Lesson 9: Engineering Standards

Overview of Engineering Standards 1  Topics What is a standard? Why standards matter? How are standards developed? Types of standards Consideration of standards in process and system design Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Standards Quali...

Overview of Engineering Standards 1  Topics What is a standard? Why standards matter? How are standards developed? Types of standards Consideration of standards in process and system design Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Standards Quality Standards Ergonomics and Safety Standards Accessibility Standards 2  What is a standard? The American National Standard Institute (ANSI) National Standards Policy Advisory Committee defines standards as: "A prescribed set of rules, conditions, or requirements concerning definitions of terms; classification of components; specification of materials, performance, or operations; delineation of procedures; or measurement of quantity and quality in describing materials, products, systems, services, or practices." 4  Why Standards Matter? Standards play a critical role in industrial practice and commerce, and in our daily lives. Without standards, most things that we take for granted, such as electronic communications and interoperability of devices, would not be possible. Adherence to standards results in several benefits such as safety, quality, interchangeability of parts or systems, and consistency in products and processes across international borders. 6  Types of Standards Mandatory Standards – set by government agencies e.g., FDA and OSHA safety regulation standards and codes Voluntary Standards – established by consensus by industry, consortia or other stakeholders. In the US alone, there are more than 30,000 voluntary standards. 8  Types of Standards (contd.) Standards can be of various types including: Product / Design-based standards, e.g., Base of electric lamps, Photo film speed, etc. Performance-based standards, e.g., functional capabilities of appliances Process-based standards, e.g., welding process standards, test and measurement process standards Management system standards, e.g., ISO 9001 quality management system. Personnel certification standards, e.g., Fire service professionals qualifications 9  Standards Development There are severalOrganizations organizations that play a key role in the development and promotion of standards in the US and internationally. ANSI: American National Standards Institute (www.ansi.org) ANSI is a non-profit, non-government private-sector membership organization that is the central focal point for voluntary standards development in the United States. ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs). These groups work cooperatively to develop voluntary national consensus standards. ANSI promotes the use of U.S. standards internationally. ANSI is the sole U.S. representative of the two major international standards 11  Standards Development Organizations (contd.) SDOs in the United States include professional societies, industry and trade associations and membership organizations that develop standards within their area of expertise. Some of the major SDOs are ASTM International, IEEE, SAE International, and ASME. For list of other SDOs, see http://webstore.ansi.org/sdo.aspx#.USl-dB3Whlc SDOs may choose to develop standards that are submitted to ANSI for approval as American National Standards (ANS). SDOs may also develop standards outside the ANSI accreditation and approval process. 12  Standards Development Organizations (contd.) NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology (www.nist.gov) NIST is a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration. NIST's mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life. NIST is also responsible for coordinating federal, state and local activities in voluntary standards and to work with industry and government to develop and apply technology, measurements and standards. 13  Standards Development Organizations (contd.) Standards can also be developed by consortia i.e., groups of companies with a shared interest. Examples of consortia include the Process Industry Practices (PIP), United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Some standards are considered Defacto Standards. They are based on common, well-established practices, and are not developed by a formal SDO. An example of a Defacto standard is the arrangement of keys on a keyboard (QWERTY keyboard). 14  Consideration of standards in process and system design While engaging in a process or system design/improvement projects, it is important to keep standards in mind. Standards play an essential role in common project activities such as Creation/interpretation of engineering drawings, Specification and selection of components to build a system, Design of work spaces, Definition and documentation of work procedures We will now provide a brief overview of some common types of standards relevant to process and system design/improvement projects. 15 Geometric Dimensioning & tolerancing Standards 16 Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing ASME and ISO have defined a set of standards (ASME Y14.5M and ISO 1101) for creating engineering drawings for part design that can be understood and used around the world. These standards provide a set of standard symbols, nomenclature and formats for geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T). 17 Different types of tolerance notations 18 GD & T symbols 19 Common shape tolerance symbols 20 Use of feature control frame: The feature control frame organizes the GD&T information into a series of symbols that fit into standardized compartments. 21 Quality Standards 22  Common Quality Standards Quality Management System Standards ANSI/ISO/ASQ(E) Q9001 (Often referred to as ISO 9001) Sampling Inspection Standards ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2008 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes ANSI/ASQ Z1.9-2008 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Variables ANSI is the American National Standards Institute ISO is the International Organization for Standardization ASQ is the American Society for Quality  The ISO 9001 Standard IS0 9001 is a voluntary international standard containing requirements for establishing and maintaining a company’s quality management system (QMS). A QMS is set up as a “Process Model” by a company to: establish a quality policy and quality objectives, and establish the means to achieve those objectives. 24  The QMS Process Model CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Clause 4 - Documentation MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY Customers Clause 5 RESOURCE MEASUREMENT, Customers MANAGEMENT Clause 6 Clause 8 ANALYSIS, Satisfaction IMPROVEMENT Clause 7 Input PRODUCT Output Requirements Product REALIZATION 25 Benefits of Implementing ISO 9001 Competitive advantages in marketing an improved “quality” image Better performance of internal operations (less scrap / rework) Better quality Fewer customer audits A stronger focus on customer satisfaction and continual improvement Better company-wide communication Reduced costs Better documentation (see “What’s the value of all this documentation?”) And all of the above changes can lead to higher levels of financial Z1.4 and Z1.9 Inspection Standards * Define standardized inspection plans (sample size, acceptance and rejection numbers) at agreed upon acceptable quality levels for various batch/lot sizes. Protect the supplier from having good lots or product rejected based on an inspection of a limited sample if the defects are within specified limits.  