {ks=k dh fn'kk esa ,d usV f}èkqzo vk?kw.kZ ik;k tkrk gS] vFkkZr] ijkoS|qr èkqzfor gks tkrk gSA èkqzo.k dh lhek nks ijLij /zqoh v.kq fojksèkh dkjdksa dh vkisf{kd rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrh gS] tks bl çdkj gSa % fo|qr {ks=k esa f}èkzqo fLFkfrt fp=k 2.22 fdlh cká fo|qr {ks=k esa dksbZ ijkoS|qr fdl çdkj ,d usV f}èkqzo vk?kw.kZ fodflr djrk gSA (a) vèkqzoh v.kq] (b) èkqzoh v.kqA ÅtkZ tks f}èkqzo dks {ks=k ds lkFk la jsf[kr djus dk iz;kl djrh gS] rFkk rkih; mQtkZ tks la js[k.k dks fcxkM+us dk ç;kl djrh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr vèkzqoh v.kqvksa dh Hkk¡fr ;gk¡ Hkh çsfjr f}èkzqo vk?kw.kZ çHkko gks ldrk gS] ijarq O;kid :i esa la js[k.k çHkko èkqzoh v.kqvksa osQ fy, vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA bl çdkj nksuksa gh çdj.kksa esa] pkgs èkqzoh gks vFkok vèkzqoh] ijkoS|qr fdlh cká {ks=k dh mifLFkfr esa ,d usV f}èkqzo vk?kw.kZ fodflr dj ysrs gSaA fdlh inkFkZ dk çfr ,dkad vk;ru f}èkqzo vk?kw.kZ mldk èkqzo.k dgykrk gS rFkk bls P }kjk fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gSA jSf[kd lenSf'kd ijkoS|qrksa osQ fy, P =Eo χe E (2.37) ;gk¡ χeijkoS|qr dk fLFkj vfHky{k.k gS ftls ijkoS|qr ekè;e dh oS|qr ço`fÙk (electric susceptibility) dgrs gSaA bldks (χe dks) inkFkZ osQ vkf.od xq.k ls lacafèkr djuk laHko gS] ijarq ge ;gk¡ bl ij ppkZ ugha djsaxsA vc ç'u ;g gS fd dksbZ èkzqfor ijkoS|qr vius Hkhrj fdlh ewy cká {ks=k dks :ikarfjr oSQls djrk gS\ ljyrk dh n`f"V ls ge fdlh ,sls vk;rkdkj ijkoS|qr xqVosQ ij fopkj djrs gSa tks fdlh ,sls ,dleku cká {ks=k Eo esa j[kk gS] tks xqVosQ osQ nks iQydksa osQ lekarj gSA {ks=k osQ dkj.k ijkoS|qr esa ,dleku èkzqo.k P gksrk gSA bl çdkj xqVosQ osQ çR;sd vk;ru vYika'k ∆v dk {ks=k dh fn'kk esa ,d f}èkzqo vk?kw.kZ P ∆v gksrk gSA LFkwy :i ls vk;ru vYika'k ∆v NksVk gksrk gS] ijarq blesa vR;f/d la[;k esa 65 2024-25 HkkSfrdh vkf.od f}èkzqo gksrs gSaA ijkoS|qr ds Hkhrj fdlh Hkh LFkku ij vk;ru vYika'k ∆v ij dksbZ usV vkos'k ugha gksrk (;|fi bldk usV f}èkzqo vk?kw.kZ gksrk gS)A bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ,d f}èkzqo osQ èkukos'k vius ls layXu f}èkzqo osQ ½.kkos'k osQ fudV gksrs gSaA ijarq] ijkoS|qr osQ i`"B ij fo|qr {ks=k osQ vfHkyacor Li"V :i ls ,d usV vkos'k ?kuRo gksrk gSA tSlk fd fp=k 2.23 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS] nk,¡ i`"B ij f}èkzqoksa osQ èkukRed fljs