Structural-Functionalism - Study Guide PDF

‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌2.1‌ ‌ Structural-Functionalism‌ ‌ ‌ Contents‌ ‌ Introduction‌ 1‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌...

‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌2.1‌ ‌ Structural-Functionalism‌ ‌ ‌ Contents‌ ‌ Introduction‌ 1‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌ 2‌ ‌ Explore‌ 2‌ ‌ Discover‌ 4‌ ‌ What‌‌Is‌‌Structural-Functionalism?‌ 4‌ ‌ Manifest‌‌and‌‌Latent‌‌Functions‌ 7‌ ‌ Emile‌‌Durkheim‌ 8‌ ‌ Structuralism‌ 9‌ ‌ Wrap-Up‌ 10‌ ‌ Try‌‌This!‌ 11‌ ‌ Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ 12‌ ‌ Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ 14‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ 14‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌2.1‌ ‌ Structural-Functionalism‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Introduction‌ ‌ The‌‌COVID-19‌‌pandemic‌‌has‌‌undoubtedly‌‌disrupted‌‌the‌‌usual‌‌flow‌‌of‌‌things‌‌in‌‌our‌‌society.‌‌ What‌ ‌was‌ ‌previously‌ ‌our‌ ‌typical‌ ‌everyday‌ ‌routine‌ ‌has‌ ‌undergone‌ ‌drastic‌ ‌changes.‌‌ Circumstances‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌these‌ ‌give‌‌us‌‌a‌‌chance‌‌to‌‌take‌‌a‌‌second‌‌look‌‌at‌‌how‌‌our‌‌lives‌‌have‌‌ been‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌past‌ ‌few‌ ‌years.‌ ‌More‌ ‌importantly,‌ ‌it‌ ‌opened‌ ‌our‌ ‌minds‌ ‌and‌ ‌made‌ ‌us‌ ‌ask‌‌ questions‌ ‌about‌ ‌society.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌why‌ ‌have‌ ‌we‌ ‌been‌ ‌on‌ ‌lockdown‌ ‌and‌ ‌what‌ ‌is‌ ‌its‌‌ purpose?‌ ‌What‌ ‌role‌ ‌does‌ ‌the‌ ‌government‌ ‌play‌ ‌in‌ ‌addressing‌ ‌the‌ ‌pandemic?‌ ‌Why‌ ‌have‌‌ classes‌ ‌been‌ ‌pushed‌ ‌through‌ ‌and‌ ‌work‌ ‌has‌ ‌proceeded‌ ‌despite‌ ‌the‌ ‌threat‌ ‌of‌ ‌COVID-19?‌‌ What‌ ‌role‌‌do‌‌school,‌‌businesses,‌‌and‌‌family‌‌play‌‌during‌‌this‌‌situation?‌‌Why‌‌is‌‌every‌‌aspect‌‌ of‌ ‌society‌ ‌affected‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌pandemic‌ ‌and‌ ‌lockdown‌ ‌measures?‌ ‌In‌ ‌order‌ ‌to‌ ‌answer‌ ‌these‌‌ questions‌ ‌and‌ ‌gain‌ ‌a‌ ‌better‌ ‌grasp‌ ‌of‌ ‌our‌ ‌society,‌ ‌this‌ ‌lesson‌ ‌will‌ ‌help‌ ‌us‌ ‌understand‌‌ structural-functionalism.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ DepEd‌‌Competencies‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌ ‌ At‌t‌ he‌e ‌ nd‌o ‌ f‌t‌ his‌l‌esson,‌y ‌ ou‌s‌ hould‌b ‌ e‌a ‌ ble‌t‌ o‌d ‌ o‌‌ In‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌do‌‌the‌‌ the‌f‌ ollowing:‌ ‌ ‌ following:‌ ‌ Define‌s‌ tructuralism‌(‌ HUMSS_DIS‌1 ‌ 1‌-‌ IIIe-f-1).‌ ‌ Explain‌‌structural-functionalism.‌ ‌ Determine‌m ‌ anifest‌a ‌ nd‌l‌atent‌f‌ unctions‌a ‌ nd‌‌ dysfunctions‌o ‌ f‌s‌ ociocultural‌p ‌ henomena‌‌ Identify‌‌Emile‌‌Durkheim’s‌‌ (HUMSS_DIS‌1 ‌ 1‌-‌ IIIe-f-1).‌ ‌ contribution‌‌to‌‌ ‌ structural-functionalism.‌ ‌ Distinguish‌‌between‌‌manifest‌‌ and‌‌latent‌‌functions.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Explore‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ What’s‌‌in‌‌This‌‌Picture?‌ ‌ 10‌‌minutes‌ ‌ Instructions‌ ‌ Look‌‌at‌‌the‌‌following‌‌pictures.‌‌As‌‌you‌‌do‌‌so,‌‌answer‌‌the‌‌questions‌‌that‌‌follow.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Guide‌‌Questions‌ ‌ 1. What‌ ‌is‌ ‌shown‌ ‌in‌ ‌each‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌pictures?