Lesson+7_Lower+limb FINAL HUMAN.pptx

Lesson 7 Lower limb Human Anatomy and Embryology Prof. Mar Ubero Dentistry Index CONTENT -Joints of the lower limb: -Hip -Knee -Ankle -Foot -Innervation. -Vascularisation: -Arterial system -Venous system 1. Joints of the lower limb Regional anatomy •Gluteal region. •Thigh. •Leg. •Foot. Major...

Lesson 7 Lower limb Human Anatomy and Embryology Prof. Mar Ubero Dentistry Index CONTENT -Joints of the lower limb: -Hip -Knee -Ankle -Foot -Innervation. -Vascularisation: -Arterial system -Venous system 1. Joints of the lower limb Regional anatomy •Gluteal region. •Thigh. •Leg. •Foot. Major functions: -To support the weight of the body when standing. -To move the body through space. 1. Joints of the lower limb Bones and joints - Pelvic bone. - Femur. - Tibia. - Fibula. - Tarsal bones. - Metatarsal bones. - Phalanges. 1. HIP JOINT. 2. KNEE JOINT. 3. ANCKLE JOINT. 1. Joints of the lower limb Movements 1. Joints of the lower limb: HIP 2 Pelvic bones. 1 Sacrum. 1 Coccyx. 1. Joints of the lower limb: HIP Each pelvic bone is formed by three bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis), which fuse during childhood. The ilium is superior and the pubis and ischium are anteroinferior and posteroinferior, respectively 1. Joints of the lower limb: HIP Coxofemoral joint Adapted from Articular Physiology. A.I Kapandji. Ed. Panamericana (6th Ed). 1. Joints of the lower limb: HIP Coxofemoral joint - The hip joint is a synovial (ball-and-socket) articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvic bone. - The articular surfaces of the hip joint are: ■ the spherical head of the femur, and ■ the lunate surface of the acetabulum of the pelvic bone. - The lunate surface is covered by hyaline cartilage and is broadest superiorly 1. Joints of the lower limb: HIP Coxofemoral joint Inferiorly, the joint is reinforced by the transverse acetabular ligament and converts notch into a foramen the 1. Joints of the lower limb: HIP Coxofemoral joint LIGAMENTS: 1. Iliofemoral; 2. Pubofemoral; 3. Ischiofemoral. 1. Joints of the lower limb: HIP - Pubofemoral iliofemoral and ligaments limit extension. - Ischiofemoral Eyüboğlu F et al. 2020. Comparative Kinesiology of the Human Body. Chapter 21 - Kinesiology of the hip. Academic Press, 2020. ISBN 9780128121627. limits flexion. ligament 1. Joints of the lower limb: KNEE - Middle joint of the inferior limb. - Synovial: hinge. - Flexo-extension and rotation movements. - Formed by two articulations that share articular capsule: • Between femur and tibia. • Between patella and femur. 1. Joints of the lower limb: KNEE 1. Femorotibial joint Articular surfaces: - Condyles (femur) - Superior articular facets (tibia) Nielsen, Anatomy 2018. and Principles of Physiology. 1. Joints of the lower limb: KNEE 1. Femorotibial joint MENISCI There are two menisci, which are fibrocartilaginous C-shaped cartilages, in the knee joint, one medial (medial meniscus) and the other lateral (lateral meniscus). The menisci improve congruency between the femoral and tibial condyles during surfaces joint of movements the where femoral the condyles articulating with the tibial plateau change from small curved surfaces in flexion to large at surfaces in extension. 1. Joints of the lower limb: KNEE 1. Femorotibial joint The surfaces of the femoral condyles that articulate with the tibia in flexion of the knee are curved or round, whereas the surfaces that articulate in full extension are flat 1. Joints of the lower limb: KNEE 1. Femoropatellar joint Femur Patella Articular surfaces: - Throclea (anteroinferior part of the femur) - Articular facets (posterior part of the patella) Articular facets Throclea Images adapted from Complete Anatomy, 3D4Medical, Elsevier 1. Joints of the lower limb: KNEE LIGAMENTS: • Patellar ligament. • Lateral collateral ligament. • Medial collateral ligament. 1. Joints of the lower limb: KNEE LIGAMENTS (intraarticular): - Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) ACL PCL John Wiley 2018. Anatomy & Principles sons, of and 1. Joints of the lower limb: KNEE Movements: - Flexion/extension - Slight medial and lateral rotation - Synovial joint: hinge. 1. Joints of the lower limb: ANKLE - Distal. - Movements: dorsi-flexion / plantarflexion - Articular surfaces: - fibula and tibia - talus 1. Joints of the lower limb: ANKLE LIGAMENTS: 1. Joints of the lower limb: FOOT Jahangir M. Anatomy and Physiology for health professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2020. 3rd Ed. 2. Innervation Innervated by the lumbar plexus and sacral plexus. 2. Innervation Main nerves innervating the inferior limb: Lumbar plexus (L1-L4): 1.Lateral cutaneous nerve (sensory). 2.Femoral nerve (sensory and motor). 3.Obturator nerve (sensory and motor). Sacral plexus (L5-S4): 1.Sciatic nerve (sensory and motor): tibial and fibular nerves. 2.Posterior cutaneous femoral nerve (sensory). Lumbar plexus 2. Innervation femoral nerve (mixed) Obturator nerve (mixed) Saphenous nerve (sensory branch from femoral nerve) Lateral cutaneous nerve (sensory) Sacral plexus 2. Innervation fibular nerve (mixed) Tibial nerve (mixed) Sciatic nerve (mixed) Posterior cutaneous femoral nerve (sensory) 2. Innervation 3. Vascularisation: Arterial system Femoral A. Popliteal A. Anterior tibial A. Posterior tibial A. Fibular A. 3. Vascularisation: Arterial system Scarpa´s triangle or femoral triangle Femoral A. 3. Vascularisation: Arterial system 3. Vascularisation: Arterial system Popliteal A. Popliteal fossa (dashed line) 3. Vascularisation: Arterial system Posterior tibial A. Anterio r tibial A. Fibular A. Anterio r tibial A. 3. Vascularisation: Venous system Small saphenous V. Great saphenous V. Popliteal V. Femoral V. Iliac V. BIBLIOGRAP HY Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Basic Anatomy, 4th Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2019. Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM, Tibbitts R, Richardson P. Gray ́s Atlas of Anatomy, 3rd Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2020. Eyüboğlu F et al. 2020. Comparative Kinesiology of the Human Body. Chapter 21 - Kinesiology of the hip. Academic Press, 2020. ISBN 9780128121627. Jahangir M. Anatomy and Physiology for health professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2020. 3rd Ed. Martini FH, Tallitsch RB, Nath JL. Human Anatomy. 8th Edition. Pearson Education SA, 2018. Schünke M, Schulte E, Schumacher Panamericana, 2015. 5th Ed. U. PROMETHEUS Anatomical Sobotta. Atlas of Human Anatomy, 15th Ed. Elsevier Gmbh, Munich. 2012. Atlas for students. Maria del Mar Ubero Martinez [email protected] UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia © UCAM