Z1.4 Example Suppose a batch of 1000 parts arrive at receiving from a vendor and need to be inspected prior to acceptance and use. The acceptable quality level has been agreed upon as 2.5 (maximum percent defective), and a normal level II attribute sample plan will be used. The standard would then specify that 80 parts be sampled and inspected, and the entire lot would be accepted if 7 or less parts were found to be defective. Likewise the lot would be rejected if 8 or more parts were found to be defective. These standards are voluntary, but often specified as required per contract specifications. Ergonomics and safety Standards 29  Ergonomic standards in the workplace promote worker productivity, safety and health. The standards outline practices for improving accessibility, and visibility. They provide standardized procedures and practices for measuring and reducing physical stress and mental fatigue from motion, vibration, shock, sounds. 30 Representative standards for ergonomics include Hand Held Tool Ergonomics Office Ergonomics Vehicle Ergonomics Thermal Ergonomics Machine Ergonomics Human System Interaction Ergonomics Control Centres Ergonomics Accessibility Ergonomics Software Ergonomics General Ergonomics http://webstore.ansi.org/ergonomics/ 31 Default.aspx#.USlrEB3Whlc  OSHA Standard for Protection against the effects of noise exposure OSHA requires hearing protectors for workers exposed to 8-hour TWA noise levels of 85 dB or above If they have incurred standard threshold shifts that demonstrate they are susceptible to noise If they are exposed to noise over the permissible exposure limit of 90 dB over an 8-hour TWA Mandatory standard 1910.95  ACGIH Threshold Limit Value for heat stress American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists TLV Voluntary standard for environmental exposure in the workplace 97 93 90 WBGTeff [˚F] 86 82 79 75 72 Acclimatized 68 Un-acclimatized Work below the Action Limit is presumptively low stress for any healthy worker MIL Standard for thermal environments while appropriately dressed and doing light seated work Indoor summer and winter comfort zones and thermal tolerance for appropriately dressed, sitting persons doing light work MIL-HDBK 759 Military standard mandated by US Government contracts.  Various standards and guidelines exist for addressing occupational hazards and risks and safety considerations in designing systems and processes. An example is the ANSI/ASSE Z590.3 standard developed by the American Society of Safety Engineers The Z590.3 standard focuses specifically on the avoidance, elimination, reduction and control of occupational safety and health hazards and risks in the design and redesign process. Through the application of the concepts presented in the standard, decisions about occupational hazards and risks can be incorporated into the process of design and redesign of work areas, tools, equipment, machinery, substances and work processes. Design and redesign also includes construction, manufacture, use, maintenance and 35 disposal of reuse of equipment used on-the-job. Accessibility Standards 36 Physical Accessibility Standards American Disabilities Act standards for accessible design set minimum requirements for newly designed and constructed or altered State and local government facilities, public accommodations, and commercial facilities to be readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities. They include requirements for Curb ramps Accessible Routes General Site And Building Elements Plumbing Elements And Facilities Communication Elements And Features Built-In Elements Etc. http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/checklist/a16.html http://www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/ 37  Information and Communication Technology Accessibility Standards Section 508 requires that all Web site content be equally accessible to people. This applies to Web applications, Web pages and all attached files. It applies to intranet as well as public-facing Web pages. The law covers all types of electronic and information technology in the Federal sector and is not limited to assistive technologies used by people with disabilities. It applies to all Federal agencies when they develop, procure, maintain, or use such technology. https://www.section508.gov/ Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 requires telecommunications products and services to be accessible to people withhttp://www.access-board.gov/about/laws/telecomm.htm disabilities. http://www.access-board.gov/telecomm/rule.htm 38  Information and Communication Technology Accessibility Standards (contd.) W3C standards define an Open Web Platform for application development that has the unprecedented potential to enable developers to build rich interactive experiences, powered by vast data stores, that are available on any device. http://www.w3.org/standards/ 39 Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Standards A variety of standards exist that are related to software engineering, interface design, and usability. Standards in this category are primarily concerned with: the use of the product (effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a particular context of use) the user interface and interaction the process used to develop the product user-centered design http://www.usabilitynet.org/tools/r_international.htm 40  How are Standards Used? Once they’ve reached a consensus on all of these details, the working group publishes the initial draft of the standard. That’s what manufacturers and others follow to turn the concept into reality, such as a device that you can buy. EVs are an example. The IEEE 2030.1.1™ standard, published in 2015, specifies the design interface of EVs and direct current (DC) quick chargers that promote interoperability and rapid charging. Standards are also used as criteria for conformance testing and certification programs that help ensure goods and services conform to established technology and industry standards. There are many benefits to standards conformity and certification programs, including increased consumer and buyer confidence in end products.  How are Standards Used? The IEEE SA Conformity Assessment Program (ICAP) spans a wide variety of industries and applications, such as electrical equipment for nuclear power, telecommunications devices, and EVs. One example is the Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) Program. Based on IEEE 1547™, a standard for renewable energy and smart grid, the program works with regulators and utilities to eventually help communities integrate renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, and hydropower, enabling a more reliable and resilient grid for your home. Another example is the Camera Phone Image Quality (CPIQ) Program. Based on IEEE P1858™, this program helps enable an industry- supported and easily understood consumer rating system to provide you with comprehensive and accurate evaluations of the image quality for your smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices. Besides helping make your photos and videos look great, CPIQ also supports the cameras that your EV and other vehicles use to avoid accidents.