‌ ‌What‌‌roles‌‌are‌‌the‌‌people‌‌in‌‌these‌‌pictures‌‌ known‌‌to‌‌commonly‌‌play‌‌in‌‌our‌‌society?‌‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 2. Do‌ ‌you‌ ‌think‌ ‌they‌ ‌also‌ ‌play‌ ‌roles‌ ‌in‌ ‌society‌ ‌that‌ ‌are‌ ‌not‌ ‌usually‌ ‌mentioned?‌ ‌If‌ ‌so,‌‌ what‌‌are‌‌these?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 3. In‌ ‌your‌ ‌opinion,‌ ‌how‌ ‌do‌ ‌these‌ ‌institutions‌ ‌complement‌ ‌each‌ ‌other‌ ‌in‌ ‌order‌ ‌for‌ ‌a‌‌ society‌‌to‌‌function?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Discover‌ ‌ ‌ For‌‌social‌‌scientists,‌‌society‌‌can‌‌be‌‌defined‌‌as‌‌a‌‌group‌‌ ‌ ‌ ords‌‌to‌‌Remember‌ ‌ W of‌‌people‌‌who‌‌interact‌‌in‌‌a‌‌defined‌‌territory‌‌and‌‌have‌‌ social‌‌structure‌–‌ ‌‌patterns‌‌ a‌ ‌common‌ ‌culture.‌ ‌Since‌ ‌we‌ ‌are‌ ‌part‌ ‌of‌ ‌society,‌ ‌it‌ ‌is‌‌ in‌‌society‌‌that‌‌are‌‌ important‌ ‌that‌ ‌we‌ ‌understand‌ ‌how‌ ‌it‌ ‌works.‌ ‌In‌ ‌this‌‌ considered‌‌relatively‌‌stable‌ ‌ lesson,‌ ‌we‌ ‌will‌ ‌discuss‌ ‌one‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌sociological‌‌ social‌‌institution‌‌‌–‌‌a‌‌ approaches‌ ‌utilized‌ ‌in‌ ‌understanding‌ ‌this‌‌ concept‌‌or‌‌group‌‌that‌‌can‌‌ process—structural-functionalism.‌ ‌ influence‌‌norms‌‌in‌‌society‌ ‌ ‌ collective‌‌conscience‌‌‌–‌‌ ‌ what‌‌an‌‌“average‌‌citizen”‌‌ ‌ understands‌‌about‌‌society‌‌ as‌‌a‌‌whole‌ ‌ integration‌–‌ ‌‌a‌‌sense‌‌of‌‌ belonging‌‌with‌‌society‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ How‌‌is‌‌structural-functionalism‌‌relevant‌‌in‌‌ understanding‌‌the‌‌current‌‌situation‌‌of‌‌our‌‌society?‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ What‌‌Is‌‌Structural-Functionalism?‌ ‌ Structural-functionalism‌ ‌is‌ ‌one‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌major‌ ‌approaches‌ ‌in‌ ‌sociology.‌ ‌It‌ ‌is‌ ‌an‌ ‌approach‌‌ that‌‌views‌‌society‌‌as‌‌a‌‌complex‌‌unit‌‌or‌‌system‌‌composed‌‌of‌‌many‌‌parts‌‌that‌‌come‌‌and‌‌work‌‌ together‌ ‌to‌ ‌ensure‌ ‌its‌ ‌stability‌ ‌and‌ ‌survival.‌ ‌Structural-functionalism‌ ‌is‌ ‌characterized‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌‌ macro-level‌ ‌approach‌ ‌by‌ ‌sociologist‌ ‌John‌ ‌Macionis;‌ ‌meaning,‌ ‌it‌ ‌analyzes‌ ‌society‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌‌ large-scale‌ ‌unit,‌ ‌or‌ ‌in‌ ‌its‌ ‌totality.‌ ‌According‌ ‌to‌ ‌sociologist‌ ‌Kingsley‌ ‌Davis,‌ ‌the‌ ‌term‌‌ structural-functionalism‌ ‌was‌ ‌used‌ ‌to‌‌label‌‌this‌‌approach‌‌because‌‌of‌‌what‌‌it‌‌focuses‌‌on.‌‌The‌‌ first‌ ‌of‌ ‌these‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌relationships‌ ‌among‌ ‌social‌ ‌structures‌ ‌and‌ ‌institutions.‌‌ Structural-functionalism‌‌also‌‌emphasizes‌‌structure‌‌in‌‌society.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 4‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Social‌ ‌functions‌,‌ ‌according‌ ‌to‌ ‌Macionis,‌ ‌refer‌ ‌to‌ ‌“consequences‌ ‌[of‌ ‌each‌‌social‌‌structure]‌‌ for‌‌the‌‌operation‌‌of‌‌society.”‌‌These‌‌can‌‌also‌‌be‌‌understood‌‌as‌‌the‌‌role‌‌of‌‌a‌‌social‌‌structure‌‌ or‌ ‌institution‌ ‌in‌ ‌society.‌ ‌These‌ ‌social‌ ‌functions‌ ‌are‌ ‌at‌ ‌the‌ ‌core‌ ‌of‌ ‌achieving‌ ‌the‌ ‌goal‌ ‌of‌‌ solidarity‌ ‌and‌‌stability.