Organs of the Government of Bangladesh PDF

Organs of the Government of Bangladesh  The word government is derived from the Latin infinitive ‘gubernare’, meaning "to govern" or "to manage". Government is the mechanism for Governm determining the policy of the state as well as t...

Organs of the Government of Bangladesh  The word government is derived from the Latin infinitive ‘gubernare’, meaning "to govern" or "to manage". Government is the mechanism for Governm determining the policy of the state as well as the means by which state ent: policy is enforced. In parliamentary systems, the Concept government is composed of the prime minister and the cabinet. In other cases, "government" refers to executive, legislative, judicial, bureaucratic, and possibly also devolved powers.  The People’s Republic of Bangladesh is a unitary, independent and sovereign republic which has a Organs of parliamentary form of government. The President is a constitutional the figure head and is elected by the members of the Parliament for the Governme tenure of 5 years. nt of The supreme command of the armed forces vests with the Banglades President. The system of Government is democratic with separation of powers among the h three organs, namely- the legislature; the executive; and the judiciary. Legislature Judiciary Executive  The  T h eExecutive Executive or the Administration is the department that Regulates governance of the state, conducts administrative and official duties Maintains law and order and Implements overall resolutions of the state.  It consists of all administrative employees including the President, The the cabinet, the government officials, the security, law and Executive order maintaining agencies, the diplomats, the officers and even a Chowkidar.  The executive power of the Republic is exercised by or on the advice of the Prime Minister, who commends the support of the majority members of parliament. The Cabinet, headed by the Prime Minister and consisting of other ministers is the executive arm of the government. Ministers, State Ministers and Deputy Executive Ministers are appointed as per wish of the Prime Minister. The Cabinet is collectively responsible to the Organ of parliament. BangladeshEach ministry is headed by a Minister or a state Minister. Below the ministries lie several executive agencies in order to executive government policies and decisions. Territorially, the country is divided into administrative layers like Divisions, Districts, Upazilas etc.  Functions of Executive organ of Bangladesh 1. Administrative: Ministers are responsible for the maintenance of law and order and for the running of the administration. 2. Legislative: The executive prepares bills for this purpose and introduces them in the legislature. 3. Military Functions: The President has the power to promote, demote and dismiss high military officers. He can declare emergency for the defense of the country 4. Foreign Relations: The President appoints diplomatic representatives in other countries and receives those of foreign countries. 5. Financial Functions: Though the legislature controls the national finance, yet the executive prepares the budget and tries to get it passed by the legislature. Limitations of the Executive organ in BD 1. Lack of proper cooperation and coordination 2. Apathy to change the bureaucratic manners 3. Improper ICT facilities 4. Lack of skilled and sound manpower 5. Politicization of government functions 6. Lack of proactive leadership quality 7. Practice of traditional rules and regulations 8. Lack of proper practice of constitution 9. Poor qualifications of the members of the cabinet 10. Highly centralized government system 11. Ineffective local government system  The Legislature They have the Power to make laws Repealing or modifying or amending the existing laws without contradicting the Constitution. The Legislature or Parliament is a part of the Legislative Department. It is composed of members elected or nominated.  The Legislature Every state has a legislative body, and they have different names. The name of the legislature of Bangladesh is the Parliament. The legislature of the United States of America is the Congress. The legislatures of most of the Islamic countries are known as Majlish.  The Legislature Some countries’ parliaments The Parliament of Bangladesh consist of a single house and consists of a single house some of two houses. whereas India, the USA, Britain have a two-house parliament.  In Bangladesh, the legislative branch of the government is a unicameral Legislatur Parliament - Jatiyo Sangsad, which makes the laws for the citizens. e of Banglades The president calls Parliament into session. h Jatiyo Sangsad consists of 350 members of which 300 Members from 300 territorial constituencies elected on the basis of adult Franchise. The remaining 50 seats are reserved for women. A quorum is sixty members.  Legislature of Bangladesh (Cont.) Qualifications for parliament election: Article 66 (1) If he is a citizen of Bangladesh Attained the age of twenty-five years Disqualifications for parliament election: Article 66 (2) Who is declared by a competent court to be of unsound mind and is an undercharged insolvent Acquires the citizenship of, or affirms of acknowledges allegiance to, a foreign state Who has been, on conviction for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude, sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than two years unless a period of five years has elapsed since his release; holds any office of profit in this service of the Republic other than an office which is declared by law not to disqualify its holders.  Functions of Legislature of Bangladesh 1. Law Making: The Members of the Legislature can by a majority vote accept or reject any Bill. 2. Control over the budget: right to impose a cut on any demand on the budget 3. Control over Executive: The Parliament has the right to put Questions and Supplementary Questions to the Cabinet. 