rFkk ck,¡ i`"B ij f}èkqzoksa osQ ½.kkRed fljs vuqnkflr jg tkrs gSaA vlarqfyr vkos'k cká {ks=k osQ dkj.k çsfjr vkos'k gksrs gSaA vr% èkqzfor ijkoS|qr nks vkosf'kr i`"Bksa osQ rqY; gksrk gS] ftuosQ çsfjr i`"Bh; vkos'k ?kuRo] σp rFkk –σp gSaA Li"V gS fd bu i`"Bh; vkos'kksa }kjk mRiUu fo|qr {ks=k cká {ks=k dk fojksèk djrs gSaA bl çdkj ijkoS|qr esa oqQy {ks=k] ml çdj.k dh rqyuk esa ftlesa dksbZ ijkoS|qr ugha gS] de gks tkrk gSA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd] i`"Bh; vkos'k ?kuRo ± σp ijkoS|qr esa eqDr vkos'kksa osQ dkj.k ugha oju~ ifjc¼ fp=k 2.23 dksbZ ,dleku èkqzfor ijkoS|qr vkos'kksa ls mRiUu gksrk gSA i`"Bh; vkos'k ?kuRo osQ leku gksrk gS] ijarq fdlh vk;ruh vkos'k ?kuRo osQ ughaA 2.11 la/kfj=k rFkk /kfjrk dksbZ laèkkfj=k fo|qrjksèkh }kjk i`Fkd nks pkydksa dk ,d fudk; gksrk gS (fp=k 2.24)A pkydksa ij vkos'k Q1 rFkk Q2 rFkk muosQ foHko Øe'k% V1 rFkk V2 gSaA çk;%] O;ogkj esa] nks pkydksa ij vkos'k Q rFkk −Q gksrs gSa rFkk muesa foHkokarj V = V1 −V2 gksrk gSA ge osQoy blh çdkj osQ foU;kl osQ laèkkfj=k ij fopkj djsaxsA (,d ljy pkyd dks Hkh la/kfj=k dh Hkk¡fr iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn nwljs dks vuar ij ekus) nksuksa pkydksa dks fdlh cSVjh osQ nks VfeZuyksa ls la;ksftr djosQ vkosf'kr djk;k tk ldrk gSA Q dks laèkkfj=k dk vkos'k dgrs gSa] ;|fi] okLro esa ;g laèkkfj=k osQ ,d pkyd ij vkos'k gksrk gSµlaèkkfj=k dk oqQy vkos'k 'kwU; gksrk gSA pkydksa osQ chp osQ {ks=k esa fo|qr {ks=k vkos'k Q osQ vuqØekuqikrh gksrk gSA vFkkZr] ;fn laèkkfj=k ij vkos'k nksxquk dj fn;k tk, rks gj ¯cnq ij fo|qr {ks=k nksxquk gks tk,xkA (;g owQykWe osQ fu;e rFkk vè;kjksi.k fl¼kar }kjk varfuZfgr fo|qr {ks=k rFkk vkos'k osQ chp vuqØekuqikr dk vuqxkeh gSA) vc] foHkokarj V fdlh y?kq ijh{k.k vkos'k dks {ks=k osQ fo#¼ pkyd 2 ls 1 rd ys tkus esa çfr ,dkad èkukos'k }kjk fd, x, dk;Z osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA blosQ iQyLo:i] V Hkh Q osQ vuqØekuqikrh gS] rFkk vuqikr Q/V ,d fu;rkad gS µ Q C= (2.38) V ;gk¡ C ,d fu;rkad gS ftls laèkkfj=k dh èkkfjrk dgrs gSaA tSlk fd igys o.kZu fd;k tk pqdk gS èkkfjrk C vkos'k Q vFkok foHkokarj V ij fuHkZj ugha djrhA èkkfjrk C osQoy nks pkydksa osQ fudk; osQ T;kferh; foU;kl (vkdkj] vkÑfr] i`Fkdu) ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ¹tSlk fd ge vkxs ns[ksaxs] ;g nksuksa pkydksa dks i`Fkd pkyd 1 pkyd 2 djus okys ekè;e vFkkZr