‌‌Structural-functionalism‌‌can‌‌be‌‌better‌‌understood‌‌by‌‌looking‌‌at‌‌the‌‌ concept‌‌map‌‌below.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌1.‌‌‌Concept‌‌map‌‌of‌‌structural-functionalism‌ ‌ ‌ As‌ ‌seen‌ ‌in‌ ‌Fig.‌ ‌1,‌‌ ‌interrelatedness‌ ‌and‌ ‌interdependence‌ ‌are‌ ‌observable‌ ‌among‌ ‌social‌‌ institutions.‌ ‌These‌ ‌institutions‌ ‌include,‌ ‌but‌ ‌are‌ ‌not‌ ‌limited‌ ‌to,‌ ‌the‌ ‌family,‌ ‌school,‌ ‌the‌‌ economy,‌ ‌religion,‌ ‌culture,‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌government.‌ ‌Since‌ ‌they‌ ‌are‌ ‌interrelated‌ ‌and‌‌ interdependent,‌‌social‌‌institutions‌‌need‌‌one‌‌another‌‌for‌‌society‌‌to‌‌function‌‌as‌‌a‌‌whole.‌‌For‌‌ example,‌‌the‌‌family‌‌nurtures‌‌individuals‌‌to‌‌be‌‌part‌‌of‌‌society.‌‌Oftentimes,‌‌school‌‌teaches‌‌an‌‌ individual‌ ‌the‌ ‌needed‌‌skills‌‌and‌‌knowledge‌‌to‌‌pursue‌‌a‌‌career‌‌in‌‌the‌‌future.‌‌The‌‌economy,‌‌ particularly‌ ‌companies,‌ ‌may‌ ‌employ‌ ‌individuals‌ ‌who‌ ‌finished‌ ‌schooling‌‌to‌‌be‌‌a‌‌productive‌‌ member‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌workforce.‌ ‌Religion‌ ‌plays‌ ‌a‌ ‌role‌ ‌in‌ ‌imparting‌ ‌moral‌ ‌values‌ ‌on‌ ‌how‌ ‌to‌‌ properly‌ ‌act‌ ‌and‌ ‌behave‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌society.‌ ‌Other‌ ‌norms,‌ ‌beliefs,‌ ‌and‌ ‌traditions‌ ‌may‌‌also‌‌affect‌‌ one’s‌ ‌behavior‌ ‌and‌ ‌morals.‌ ‌Lastly,‌ ‌the‌ ‌government‌ ‌is‌ ‌expected‌ ‌to‌ ‌ensure‌ ‌the‌ ‌safety‌ ‌and‌‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 5‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ well-being‌‌of‌‌its‌‌citizens‌‌and‌‌can‌‌work‌‌with‌‌schools‌‌and‌‌the‌‌economy‌‌to‌‌do‌‌so.‌‌These‌‌are‌‌all‌‌ examples‌‌of‌ ‌the‌‌specific‌‌social‌‌function(s)‌‌of‌‌these‌‌institutions‌‌to‌‌keep‌‌society‌‌going.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Early‌ ‌proponents‌ ‌of‌ ‌structural-functionalism,‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌English‌‌ philosopher‌‌and‌‌sociologist‌‌Herbert‌‌Spencer‌‌(1820–1903),‌‌compared‌‌ society‌ ‌to‌‌a‌‌human‌‌body.‌‌Every‌‌part‌‌of‌‌our‌‌body‌‌should‌‌be‌‌present‌‌ and‌ ‌work‌ ‌together‌ ‌for‌ ‌us‌ ‌to‌ ‌fully‌ ‌function‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌human‌ ‌being.‌ ‌For‌‌ example,‌ ‌the‌ ‌heart‌ ‌pumps‌ ‌out‌ ‌blood‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌lungs‌ ‌are‌ ‌needed‌ ‌in‌‌ absorbing‌‌oxygen.‌‌Meanwhile,‌‌the‌‌veins‌‌and‌‌arteries‌‌are‌‌connected‌‌ to‌ ‌both‌ ‌organs,‌ ‌carrying‌ ‌blood‌‌and‌‌oxygen‌‌throughout‌‌our‌‌system.‌ ‌ If‌ ‌one‌ ‌part‌ ‌is‌ ‌missing,‌ ‌there‌ ‌will‌ ‌be‌ ‌disruptions‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌overall‌‌ functioning‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌body.‌ ‌Similar‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌human‌ ‌body,‌ ‌society‌ ‌needs‌‌ each‌ ‌of‌ ‌its‌ ‌parts‌ ‌to‌ ‌work‌‌together‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌survive.‌‌For‌‌example,‌‌ the‌ ‌government‌ ‌enacts‌ ‌laws‌ ‌to‌ ‌ensure‌ ‌the‌ ‌well-being‌ ‌of‌ ‌citizens.‌‌ However,‌‌it‌‌can‌‌only‌‌do‌‌so‌‌effectively‌‌by‌‌working‌‌with‌‌other‌‌sectors‌‌ such‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌economy‌ ‌and‌ ‌health.‌ ‌If‌ ‌it‌ ‌fails‌ ‌to‌ ‌do‌ ‌so,‌ ‌solidarity‌ ‌and‌‌ stability‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌attained‌‌and‌‌social‌‌disruptions‌‌will‌‌occur.