4. Judicial: Parliament can remove the President by a process of impeachment 5. Electoral: parliament takes part in the election of the President 6. Amendment of the constitution: the parliament can amend certain clauses of the constitution with a two thirds majority 7. Mirror of public opinion: criticizes and compels the executive to act according to the wishes of the people Limitations of the Parliamentary System in BD 1. Lack of proper practice of democracy 2. Avoiding attitude of parliamentary session 3. Improper role of speaker and deputy speaker 4. Ineffective or tadbir culture 5. Patronizing political mudslinging 6. Ineffective role of election commission 7. Ineffective role civil society 8. Lack of proper infrastructure of ICT 9. Poor responsibilities of the citizens 10. The role of military person or administration 11. Lack of stability of the parliament  The department of the government that tries to establish justice is the Itjudiciary. punishes the infringers of law, establishes justice and protects individual freedom of the citizens. The judicial department consists of all the courts, justices and judges of the state. The Judiciary C. Judiciary Organ of Bangladesh  At the apex of the country's judiciary system stands the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court serves as the Guardian of the Constitution and enforces the fundamental rights of the citizens.  It consists of the High Court Division and the Appellate Division. The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in Dhaka reviews appeals of judgment by the High Court Division. The judges of both divisions are appointed by the President.  At the grass-roots level, the judicial system begins with village courts. Unresolved disputes then go to the sub district level. Cases may wind their way up from district courts to permanent benches of the High Court Division. Functions of Judicial organ of Bangladesh 1) Interpretation of the laws 2) Guardian of the constitution 3) Decide the cases 4) Custodian of fundamental rights 5) Protection of civil rights 6) Advisory functions How to make judiciary more effective in Bangladesh? 1) Freedom from executive organ 2) Ensuring the quality of the judges 3) Introducing ICT facilities 4) Strong Political commitment toward nation 5) Proactive and impartial role of Attorney General Office 6) Conducting various research works 7) Organizing various training programs 8) Positive role of mass media, civil society and mass people The Administrative System of Bangladesh The administrative The administrations can levels of Bangladesh be also divided into 2 are: categories: The central administration Central The divisional administration Local The district administration the divisional, district The upazila administration and upazila administration are part of the local administration.  The secretariat holds the central place within the administrative system in Bangladesh. All government decisions are first The accepted in the secretariat. In general terms, different ministries and their divisional offices are Central collectively called 'secretariat'. Administr Both the secretary and minister try to maintain a close relation between them basing on the mutual ation discussion and consultation in the course of discharging functions. From this point of view, both the Minister and the Secretary are dependent on each other. A minister is appointed with the charge of every ministry in the discretion of the Prime Minister. The Minister is a political member and head of the ministry. A secretary executes his duties as the Chief Executive Officer or the Administrative Officer, who, being appointed by the Public Service Commission, gets promoted to that position/secretary through his service, capability, training and a series of offices. The Secretary is vested with the entire charge of the ministry. The Secretary assists the Minister in discharging his functions. The Minister, in order to conduct the ministerial duties receives advice from the secretary.  Ran ks Secretary Additional Secretary Joint-Secretary Deputy Secretary Senior Assistant Secretary, Assistant Secretary Decisions or directives descend not ascend. No divisional chief may send anything directly to the Minister without the advice of the secretary. There may be more than one secretary, additional secretaries, joint secretaries or junior officers, but the number of officials depends on the importance of the ministry and its extensiveness of the volume of works.  Any resolution held by the secretariat is dispatched to the department, and also to the divisional, district and upazila administrations as well. This is how the secretariat holds the central point of importance within the administrative system in Bangladesh. All departments, offices and organizations are held accountable to the secretariat in practice.  The Divisional Administration occupies the second level next to the central administration in importance. The whole of Bangladesh has been divided into 8 divisions in order to maintain its administrative system in Bangladesh, namely, Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barisal, Sylhet, The Rangpur and Mymensingh. Divisional Administrat The Divisional Commissioner tops the ion divisional administration. A number of employees including an Additional Commissioner and a Private Secretary to the Commissioner serve the divisional administration.  The divisional commissioner The Divisional Commissioner is one of the Principal Officers of Bangladesh Civil Service, and he holds an office equivalent to that of a Joint-Secretary by position. He is a revenue officer of the Government of Bangladesh The Divisional Commissioner monitors the functions of the deputy commissioners. He serves like a bridge to establish connection between the divisional and district administrations as well. His functions include making planning for public welfare activities and implementing them. He has to conduct help and service related works and make arrangements in times of natural disasters.  