fo|qrjksèkh (ijkoS|rq ) dh çÑfr ij fuHkZj fp=k 2.24 fo|qrjksèkh ls i`Fkd nks pkydksa dk dksbZ fudk; djrh gSºA èkkfjrk dk SI ,dkad 1 iSQjM = 1 owQykWe çfr oksYV laèkkfj=k dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA vFkok 1F = 1 C V–1 gSA fu;r èkkfjrk osQ laèkkfj=k dk çrhd 66 --||--] tcfd ifjorhZ èkkfjrk osQ laèkkfj=k dk çrhd gSA 2024-25 fLFkjoS|qr foHko rFkk /kfjrk lehdj.k (2.38) ;g n'kkZrh gS fd cM+s C osQ fy, ;fn Q fu;r gS rks V y?kq gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd cM+k laèkkfj=k y?kq foHko V ij vis{kkÑr vkos'k Q osQ cM+s ifjek.k dks ifjc¼ dj ldrk gSA bldh O;kogkfjd mi;ksfxrk gSA mPp foHkokarj esa pkyd osQ pkjksa vksj çcy fo|qr {ks=k dh mifLFkfr varfuZfgr gSA dksbZ çcy fo|qr {ks=k pkjksa vksj dh ok;q dks vk;uhÑr djosQ mRiUu vkos'kksa dks Rofjr dj ldrk gS tks fotkrh; vkosf'kr ifêðdkvksa ij igq¡pdj mUgsa vkaf'kd mnklhu dj ldrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] laèkkfj=k dk vkos'k nksuksa ifêðdkvksa osQ chp osQ ekè;e dh fo|qrjksèkh {kerk esa ßkl osQ dkj.k {kfjr gks ldrk gSA og vfèkdre fo|qr {ks=k ftls dksbZ ijkoS|qr ekè;e fcuk Hkatu (mlosQ fo|qrjksèkh xq.kèkeZ) osQ lgu dj ldrk gS] ml ekè;e dh ijkoS|qr lkeF;Z dgykrh gSA ok;q osQ fy, ;g yxHkx 3 × 106 V m–1 gSA nks pkydksa osQ chp 1 cm dksfV osQ i`Fkdu osQ fy, ;g {ks=k pkydksa osQ chp 3 × 104 V foHkokarj osQ rnuq:ih gksrk gSA vr% fdlh laèkkfj=k osQ fy, fcuk fdlh {kj.k osQ vR;fèkd ek=kk esa vkos'k dks lafpr djus osQ fy, mldh èkkfjrk dks bruk vfèkd mPp vo'; gksuk pkfg, fd muosQ chp foHkokarj vFkok fo|qr {ks=k mldh Hkatu lhek ls vfèkd u gksA bls fHkUu 'kCnksa esa bl çdkj Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh fn, x, laèkkfj=k dh fcuk fdlh lkFkZd {kj.k osQ vkos'k dks lafpr djus dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA O;ogkj esa] 1 iSQjM] èkkfjrk dk cgqr cM+k ek=kd gS] èkkfjrk osQ vfèkd lkekU; ek=kd] bl ek=kd (vFkkZr iSQjM) osQ viorZd gSa% 1 µF = 10−6 F, 1 nF = 10−9 F, 1 pF = 10−12 F vkfnA vkos'kksa dks lafpr djus osQ vfrfjDr laèkkfj=k vfèkdka'k çR;korhZ èkkjk ifjiFkksa (ac ifjiFkksa) esa çeq[k vo;oksa osQ :i esa mi;ksx gksrs gSaA vè;k; 7 esa ac ifjiFkksa esa laèkkfj=kksa osQ egRoiw.kZ çdk;ks± dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA 2.12 lekarj if^dk la/kfj=k fdlh lekarj ifêðdk laèkkfj=k esa nks cM+h lery ,d-nwljs osQ lekarj pkyd ifêðdk,¡ gksrh gSa] ftuosQ chp