Lesson 1A - History of Computers (1).pptx

LESSON 1A: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS 1 Learning Outcomes: After successful completion of this module, the student can be able to; Learn the history of computers Identify the different types of computers Appreciate the use of old and modern computers...

LESSON 1A: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS 1 Learning Outcomes: After successful completion of this module, the student can be able to; Learn the history of computers Identify the different types of computers Appreciate the use of old and modern computers 2  History of Computer: Basic Computing Earliest Periods Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in 3 that sense until the middle of the 20th century.  TALLY STICKS A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. Early Man relied on counting on his fingers and toes (which by the way, is the basis for our base 10 numbering system). He also used sticks and stones as markers. Later notched sticks and knotted cords were used for counting. Finally came symbols written on hides, parchment, and later paper. Man invents the concept 4 of number, then invents devices to  ABACUS An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. While it predates the Chinese abacus we do not know if it was the ancestor 5 of that Abacus. Counters in the lower  NAPIER’S BONES Invented by John Napier in 1614. Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. John Napier, a Scottish nobleman and politician devoted much of his leisure time to the study of mathematics. He was especially interested in devising ways to aid computations. His greatest contribution was the invention of logarithms. He inscribed logarithmic measurements on a set of 10 wooden rods and thus was able to do multiplication and division by matching up numbers on the rods. These became known 6 as Napier’s Bones.  SLIDE RULE Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms. Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry William Oughtred,used Not normally in EnglanD, invented for addition or the slide rule. Using the concept of Napier’s subtraction. bones, he inscribed logarithms on strips of wood and invented the calculating "machine" which was used up until the mid-1970s when the first hand-held calculators and microcomputers appeared. 7  PASCALINE Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive. Blaise Pascal, a French mathematical genius, at the age of 19 invented a machine, which he called the Pascaline that could do addition and subtraction to help his father, who was also a mathematician. Pascal’s machine consisted of a series of gears with 10 teeth each, representing the numbers 0 to 9. As each gear made one turn it would trip the next gear up to make 1/10 of a revolution. This principle remained the foundation of all mechanical adding machines for centuries after his death. The Pascal programming 8  STEPPED RECKONER Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented differential and integral calculus independently of Sir Isaac Newton, who is usually given sole credit. He invented a calculating machine known as Leibniz’s Wheel or the Step Reckoner. It could add and subtract, like Pascal’s machine, but it could also multiply and divide. It did this by repeated additions or subtractions, the way mechanical adding machines of the mid to late 20th century did. Leibniz also invented something essential to modern computers — binary arithmeti 9  THE BOUCHON LOOM Invented by Basile Bouchon, the son of an organ maker, worked in the textile industry, At this timeinfabrics 1725.with very intricate patterns woven into them were very much in vogue. To weave a complex pattern, however involved somewhat complicated manipulations of the threads in a loom which frequently became tangled, broken, or out of place. Bouchon observed the paper rolls with punched holes that his father made to program his player organs and adapted the idea as a way of "programming" a loom. The paper passed over a section of the loom and where the holes appeared certain threads were lifted. As a result, the pattern could be woven repeatedly. This was the first punched paper, stored program. Unfortunately, the paper 10 tore and was hard to advance. So, Bouchon’s loom  FALÇON LOOM Invented by Jean-Batist Falçon in 1728. The machine has substituted a deck of punched cardboard cards for the paper roll of Bouchon’s loom. This was much more durable, but the deck of cards tended to get shuffled, and it was tedious to continuously switch cards. So, Falçon’s loom ended up collecting dust next to Bouchon’s loom. 11  JACQUARD LOOM The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented differential and integral calculus independently of Sir Isaac Newton, who is usually given sole credit. He invented a calculating machine known as Leibniz’s Wheel or the Step Reckoner. It could add and subtract, like Pascal’s machine, but it could also multiply and divide. It did this by repeated additions or subtractions, the way mechanical adding machines of the mid to late 20th century did. Leibniz also invented something essential to modern computers — binary arithmetic. 12  ARITHMOMETER A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass-produced calculating machine. 13  DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL ItENGINE an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 It is the Charles first mechanical Babbage is known as the Father of computer. the modern computer (even though none of his computers worked or were even constructed in their entirety). He first designed plans to build, what he called the Automatic Difference Engine. It was designed to help in the construction of mathematical tables for navigation. Unfortunately, engineering limitations of his time made it impossible for the computer to 14  FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. During a nine-month period, Ada Lovelace translated Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's memoir on Charles Babbage's Analytic Engine. With her translation she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the Engine. Historians now recognize this as the world's first computer program and honor her as the first programmer. Too bad she has such an ill- received programming language named after her. 15 SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. The first printing calculator. 16  TABULATING MACHINE Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting. In 1880 taking the U.S. census proved to be a monumental task. By the time it was completed it was almost time to start over for the 1890 census. To try to overcome this problem the Census Bureau hired Dr. Herman Hollerith. In 1887, using Jacquard’s idea of the punched card data storage, Hollerith developed a punched card tabulating system, which allowed the census takers to record all the information needed on punched cards which were then placed in a special tabulating machine with a series of counters. After the census Hollerith turned to using his tabulating machines for business and in 1896 organized the Tabulating 17  ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC) It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and his graduate assistant, Clifford Barry, built the first truly electronic computer, called the Atanasoff- Berry Computer or ABC. Atanasoff said the idea came to him as he was sitting in a small roadside tavern in Illinois. This computer used a circuit with 45 vacuum tubes to perform the calculations, and capacitors for storage. This was also the first computer to use binary math. 18  HARVARD MARK 1 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 The first electro-mechanical computer Dr. Howard Aiken of Harvard finished the construction of the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, popularly known as the Mark I. It contained over 3000 mechanical relays and was the first electro-mechanical computer capable of making logical decisions, like if x==3 then do this not like If its raining outside I need to carry an umbrella. It could perform an addition in 3/10 of a second. Compare that with something on the order of a couple of nano-seconds (billionths of a second) today. 19  HARVARD MARK 1 One of the primary programmers for the Mark I was Grace Hopper. One day the Mark I was malfunctioning and not reading its paper tape input correctly. Ms. Hopper checked out the reader and found a dead moth in the mechanism with its wings blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. She removed the moth, taped it into her log book, and recorded... Relay #70 Panel F (moth) in relay. First actual case of bug being found. She had debugged the program, and while the word bug had been used to describe defects since at least 1889, she is credited with coining the word debugging to describe the work of eliminating program errors. 20  ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general-purpose computer completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper ENIAC was Eckert andthe firstMauchly. John multipurpose electronic computer, though very difficult to re-program. It was primarily used to computer aircraft courses, shell trajectories, and to break codes during World War II. 21 ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER ENIAC occupied a 20 x 40 foot room and used 18,000 vacuum tubes. ENIAC also could never be turned off. If it was it blew too many tubes when turned back on. It had a very limited storage capacity and it was programmed by jumper wires plugged into a large board. 22 UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1 The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census 23 ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. 24 THE FIRST PORTABLE COMPUTER Osborne 1 – the first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. 25 THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. 26  References https://ftms.edu.my/v2/wp-content/uploads/ 2019/02/csca0201_ch01.pdf https://www.sutori.com/story/history-of-ict- information-and-communicationstechnology-- N7J51bQqSU7vLWcVfdn5M9qa https://www.livescience.com/20718-computer- history.html https://www.explainthatstuff.com/ historyofcomputers.htm 27