The District Administration occupies the third level of the administration system of Bangladesh. The Each division is also divided into several districts. There are 64 districts in Bangladesh at present. District The entire governance in the district revolves Administr round the Deputy Commissioner. ation The Deputy Commissioner is the most prominent person within the relevant district. He is an experienced member of Bangladesh Civil Service and a judicious officer of the Administration. He holds the position next to the Divisional Commissioner. A link to the central administration always exists with the district administration. All the decisions regarding district affairs that are held accepted by the Bangladesh Secretariat are directly dispatched to the Deputy Commissioner. The Deputy Commissioner conducts the district administration in accordance with the central decision. The deputy commissioner is held accountable for his actions to the Divisional Commissioner, whereas the Divisional Commissioner is held accountable for all actions to the central administration.  The Upazila Administration Each district is divided into several Upazilas (sub-districts). Every administrativeThana (Police Station) is an Upazila itself. At present there are 495 Upazilas in the country. The Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO) is the administrative officer of the Upazila, who coordinates directives sent to him by the DC and the Chief Executive Officer of the District. He is also one of the members of Bangladesh Civil Service. He implements all development programs of the Upazila with the cooperation of other officers at Upazila level. Besides, he superintendents the Upazila administration. His functions include all kinds of development and administrative duties of the Upazila.  Administrative Administrative Levels Levels Central Divisional Divisional District Upazila Upazila Administration Administratio Administrati Administratio Administration Administrati Administratio (Minister) n (Divisional on n (Deputy n Upazila on (Upazila (Minister) Commission (Divisional Commissione Nirbahi Nirbahi er) Commission r) Officer Officer er (UNO) (UNO) )  The Local Autonomy (local Government) A local autonomy means self-governance of the people in a particular area and is managed by the representatives elected by the people, who are held accountable to them. The main features of it include a. legal basis, b. elected body, c. opportunity for the people to participate decision- making process, d. ability to collect funds by imposing and assessing taxes, e. widened and multi-faced functions, designing plans and implementation, f. conducting functions independently without any control of the Government central or local. The units of the local administration are not totally independent from the control of the central or high level authority, but they enjoy the freedom to a great extent. Local autonomous organizations of Bangladesh are the Union Parishad, the Upazila Parishad, the District Parishad, the Municipality(Pourashava) and the City Corporation.  The most ancient local organization of our country is the Union Council. Since the pre-British period till date, it has been rendering service aiming at establishment of a real representative local governance in the rural areas. A Union is divided into 9 wards, one member from The Union each of the wards and 3 female member from 9 wards which amounts to 12 members to be directly elected by the people. Parishad The tenure of the Union Parishad is five years. There are 4,562 Union Parishad in total in Bangladesh.  The Upazila Parishad Another important unit of the local governance system in Bangladesh is the Upazila Parishad. There is a provision in law to compose a Upazila Council through election in order to ensure the autonomous rights of the local people in 495 Upazilas under 64 districts of the country. An Upazila Council will consist of the following individuals, a) One Chairman b) Two Vice-Chairmen including a female c) Chairmen of all unions within the territory of the Upazila d) Municipality Mayor e) Female members elected in the reserved seats.  The Zila Parishad Zila Parishad can be formed in every district other than Khagrachhari, Rangamati and Bandarban hill districts. A Zila Parishad will consist of 1 Chairman, 15 members and 5 female members of the reserved seats. The tenure of a newly formed Zila Parishad will be five years. The Municipality or Pouroshava The Pouroshava (Municipality) is the name of local governance agency of the town. There is a Municipality for each municipal or town area in Bangladesh. Number of municipalities small or large, at present in Bangladesh is 330. The Formation A municipality consists of a Chairman and few members based on wards, to be directly elected by the eligible voters. The members are known as Commissioners. The number of each municipality members is not equal. The number may be more or less following volume and population of the municipal area.  The municipalities namely Barishal, Chittagong, Comilla City, Dhaka North, Dhaka South, Gazipur, Narayanganj, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet have been promoted to the City Corporations. The number of members of the City Corporation depends on its volume and activities. The City Corporation consists of a mayor and a deputy mayor who are directly elected by the people. The City Corporation has been formed in order to solve the widespread problems of the city such as arrangement for supply of The City water and drinking water, drainage system, removal of dirt and garbage Corporation management, increasing civic privileges and rendering overall development in the territory.