‌‌Thus,‌‌it‌‌ is‌‌vital‌‌that‌‌all‌‌interrelated‌‌and‌‌interdependent‌‌social‌‌structures‌‌and‌‌ social‌ ‌institutions‌ ‌are‌ ‌present,‌ ‌performing‌ ‌their‌ ‌assigned‌ ‌functions‌‌ and‌‌working‌‌together.‌‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ Check‌‌Your‌‌Progress‌ ‌ What‌ ‌function‌ ‌does‌ ‌social‌ ‌media‌ ‌play‌ ‌in‌ ‌your‌ ‌life?‌ ‌Would‌ ‌you‌‌ ‌ consider‌‌social‌‌media‌‌as‌‌a‌‌social‌‌institution?‌‌Why‌‌or‌‌why‌‌not?‌‌ ‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 6‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Manifest‌a ‌ nd‌L ‌ atent‌F ‌ unctions‌ ‌ According‌ ‌to‌ ‌Macionis,‌ ‌sociologists‌ ‌under‌‌ structural-functionalism‌ ‌identify‌ ‌and‌‌ investigate‌ ‌the‌ ‌various‌ ‌social‌ ‌structures‌‌ and‌‌institutions‌‌and‌‌their‌‌specific‌‌functions‌‌ in‌‌a‌‌society.‌‌American‌‌sociologist‌‌Robert‌‌K.‌‌ Merton‌ ‌elaborated‌ ‌the‌ ‌concept‌ ‌of‌ ‌social‌‌ function,‌ ‌which‌ ‌is‌ ‌fundamental‌ ‌to‌‌ structural-functionalism.‌ ‌ ‌ In‌ ‌his‌ ‌book‌ ‌Social‌ ‌Theory‌ ‌and‌ ‌Social‌‌Structure‌,‌‌ Merton‌ ‌explained‌ ‌that‌ ‌social‌ ‌structures‌ ‌and‌‌ social‌ ‌institutions‌ ‌have‌ ‌a‌ ‌variety‌ ‌of‌ ‌social‌‌ functions‌ ‌attributed‌ ‌to‌ ‌them.‌ ‌He‌ ‌coined‌ ‌the‌ ‌term‌ ‌manifest‌ ‌function,‌ ‌which‌ ‌refers‌ ‌to‌‌the‌‌ “recognized‌‌and‌‌intended‌‌consequences”‌‌of‌‌an‌‌aspect‌‌of‌‌society.‌‌These‌‌are‌‌social‌‌functions‌‌ that‌ ‌are‌ ‌readily‌ ‌attributed‌ ‌and‌‌openly‌‌stated‌‌with‌‌regard‌‌to‌‌a‌‌particular‌‌social‌‌structure‌‌or‌‌ social‌ ‌institution.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌it‌ ‌is‌ ‌believed‌ ‌that‌‌the‌‌function‌‌of‌‌a‌‌university‌‌is‌‌to‌‌produce‌‌ educated‌ ‌graduates‌ ‌and‌ ‌future‌ ‌productive‌ ‌members‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌workforce.‌ ‌The‌ ‌other‌ ‌type‌ ‌of‌‌ function,‌‌‌latent‌‌function,‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌the‌‌“unrecognized‌‌and‌‌unintended‌‌‌consequences”‌‌of‌‌an‌‌ aspect‌ ‌of‌ ‌society.‌ ‌In‌ ‌other‌ ‌words,‌ ‌these‌ ‌are‌ ‌the‌ ‌hidden‌ ‌purposes‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌particular‌ ‌social‌‌ structure‌‌or‌‌social‌‌institution.‌‌Going‌‌back‌‌to‌‌the‌‌previous‌‌example,‌‌a‌‌university‌‌becomes‌‌an‌‌ avenue‌‌for‌‌young‌‌people‌‌from‌‌various‌‌walks‌‌of‌‌life‌‌to‌‌come‌‌together‌‌and‌‌interact‌‌with‌‌one‌ another.‌‌In‌‌universities,‌‌people‌‌from‌‌a‌‌specific‌‌age‌‌group‌‌develop‌‌relationships,‌‌intimate‌‌or‌‌ otherwise,‌‌and‌‌it‌‌is‌‌considered‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌norm.‌‌ ‌ ‌ While‌‌both‌‌manifest‌‌and‌‌latent‌‌functions‌‌maintain‌‌stability‌‌and‌‌solidarity,‌‌Merton‌‌explained‌ that‌ ‌there‌ ‌are‌ ‌also‌ ‌functions‌ ‌that‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌disruptive‌ ‌in‌ ‌nature.‌ ‌Social‌ ‌dysfunction‌,‌ ‌as‌ ‌he‌‌ called‌ ‌it,‌ ‌is‌ ‌an‌ ‌element‌ ‌or‌ ‌process‌ ‌of‌ ‌or‌ ‌within‌ ‌a‌ ‌society‌ ‌that‌ ‌may‌ ‌disrupt‌ ‌solidarity‌ ‌and‌‌ stability.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌sociologists‌‌Ruth‌‌Wallace‌‌and‌‌Alison‌‌Wolf,‌‌Merton’s‌‌social‌‌dysfunction‌‌ can‌‌be‌‌analyzed‌‌in‌‌two‌‌ways.‌‌On‌‌one‌‌hand,‌‌it‌‌can‌‌be‌‌seen‌‌generally‌‌as‌‌indeed‌‌detrimental‌‌to‌‌ society.