Lesson 5 Membranes & Skin PP.pdf

2023-09-26 BODY MEMBRANES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1 Cover surfaces Line body cavities Form protective & lubricating sheets around organs 2 Major Categories  Epithelial membranes  Connectiv...

2023-09-26 BODY MEMBRANES & INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 1 Cover surfaces Line body cavities Form protective & lubricating sheets around organs 2 Major Categories  Epithelial membranes  Connective tissue membranes BODY MEMBRANES 2 1  2023-09-26 BODY MEMBRANES Always have at least ONE layer of epithelial cells Epithelial often combined with an underlayer membranes: of connective tissues 3 BODY MEMBRANES  Cutaneous Epithelial  Mucous membranes:  Serous 4 2  2023-09-26 5 CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE  Aka the SKIN  Is considered “dry” membrane, exposed to air  Built in layers 6 3  2023-09-26 MUCOUS MEMBRANES  “wet” membrane  Covers all cavities that are exposed to the exterior (directly OR indirectly)  Almost continuously bathed in secretions (mucous, urine)  Adapted for absorption OR secretion 7 SEROUS MEMBRANES  “wet” membrane  Line cavities that are CLOSED to the exterior (with exceptions)  Occur in pairs, with “potential space” filled with serous fluid between the layers.  Parietal Layer – Outer- most, lines the cavity walls Or closest to the walls  Visceral Layer – lines the organs or closest to the organs 8 4  2023-09-26 BODY MEMBRANES Synovial Connective soft areolar Tissue connective membranes tissue with no epithelial cells 9 CONNECTIVE TISSUE: SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE 10 5  2023-09-26 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM The Skin 11 INCLUDES: Cutaneous membrane (skin) Sweat glands Oil glands Nails Hair INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 12 6  2023-09-26 FUNCTIONS: Protection Sensation Thermoregulation Insulation Secretion Excretion INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 13 Major Function  Keeps water and necessary molecules in  Keeps unwanted “things” out  Insulates and cushions other organs and structures  Protects entire body from: mechanical damage (bumps & cuts) chemical damage: acids and bases thermal damage: heat and cold ultraviolet radiation: the sun bacteria PROTECTION 14 7  2023-09-26 Through receptors in the skin we feel:  Pain  Touch  Temperature  Pressure SENSATION 15 The skin helps regulate body temperature through many methods! Vascular Shunting Vasodilation Vasoconstriction THERMOREGULATION 16 8  2023-09-26 The body stores a layer of adipose tissue below the surface to assist in insulation INSULATION 17  Release of oil (sebum) onto skin and hair  Secretionsare mildly acidic which inhibit bacteria growth SECRETION 18 9  2023-09-26 The elimination of waste products via sweating This is a secondary function to the cooling effects of sweating EXCRETION 19 20 10  2023-09-26 INTEGUMENT STRUCTURE Three tiered:  Epidermis  Dermis  Hypodermis 21 22 11  2023-09-26 Stratified squamous epithelium Contains Five (5) layers (Strata) Avascular Most contain Keratin Melanin is found here EPIDERMIS 23 24 12  2023-09-26 Varies in thickness (palms vs. eyelids) Dense fibrous connective tissue Two major regions: Papillary layer Reticular layer DERMIS 25 26 13  2023-09-26  Papillary Area  Upper dermal region (most superficial)  Has fingerlike projections that indent the epidermis area  Provides nutrients via capillary loops  House receptors (pain, touch)  Provide patterns to improve friction and grip 27  Reticular Area  Deepest skin layer  Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands  Contains pressure receptors  Contains phagocytes to protect against Bacteria that have penetrated the epidermis  Contains collagen and elastic fibers 28 14  2023-09-26 29  Cutaneous Glands  Hair  Hair Follicles  Nails SKIN APPENDAGES 30 15  2023-09-26 Sebaceous glands:  Oilglands are found everywhere but palms and soles of feet  Ducts carry the secretion from the gland to hair follicles or the skin surface  Sebum (oil) acts as a lubricant to keep skin soft and moist, preventing hair from becoming brittle. Also contains anti-bacteria properties. CUTANEOUS GLANDS 31  Sweat Glands:  Wide distribution  Eccrine: more numerous and wide spread - --- Produce sweat (water and salts, wastes and lactic acid)  Acidic sweat environment helps inhibit bacteria growth  Important in heat regulation  Empty onto skin surface  Apocrine: Found in axillary and genital area  Larger and ducts empty into hair follicles  Secretion contains proteins and fatty acids. CUTANEOUS GLANDS 32 16  2023-09-26  Some specific functions:  Guarding the head  Shielding the eyes  Cleaning air of foreign particles Once was used as insulation – no longer such an important function HAIR 33  Produced by a Hair Follicle  Found in strata basale (epidermis) Root: part of hair enclosed by follicle Shaft: part projecting from the skin surface as dead cells and protein Arrector Pili: small bands of smooth muscle that connect the side of the hair follicle to the dermis. When muscles contract, hair stands HAIR 34 17  2023-09-26 35  All have:  A Free Edge  A Body (attached portion)  A Root (embedded in the skin) A Nail bed (stratum basale of epidermis) A Nail Matrix (proximal area where growth occurs) NAILS 36 18  2023-09-26 37 38 19  2023-09-26  ALLERGIES  BACTERIAL INFECTIONS  VIRAL INFECTIONS  FUNGAL INFECTIONS  BURNS  SKIN CANCER HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES 39 40 20  2023-09-26  Skin is about as thick as paper towel.  When severely damaged most body systems are affected.  As age undergo changes to the skin – thinner, less elastic, less adipose tissue.  What differences will we see working with seniors? Are there any precautions we can take? FACTS TO CONSIDER 41 21