i`Fkdu de gksrk gS (fp=k 2.25)A ge loZçFke nks ifêðdkvksa osQ chp ekè;e osQ :i esa fuokZr dks ysrs gSaA vxys vuqHkkx esa ifêðdkvksa osQ chp ijkoS|qr ekè;e osQ çHkko dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA eku yhft, çR;sd ifêðdk dk {ks=kiQy A rFkk muosQ chp i`Fkdu d gSA nksuksa ifêðdkvksa ij vkos'k Q rFkk −Q gSA pw¡fd ifêðdkvksa dh jSf[kd foekvksa dh rqyuk esa d cgqr NksVk gS (d2 a 'krZ osQ lkFk ykxw gksrk gSA 4. fLFkfr lfn'k r1, r2,..., rn osQ vkos'kksa q1, q2,..., qn osQ vkos'k foU;kl dk vè;kjksi.k fl¼kar }kjk fdlh ¯cnq P ij foHko 1 q1 q2 q V = ( + +... + n ) 4 πε o r1P r2P rnP ;gk¡ ij r1P vkos'k q1 rFkk P osQ chp] r2P vkos'k q2 rFkk P osQ chp dh nwjh gS] rFkk vU; nwfj;k¡ blh izdkj gSaA 5. lefoHko i`"B ,d ,slk i`"B gksrk gS ftlosQ lHkh ¯cnqvksa ij foHko dk leku eku gksrk gSA fdlh ¯cnq vkos'k osQ fy,] ml vkos'k dks osaQnz ekudj [khaps x, laosaQnzh xksys lefoHko i`"B gksrs gSaA lefoHko i`"B osQ fdlh ¯cnq ij fo|qr {ks=k E ml ¯cnq ls xq”kjus okys vfHkyac osQ vuqfn'k gksrk gSA E dh fn'kk ogh gksrh gS ftl fn'kk esa oS|qr foHko rhozrk ls ?kVrk gSA 6. fdlh vkos'kksa osQ fudk; esa lafpr fLFkfrt ÅtkZ (fdlh cká cy }kjk) vkos'kksa dks mudh fLFkfr;ksa ij ykdj ,d=k djus esa fd, tkus okys dk;Z osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA nks vkos'kksa q1 rFkk q2 dh r1 rFkk r2 ij fLFkfrt ÅtkZ 1 q1 q2 U = 4 πε o r12 ;gk¡ r12 nks vkos'kksa q1 rFkk q2 osQ chp dh nwjh gSA 7. fdlh cká foHko V(r) esa vkos'k q dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ q V (r) gksrh gSA ,dleku fo|qr {ks=k E esa fdlh f}èkqzo p dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ –p.E gksrh gSA 75 2024-25 HkkSfrdh 8. fdlh pkyd osQ vH;arj esa fLFkjoS|qr {ks=k E 'kwU; gksrk gSA fdlh vkosf'kr pkyd osQ i`"B osQ rqjar ckgj E i`"B osQ vfHkyacor~ gksrk gSA σ E= ˆ ε0 ] ;gk¡ n̂ cfgeZq[kh vfHkyac osQ vuqfn'k ,dkad lfn'k rFkk σ i`"Bh; vkos'k ?kuRo n gSA fdlh pkyd osQ vkos'k osQoy mlosQ i`"B ij gh fo|eku jg ldrs gSaA fdlh pkyd osQ varxZr (Hkhrj) rFkk mlosQ i`"B ij foHko gj ¯cnq ij fu;r jgrk gSA pkyd osQ Hkhrj fdlh vkos'kfoghu dksVj (xqgk) esa fo|qr {ks=k 'kwU; gksrk gSA 9. laèkkfj=k nks ,sls pkydksa dk fudk; gksrk gS tks fdlh fo|qrjksèkh }kjk ,d-nwljs ls i`Fkd jgrs gSaA bldh èkkfjrk C dks C = Q/V }kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] ;gk¡ Q rFkk −Q blosQ nks pkydksa osQ vkos'k gSa rFkk V bu nksuksa