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌ ‌heavy‌ ‌traffic‌ ‌is‌ ‌generally‌ ‌believed‌ ‌to‌ ‌lessen‌ ‌the‌ ‌overall‌ ‌economic‌‌ productivity‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌country.‌‌On‌‌the‌‌other‌‌hand,‌‌Wallace‌‌and‌‌Wolf‌‌also‌‌explain‌‌that‌‌for‌‌some,‌‌ what‌‌is‌‌considered‌‌a‌‌social‌‌dysfunction‌‌can‌‌vary‌‌from‌‌one‌‌person‌‌to‌‌another.‌‌For‌‌example,‌‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 7‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ an‌ ‌individual‌ ‌can‌ ‌view‌ ‌religion‌ ‌as‌ ‌making‌ ‌people‌ ‌numb‌ ‌to‌ ‌inequalities‌ ‌and‌ ‌injustices‌ ‌that‌‌ they‌‌are‌‌experiencing,‌‌while‌‌others‌‌may‌‌view‌‌it‌‌as‌‌a‌‌source‌‌of‌‌guidance‌‌and‌‌purpose‌‌in‌‌life.‌ ‌ Check‌‌Your‌‌Progress‌ ‌ What‌ ‌other‌ ‌aspects‌ ‌of‌ ‌society‌ ‌(either‌ ‌social‌ ‌structure‌ ‌or‌ ‌social‌‌ institution)‌‌exhibit‌‌both‌‌manifest‌‌and‌‌latent‌‌functions?‌‌Explain‌‌your‌‌ ‌ answer.‌ ‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ Emile‌‌Durkheim‌ ‌ According‌ ‌to‌ ‌Ruth‌ ‌Wallace‌ ‌and‌ ‌Alison‌ ‌Wolf,‌ ‌one‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌ ‌most‌ ‌prominent‌ ‌figures‌ ‌under‌‌ structural-functionalism‌ ‌is‌ ‌Emile‌ ‌Durkheim‌‌ (1858–1917).‌ ‌He‌ ‌was‌‌born‌‌to‌‌a‌‌family‌‌of‌‌rabbis‌‌and‌‌ was‌ ‌briefly‌ ‌studying‌ ‌to‌ ‌follow‌ ‌their‌ ‌footsteps.‌ ‌He‌‌ decided‌ ‌not‌ ‌to‌ ‌proceed‌ ‌with‌ ‌this‌ ‌profession‌ ‌and‌‌ pursued‌ ‌a‌ ‌career‌ ‌in‌ ‌academe‌ ‌to‌ ‌which‌ ‌he‌ ‌viewed‌‌ teaching‌‌as‌‌a‌‌“sacred‌‌duty.”‌ ‌ ‌ Some‌ ‌of‌ ‌his‌ ‌contributions‌ ‌include‌ ‌his‌ ‌ideas‌ ‌on‌‌ collective‌‌conscience‌‌and‌‌‌integration‌.‌‌In‌‌his‌‌work‌‌ The‌ ‌Rules‌ ‌of‌ ‌Sociological‌‌Method,‌‌he‌‌discussed‌‌social‌‌ facts.‌‌He‌‌defined‌‌these‌‌as‌‌behaviors‌‌determined‌‌by‌‌ external‌ ‌forces,‌ ‌according‌ ‌to‌ ‌author‌ ‌Robert‌ ‌Alun‌‌ Jones.‌ ‌In‌ ‌The‌ ‌Elementary‌ ‌Forms‌ ‌of‌ ‌Religious‌ ‌Life,‌ ‌he‌‌ explained‌ ‌how‌ ‌religion‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌phenomenon‌ ‌created‌‌ by‌ ‌people/society.‌ ‌Another‌ ‌important‌ ‌work‌ ‌by‌‌ Durkheim‌ ‌is‌ ‌The‌ ‌Division‌ ‌of‌ ‌Labor‌ ‌in‌ ‌Society‌ ‌where‌‌ he‌‌examined‌‌the‌‌function‌‌of‌‌division‌‌of‌‌labor.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 8‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ In‌ ‌Suicide‌,‌ ‌he‌ ‌described‌ ‌suicide‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌social‌ ‌problem.‌ ‌All‌ ‌of‌ ‌these‌ ‌are‌ ‌pivotal‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌ understanding‌‌of‌‌social‌‌structures‌‌and‌‌their‌‌functions‌‌in‌‌a‌‌society.‌‌ ‌ ‌ In‌ ‌addition,‌ ‌Durkheim‌ ‌paved‌ ‌the‌ ‌way‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌establishment‌‌of‌‌sociology‌‌as‌‌a‌‌discipline‌‌and‌‌ field‌ ‌of‌ ‌study‌ ‌in‌‌universities‌‌in‌‌France.‌‌His‌‌influence‌‌also‌‌became‌‌crucial‌‌in‌‌the‌‌progress‌‌of‌‌ sociology‌‌as‌‌a‌‌whole.‌‌He‌‌became‌‌influential‌‌to‌‌other‌‌well-known‌‌sociologists‌‌such‌‌as‌‌Talcott‌‌ Parsons‌ ‌(1902–1979)‌ ‌and‌ ‌Robert‌ ‌K.‌ ‌Merton‌ ‌(1910–2003),‌ ‌as‌ ‌well‌ ‌as‌ ‌anthropologists‌‌ Bronislaw‌‌Malinowski‌‌(1884–1942)‌‌and‌‌Alfred‌‌Reginald‌‌Radcliffe-Brown‌‌(1881–1955).‌ ‌ ‌ Structuralism‌ ‌ According‌ ‌to‌ ‌sociologist‌ ‌George‌ ‌Ritzer,‌ ‌the‌ ‌late‌ ‌20th‌ ‌century‌‌saw‌‌a‌‌“linguistic‌‌turn”‌‌among‌‌ social‌‌scientists.