Lesson 2 - History of Printing PDF

3. PRINTING AND PRODUCTION HISTORY COURSE 1. 2. Production Process Tools, Dummies and Mock-ups CONTENT 3. Printing and Production History 4. Paper 5. Color, Images and Text 6. Finishing and Binding 7. Dig...

3. PRINTING AND PRODUCTION HISTORY COURSE 1. 2. Production Process Tools, Dummies and Mock-ups CONTENT 3. Printing and Production History 4. Paper 5. Color, Images and Text 6. Finishing and Binding 7. Digital Printing 8. Digital Files 9. Prepress 1.2 Production History A Brief History of Print Media A medium is the vehicle used to transmit a message to its recipient The oldest cave paintings 40,000 years: Visual Maltravieso cave, Cáceres, Spain communication by means of pictograms. Egyptian Hieroglyphics around 3000 BC. Rosetta Stone, Memphis, Egypt First writing systems: Fourth millennium BC. Hammurabi code, Susa, Iran Sumerians and Mesopotamians. 1.2.1 Production History The First Media: Painting and Calligraphy The oldest cave paintings 40,000 years: Visual communication by means of pictograms. First writing systems: Fourth millennium BC. Sumerians and Mesopotamians. Egyptian Hieroglyphics around 3000 BC. First Chinese scripts around 1500 BC. Reproducing text was by monks: The costly process of patiently copying manuscripts by hand. Until 1400, Communication was always personal or limited to a very small group of people. Extremely expensive, dissemination practically impossible. 1.2.2 Production History What is “Matrix” in printing? A matrix is essentially a template, and can be made of wood, metal, or glass. The design is created on the matrix by working its flat surface with either tools or chemicals. The matrix is then inked in order to transfer it onto the desired surface. Moveable Type System: first clay and later metal were invented in East Asia, around 11th century and the 13th century. ‘Diamond Sutra’, the oldest known dated printed book, year 868. 1.2.2 Production History Chinese Woodblock Printing 6th century. Moveable Type System: first clay and later metal were invented in East Asia, around 11th century and the 13th century. Printed Book, year 868 ‘Diamond Sutra’. Stenciling appeared in China, Japan, and Fiji. Serigraphy: from the Latin ‘sericum’, meaning ‘silk’, and the Greek ‘graphe’, meaning ‘to write’. Spread to Europe in around 1600. On paper and other media in the early 20th century. 1.2.3 Production History Engraving in Europe Europe 14th and 15th centuries after paper-manufacturing techniques reached the continent from the East. Quicker and less expensive to reproduce images and text on single leaves. In 1449, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press and published the world’s first letterpress book: The Constance Missal. The first letterpress printed book, Gutenberg Bible. 1.2.4 Production History Gutenberg and the Printing Press In 1449, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press and published the world’s first letterpress book: The Constance Missal. Major achievement: design Movable Type. Movable Type: individual cast lead pieces of type bearing a character from the Latin alphabet in relief. Each printing matrix was inked using a leather ink pad and the pressed against paper, leaving the image of a page of text. 1.2.4 Production History This invention made it possible to reproduce text more easily and create as many copies as desired. Allowed the reuse of movable type. Rise the widespread publication of books. Lithography process: Using the principle of mutual repulsion between oil and water 1.2.5 Production History Lithography and Photoengraving Lithography was invented in 1796. By Aloys Senefelder, also from Germany. Experimented with polished stone slabs. Using the principle of mutual repulsion between oil and water. Lithography process. This allowed to transfer the image to paper. Replaced it with flexible metal plates. Became popular with artists and rise the illustration. 1.2.5 Production History Photography: the reproduction of images taken directly from the real world. The development of photoengraving made it possible to transfer a photographic image to a printing matrix, then to paper. The first offset lithographic press was introduced in 1904. Offset lithographic + Photoengraving: print an image with text. The letterpress printing remained less expensive. The Linotype machine mechanized the typesetting process. 1.2.6 Production History Advances in Letterpress Printing: Linotype and Monotype. The first Linotype machine was installed at the ‘New York Tribune’, in 1886. By Ottmar Mergenthaler, a German-born American. Mechanized the typesetting process. Monotype machine invented in 1890, by Tolbert Lanston. Both sped up typesetting. Linotype Monotype 1.2.7 Production History Industrial Revolution: Mid-the 18th century. From Graphic Arts to Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Graphic Industries - In 1865, the first rotary presses appeared. - Photogravure in 1879 - Photoengraving and Lithography in mid-19th century. - End of the century, typesetting techniques for letterpress printing improved with the invention of the Linotype and Monotype machines. - The early 20th century, automatic book binding system. - Offset printing invented in 1904. - Flexography invited in France by Holweg in 1905. - By the early 20th century, the graphic arts become an industry. - Letterpress Printing was still the most widespread system for reproducing text. Offset printing finally supplanted letterpress printing in 1960, which made it easier to reproduce images and text. 1.2.8 Production History Phototypesetting and the Offset Printing Boom Offset printing finally supplanted letterpress printing in 1960, which made it easier to reproduce images and text. Phototypesetting emerged around 1960 with the arrival of the IBM Selectric typewriter. The development of computers and digital technology revolutionize the world of graphic design and prepress. 1.2.9 Production History The development of computers and First Computer? it’s hard to say exactly who digital technology built it. From 1940 to 1980 a huge amount of research were made in computers and computer science to improve the machines’ performance. 1980s, The desktop publishing with the launch of PageMaker by Aldus Corporation in 1985 and the introduction of the LaserWriter printer for the Apple Macintosh. Revolutionize the world of graphic design and prepress. 1.2.9 Production History Digital page layout. Digital Scanner. First image ever scanned, in 1975, was a photograph of Russell Kirsch’s son. In 1963, Chromacom: scanned images in color. Starting in 1990, Digital Photography. Computer Softwares: - Photoshop: image editor. - Freehand, CorelDRAW, Illustrator: vector graphics. - InDesign, PageMaker, QuarkXPress: desktop publishing.  Letterpress printing Photosetting Digital Photoengraving, Reprographic Linotype Phototype-setter Computer lithography, etc camera Former Prepress Text matrix Image matrix Text film Image film Composition Images Text Processes Imposition and stripping Printing Printing Light table Arrangement on a flat CTP Matrix engraving (plate) Plate burning Matrix Processing (plate) Exposing the matrix (plate) Printing Processor Development of the matrix (plate) Printing  XXI Digital printing Desktop publishing XX Photosetting Offset Printing Linotype Flexography XIX Monotype Rotogravure Industrial Screen Printing XVIIII Lithography printing systems XVII Photoengraving The history of XVI Letterpress printing (Europe) XV XIV Engraphing (Europe) Silkscreen (Europe) XIIII XII XI Types of clay (China) X IX VIII VII VI Woodblock printing (China) Silkscreen (China/Japan) V IV III Digital and computerised printing Offset printing, flexography, rotogravure and screen printing II Printing and other engraving techniques I AC Chalcography and other engraving techniques Manuscripts, drawings, paintings and woodblock prints I BC Painting Calligraphy