osQ chp foHkokarj gSA C dk fuèkkZj.k iw.kZr;k laèkkfj=k dh T;kferh; vkÑfr] vkdkj] nks pkydksa dh vkisf{kd fLFkfr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA èkkfjrk dk ,dkad iSQjM gS% 1 F = 1 C V–1 fdlh lekarj ifêðdk laèkkfj=k (ifêðdkvksa osQ chp fuokZr) osQ fy, C = ε o A/d ;gk¡ A çR;sd ifêðdk dk {ks=kiQy rFkk d buosQ chp dk i`Fkdu gSA 10. ;fn fdlh laèkkfj=k dh nks ifêðdkvksa osQ chp dksbZ fo|qrjksèkh inkFkZ (ijkoS|qr) Hkjk gS] rks vkosf'kr ifêðdkvksa osQ fo|qr {ks=k osQ dkj.k ijkoS|qr esa usV f}èkqzo vk?kw.kZ çsfjr gks tkrk gSA bl çHkko] ftls èkqoz.k dgrs gSa] osQ dkj.k foijhr fn'kk esa ,d fo|qr {ks=k mRiUu gksrk gSA blls ijkoS|rq osQ Hkhrj usV fo|qr {ks=k] rFkk blhfy, ifêðdkvksa osQ chp foHkokarj ?kV tkrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i laèkkfj=k dh èkkfjrk C, C0 (tcfd ifêðdkvksa osQ chp dksbZ ekè;e ugha vFkkZr fuokZr gS) ls ck tkuk pkfg, fd çR;sd vkos'k oqQN vfufnZ"V cyksa] tks ml vkos'k ij yxs usV owQykWe cy dk fojksèk djrs gSa] osQ çHkko ls fojke esa gSA 2. dksbZ laèkkfj=k bl çdkj foU;kflr gksrk gS fd og fo|qr {ks=k js[kkvksa dks ,d NksVs {ks=k rd gh lhfer fd, j[krk gSA bl çdkj] ;|fi fo|qr {ks=k dkiQh çcy gks ldrk gS ijarq laèkkfj=k dh nks ifê ðdkvksa osQ chp foHkokarj de gksrk gSA 3. fdlh xksyh; vkosf'kr dks'k osQ i`"B osQ vkj&ikj fo|qr {ks=k larr ugha gksrkA xksys osQ Hkhrj ;g 'kwU; rFkk ckgj ;g εσ n̂ gksrk gSA ijarq oS|rq foHko i`"B osQ vkj&ikj larr gksrk gS] bldk 0 eku i`"B ij q/4πε 0R gksrk gSA 4. fdlh f}èkqzo ij yxk cy vk?kw.kZ p × E blesa E osQ ifjr% nksyu mRiUu djrk gSA osQoy rHkh tc çfØ;k {k;dkjh gS rks nksyu voea fnr gksrs gSa rFkk f}èkqzo varr% E osQ la jsf[kr gks tkrk gSA 5. fdlh vkos'k q osQ dkj.k viuh fLFkfr ij foHko vifjHkkf"kr gSµ;g vuar gksrk gSA 6. fdlh vkos'k q dh fLFkfrt ÅtkZ osQ O;atd qV (r) es]a V (r) cká vkos'kksa osQ dkj.k foHko gS rFkk q osQ dkj.k foHko ugha gSA tSlk fd ¯cnq 5 esa ns[kk] ;g O;atd ml fLFkfr es]a tcfd Lo;a vkos'k q osQ dkj.k foHko dks V (r) esa lfEefyr dj ysa] lgh :i esa ifjHkkf"kr ugha gksxkA 7. fdlh pkyd osQ Hkhrj dksVj (xqgk) cká oS|qr çHkkoksa ls ifjjf{kr jgrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g ckr è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd fLFkjoS|rq ifjj{k.k ml ifjfLFkfr esa çHkkoh ugha jgrk ftlesa vki dksVj esa Hkhrj vkos'k j[k nsrs gSa] rc rks pkyd dk cfgHkkZx Hkhrj osQ vkos'kksa osQ fo|qr {ks=kksa ls ifjjf{kr ugha jgrkA 77 2024-25 HkkSfrdh vH;kl 2.1 5 × 10−8 C rFkk –3 × 10−8 C osQ nks vkos'k 16 cm nwjh ij fLFkr gSaA nksuksa vkos'kksa dks feykus okyh js[kk osQ fdl ¯cnq ij oS|qr foHko 'kwU; gksxk\ vuar ij foHko 'kwU; yhft,A 2.2 10 cm Hkqtk okys ,d le&"kV~Hkqt osQ çR;sd 'kh"kZ ij 5 µC dk vkos'k gSA "kV~Hkqt osQ osaQnz ij foHko ifjdfyr dhft,A 2.3 6 cm dh nwjh ij vofLFkr nks ¯cnqvksa A ,oa B ij nks vkos'k 2 µC rFkk −2 µC j[ks gSAa (a) fudk; osQ le foHko i`"B dh igpku dhft,A (b) bl i`"B osQ çR;sd ¯cnq ij fo|qr {ks=k dh fn'kk D;k gS\ 2.4 12 cm f=kT;k okys ,d xksyh; pkyd osQ i`"B ij 1.6 × 10−7C dk vkos'k ,dleku :i ls forfjr gSA (a) xksys osQ vanj (b) xksys osQ Bhd ckgj (c) xksys osQ osaQnz ls 18 cm ij vofLFkr] fdlh ¯cnq ij fo|qr {ks=k D;k gksxk\ 2.5 ,d lekarj ifêd ð k laèkkfj=k] ftldh ifêðdkvksa osQ chp ok;q gS] dh èkkfjrk 8pF (1pF = 10 F) gSA ;fn ifê ðdkvksa osQ chp dh nwjh dks vkèkk dj fn;k tk, vkSj buosQ chp –12 osQ LFkku esa 6 ijkoS|qrkad dk ,d inkFkZ Hkj fn;k tk, rks bldh èkkfjrk D;k gksxh\ 2.6 9 pF èkkfjrk okys rhu laèkkfj=kksa dks Js.khØe esa tksM+k x;k gSA (a) la;kstu dh oqQy èkkfjrk D;k gS\ (b) ;fn la;kstu dks 120 V osQ laHkj.k (lIykbZ) ls tksM+ fn;k tk,] rks çR;sd laèkkfj=k ij D;k foHkokarj gksxk\ 2.7 2 pF, 3 pF vkSj 4 pF èkkfjrk okys rhu laèkkfj=k ik'oZØe esa tksM+s x, gSaA (a) la;kstu dh oqQy èkkfjrk D;k gS\ (b) ;fn la;kstu dks 100 V osQ laHkj.k ls tksM+ nsa rks çR;sd laèkkfj=k ij vkos'k Kkr dhft,A 2.8 ifêðdkvksa osQ chp ok;q okys ,d lekarj ifêðdk laèkkfj=k dh çR;sd ifê ðdk dk {ks=kiQy 6 × 10−3 m2 rFkk muosQ chp dh nwjh 3 mm gSA laèkkfj=k dh èkkfjrk dks ifjdfyr dhft,A ;fn bl laèkkfj=k dks 100 V osQ laHkj.k ls tksM+ fn;k tk, rks laèkkfj=k dh çR;sd ifê ðdk ij fdruk vkos'k gksxk\ 2.9 vH;kl 2.8 esa fn, x, laèkkfj=k dh ifêðdkvksa osQ chp ;fn 3 mm eksVh vHkzd dh ,d 'khV (iÙkj) (ijkoS|qrkad = 6) j[k nh tkrh gS rks Li"V dhft, fd D;k gksxk tc (a) foHko (oksYVst) laHkj.k tqM+k gh jgsxkA (b) laHkj.k dks gVk fy;k tk,xk\ 2.10 12 pF dk ,d laèkkfj=k 50 V dh cSVjh ls tqMk+ gSA laèkkfj=k esa fdruh fLFkjoS|rq ÅtkZ lafpr gksxh\ 2.11 200 V laHkj.k (lIykbZ) ls ,d 600 pF osQ laèkkfj=k dks vkosf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA fiQj bldks laHkj.k ls fo;ksftr dj nsrs gSa rFkk ,d vU; 600 pF okys vukosf'kr laèkkfj=k ls tksM+ nsrs 78 gSaA bl çfØ;k esa fdruh ÅtkZ dk ßkl gksrk gS\ 2024-25