‌‌This‌‌led‌‌to‌‌the‌‌conception‌‌of‌‌‌structuralism‌‌which‌‌looks‌‌into‌‌the‌‌underlying‌‌ patterns‌ ‌in‌ ‌human‌ ‌behavior,‌ ‌in‌ ‌turn‌ ‌leading‌ ‌to‌ ‌observable‌ ‌social‌ ‌phenomena.‌ ‌French‌‌ anthropologist‌ ‌Claude‌ ‌Lévi-Strauss‌ ‌derived‌ ‌this‌ ‌approach‌ ‌from‌ ‌linguistic‌ ‌structuralism.‌‌ According‌ ‌to‌ ‌linguistic‌ ‌structuralists,‌ ‌language‌ ‌is‌ ‌structured‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌‌way‌‌that‌‌it‌‌follows‌‌certain‌‌ rules‌‌and‌‌principles‌‌that‌‌even‌‌the‌‌speaker‌‌is‌‌not‌‌aware‌‌of.‌‌Lévi-Strauss‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌social‌‌ phenomena‌ ‌could‌ ‌be‌ ‌reconceptualized‌ ‌as‌ ‌though‌ ‌they‌ ‌were‌ ‌linguistic‌ ‌structures.‌ ‌He‌‌ claimed‌ ‌that‌ ‌unconscious‌ ‌regularities‌ ‌or‌ ‌unobservable‌ ‌structures‌ ‌are‌ ‌found‌ ‌not‌ ‌only‌ ‌in‌‌ grammar‌‌or‌‌language,‌‌but‌‌also‌‌in‌‌social‌‌phenomena‌‌and‌‌human‌‌expressions.‌‌According‌‌to‌‌ Lévi-Strauss,‌‌these‌‌reflect‌‌the‌‌way‌‌we‌‌think.‌‌ ‌ ‌ While‌‌structuralists‌‌and‌‌structural-functionalists‌‌presented‌‌different‌‌approaches‌‌and‌‌claims,‌‌ both‌ ‌remained‌ ‌focused‌ ‌on‌ ‌discovering‌ ‌and‌ ‌understanding‌ ‌general‌ ‌patterns‌ ‌or‌ ‌principles‌‌ and‌‌their‌‌function(s)‌‌in‌‌society.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 9‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌Wrap-Up‌ ‌ _____________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ Structural-functionalism‌ ‌is‌ ‌an‌ ‌approach‌ ‌that‌ ‌views‌ ‌society‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌complex‌ ‌unit‌ ‌or‌‌ system‌‌composed‌‌of‌‌many‌‌parts‌‌that‌‌come‌‌and‌‌work‌‌together‌‌to‌‌ensure‌‌its‌‌stability‌‌ and‌‌survival.‌ ‌ Social‌ ‌functions‌,‌ ‌according‌‌to‌‌sociologist‌‌John‌‌Macionis,‌‌refer‌‌to‌‌“consequences‌‌[of‌‌ each‌‌social‌‌structure]‌‌for‌‌the‌‌operation‌‌of‌‌society.”‌‌ ‌ Manifest‌ ‌function‌ ‌refers‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌recognized‌ ‌and‌ ‌intended‌ ‌consequences‌ ‌of‌ ‌an‌‌ aspect‌ ‌of‌ ‌society.‌ ‌Latent‌ ‌function‌ ‌refers‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌unrecognized‌ ‌and‌ ‌unintended‌‌ consequences‌‌of‌‌an‌‌aspect‌‌of‌‌society.‌ ‌ Social‌‌dysfunction‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌an‌‌element‌‌or‌‌process‌‌of‌‌or‌‌within‌‌a‌‌society‌‌that‌‌may‌‌ actually‌‌disrupt‌‌solidarity‌‌and‌‌stability.‌‌It‌‌can‌‌be‌‌analyzed‌‌as‌‌generally‌‌detrimental‌‌ to‌ ‌society.‌ ‌However,‌ ‌some‌ ‌people‌ ‌can‌ ‌also‌ ‌have‌ ‌varying‌ ‌notions‌ ‌of‌ ‌what‌ ‌is‌‌ considered‌‌a‌‌social‌‌dysfunction.‌‌ ‌ Structuralism‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌study‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌underlying‌ ‌patterns‌ ‌in‌ ‌human‌ ‌behavior,‌ ‌in‌ ‌turn‌‌ leading‌‌to‌‌observable‌‌social‌‌phenomena.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ _____________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 10‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Try‌‌This!‌ ‌ Short-Answer‌‌Response.‌F ‌ ill‌‌in‌‌the‌‌blanks‌‌with‌‌the‌‌correct‌‌answer.‌ ‌ ‌ 1. Structural-functionalism‌‌is‌‌a‌‌major‌‌sociological‌‌approach‌‌that‌‌looks‌‌into‌‌the‌‌different‌‌ roles‌ ‌of‌ ‌social‌ ‌institutions‌ ‌and‌ ‌how‌ ‌they‌ ‌interact‌ ‌in‌ ‌society‌ ‌to‌ ‌ensure‌ ‌its‌‌ ____________________‌‌‌and‌‌survival.‌‌ ‌ 2. A‌_‌ ___________________‌‌‌-level‌‌sociological‌‌approach‌‌looks‌‌at‌‌society‌‌as‌‌a‌‌whole.‌ ‌ 3. ____________________‌‌‌are‌‌how‌‌social‌‌patterns‌‌affect‌‌the‌‌large-scale‌‌workings‌‌of‌‌society.‌ ‌ 4. Sociologist‌‌Herbert‌‌Spencer‌‌compared‌‌society‌‌to‌‌the‌_‌ ___________________‌.‌‌ ‌ 5. Emile‌‌Durkheim‌‌analyzed‌‌the‌‌concepts‌‌of‌‌integration‌‌and‌_‌ ___________________‌.‌ ‌ 6. ____________________‌ ‌are‌ ‌the‌ ‌roles‌ ‌that‌ ‌are‌ ‌readily‌ ‌attributed‌ ‌or‌ ‌more‌ ‌obviously‌‌ associated‌‌with‌‌a‌‌process‌‌in‌‌society.‌ ‌ 7. The‌ ‌unintended‌ ‌roles‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌process‌ ‌or‌ ‌element‌ ‌in‌ ‌society‌ ‌are‌ ‌also‌ ‌known‌ ‌as‌‌ ____________________‌.‌ ‌ 8. A‌_‌ ___________________‌‌‌is‌‌an‌‌element‌‌in‌‌society‌‌that‌‌can‌‌negatively‌‌affect‌‌its‌‌stability.‌‌ ‌ 9. ____________________‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌study‌ ‌of‌ ‌unobservable‌ ‌regularities‌ ‌in‌ ‌human‌ ‌expression‌‌ and‌‌how‌‌they‌‌are‌‌manifested‌‌in‌‌observable‌‌social‌‌phenomena.‌ ‌ 10. According‌ ‌to‌ ‌Claude‌ ‌Lévi-Strauss,‌ ‌social‌ ‌phenomena‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌reconceptualized‌ ‌in‌‌ terms‌‌of‌_‌ ___________________‌.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 11‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ ‌ Short-Response‌‌Paragraph.‌A ‌ nswer‌‌the‌‌following‌‌questions.‌ ‌ ‌ 1. Explain‌‌how‌‌the‌‌social‌‌functions‌‌of‌‌family,‌‌school,‌‌religion,‌‌government,‌‌culture,‌‌and‌‌ the‌ ‌economy‌ ‌are‌ ‌interrelated‌ ‌and‌ ‌interdependent‌ ‌with‌ ‌one‌‌another.‌‌Use‌‌your‌‌own‌‌ examples.‌‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 2. Social‌‌media‌‌has‌‌become‌‌an‌‌important‌‌part‌‌of‌‌people’s‌‌lives.‌‌What‌‌do‌‌you‌‌think‌‌are‌‌ the‌ ‌manifest‌ ‌function‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌latent‌ ‌function‌ ‌of‌ ‌social‌ ‌media?‌ ‌How‌ ‌can‌ ‌it‌ ‌create‌‌ social‌‌dysfunction?‌‌Explain‌‌your‌‌answer.‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 12‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Suggested‌‌Rubric‌‌for‌‌Grading‌ ‌ The‌ ‌rubric‌ ‌below‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌suggested‌ ‌one.‌ ‌Your‌ ‌teacher‌ ‌may‌ ‌modify‌ ‌it‌ ‌based‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌ ‌needs.‌‌ Consult‌‌your‌‌teacher‌‌for‌‌the‌‌final‌‌rubric.‌ ‌ ‌ Performance‌L ‌ evels‌ ‌ Suggested‌‌ Criteria‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌ Score‌ ‌ Weight‌ ‌ Beginning‌‌ Proficient‌ ‌ Advanced‌P ‌ roficiency‌ ‌ Proficiency‌ ‌ There‌‌were‌‌key‌‌ All‌‌key‌‌points‌‌were‌‌put‌‌ All‌‌key‌‌points‌‌were‌‌put‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ Content‌ ‌ ×‌‌3‌ ‌ ‌ points‌‌missing‌‌ in‌‌the‌‌response.‌‌ response.‌‌Also,‌‌relevant‌‌ from‌‌the‌‌ However,‌‌relevant‌‌ personal‌‌examples‌‌were‌‌ response.‌‌More‌‌ personal‌‌examples‌‌ added‌‌and‌‌explained‌‌ needs‌‌to‌‌be‌‌ need‌‌to‌‌be‌‌added‌‌and‌‌ thoroughly,‌ ‌thus‌‌showing‌‌ added‌‌to‌‌it.‌‌ ‌ explained‌‌thoroughly‌‌ mastery‌‌of‌‌the‌‌content.‌ ‌ as‌‌well.‌‌ ‌ The‌‌example(s)‌‌ The‌‌example(s)‌‌ The‌‌event(s)‌‌depicted‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ Demonstration‌‌ ×‌‌2‌ ‌ ‌ depicted‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ depicted‌‌in‌‌the‌‌essay‌‌ essay‌‌successfully‌‌showed‌‌ of‌‌relevance‌ ‌ essay‌‌barely‌‌ showed‌‌some‌‌ its‌‌relevance‌‌to‌‌what‌‌was‌‌ related‌‌to‌‌what‌‌ relevance‌‌to‌‌what‌‌was‌‌ required‌‌by‌‌the‌‌question.‌ ‌ was‌‌required‌‌by‌‌ required‌‌by‌‌the‌‌ the‌‌question.‌ ‌ question.‌ ‌ The‌‌ideas‌‌were‌‌ The‌‌ideas‌‌were‌‌ The‌‌ideas‌‌were‌‌coherent‌ Coherence‌‌of‌‌ ×‌‌1‌ ‌ ‌ incoherent‌‌and‌‌ coherent,‌‌but‌‌the‌‌ and‌‌contributed‌‌to‌‌ ideas‌ ‌ the‌‌overall‌‌ overall‌‌concept‌‌was‌‌ formulating‌‌a‌‌whole‌‌ concept‌‌was‌‌not‌‌ quite‌‌clear.‌ ‌ concept.‌ ‌ clear.‌ ‌ Total‌‌Possible‌‌Score‌ ‌ 18‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 13‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ ‌ Based‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌ ‌current‌ ‌situation,‌ ‌how‌ ‌is‌ ‌structural-functionalism‌ ‌relevant‌ ‌to‌ ‌you‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌‌ student?‌ ‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ _______________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ ‌ Farganis,‌‌James.‌R ‌ eadings‌‌in‌‌Social‌‌Theory:‌‌The‌‌Classic‌‌Tradition‌‌to‌‌Post-Modernism,‌ ‌ ‌ 7th‌‌ed.‌‌New‌‌York:‌‌McGraw-Hill,‌‌2014.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Ferrante,‌‌Joan.‌S ‌ ociology:‌‌A‌‌Global‌‌Perspective,‌7 ‌ th‌‌ed.‌‌Belmont:‌‌Thomson‌‌Higher‌‌Education,‌‌ ‌ 2008.‌ ‌ ‌ Form,‌ ‌W.‌ ‌and‌ ‌Nico‌ ‌Wilterdink.‌ ‌"Social‌ ‌structure."‌ ‌Encyclopedia‌ ‌Britannica,‌ ‌November‌ ‌19,‌‌ 2020.‌h ‌ ttps://www.britannica.com/topic/social-structure‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌‌ Macionis,‌‌John‌‌J.‌S ‌ ociology,‌1 ‌ 6th‌‌ed.‌‌Harlow:‌‌Pearson‌‌Education‌‌Limited,‌‌2017.‌ ‌ ‌ Macionis,‌‌John‌‌J.,‌‌and‌‌Linda‌‌M.‌‌Gerber.‌S ‌ ociology,‌5 ‌ th‌‌Canadian‌‌ed.‌‌Toronto:‌‌Pearson‌ ‌ Education‌‌Canada,‌‌2003.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 14‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌2:‌‌Dominant‌‌Approaches‌‌and‌‌Ideas‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Social‌‌Sciences‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Pillemer,‌‌Karl,‌‌and‌‌Nina‌‌Glasgow.‌‌“Social‌‌Integration‌‌and‌‌Aging:‌‌Background‌‌and‌‌Trends,”‌‌in‌‌ ‌ Social‌‌Integration‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Second‌‌Half‌‌of‌‌Life,‌e ‌ dited‌‌by‌‌Karl‌‌Pillemer,‌‌19-47.‌‌Baltimore:‌‌ ‌ The‌‌Johns‌‌Hopkins‌‌University‌‌Press.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Ritzer,‌‌George,‌‌and‌‌Jeffrey‌‌Stepnisky.‌S ‌ ociological‌‌Theory.‌‌‌Los‌‌Angeles:‌‌SAGE,‌‌2017.‌ ‌ ‌ Robert‌‌Alun‌‌Jones,‌‌“The‌‌Rules‌‌of‌‌Sociological‌‌Method‌‌(1895),”‌‌in‌E ‌ mile‌‌Durkheim:‌‌An‌‌ ‌ Introduction‌‌to‌‌Four‌‌Major‌‌Works‌,‌‌60-81.‌‌Beverly‌‌Hills:‌‌Sage‌‌Publications,‌‌1986.‌‌ ‌ https://durkheim.uchicago.edu/Summaries/rules.html‌.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Wallace,‌‌Ruth,‌‌and‌‌Alison‌‌Wolf.‌C ‌ ontemporary‌‌Sociological‌‌Theory,‌4 ‌ th‌‌ed.‌‌Englewood‌‌ ‌ Cliffs,‌‌New‌‌Jersey:‌‌Prentice‌‌Hall,‌‌1995.‌ ‌doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76522-8.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 2.1.‌S ‌ tructural-Functionalism‌‌ ‌ 15‌ ‌