Biol 11 Module 1 Lesson 1.3 Cell Structure and Function PDF

Biol 11 Module 1 Lesson 1.3 Cell structure and function Cheryl Batistel PhD Ecology Dept. of Biological Sciences Visayas State University 11 September 2023 1 Source: The International Union for Conservation of N...

Biol 11 Module 1 Lesson 1.3 Cell structure and function Cheryl Batistel PhD Ecology Dept. of Biological Sciences Visayas State University 11 September 2023 1 Source: The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) 2007 Red List. 2  Learning Outcomes 1. differentiate a prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, 2. determine the parts of the cell & their functions, 3. compare plant & animal cells, and 4. explain the mechanisms for transport across cell membrane Lesson 1.3 Cell structure and function 3 Why do we need to study the CELL? 4 The levels of organization of living organisms Organ Cells Tissues Organs Organism Systems 5 The CELL ❑ basic and smallest unit of life ❑ first described by Robert Hooke (1665) from a thin slice of cork www.biography.com/scholar/robert-hooke Robert Hooke's drawings of the cellular structure of cork (www.britannica.com) 6  The Modern CELL Theory ❑ existing cells are descendants of the first cells formed early in the evolutionary history of life on Earth ❑ scientists behind Cell Theory: - Matthias Schleiden (botanist) - Theodor Schwann (zoologist) - Rudolf Virchow (pathologist) - Louis Pasteur (chemist & microbiologist) Lesson 2.1 Animal Cell 7 The Modern CELL Theory 1. Every living cell is made up of one or more cells. Unicellular (Euglena) Multicellular Lion 2. Cells are the smallest complete living organisms →the basic unit of organization of multicellular organisms. 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division. https://ontrack-media.net/gateway/biology/g_bm4l4as1.html 8 Cell: Shapes & Sizes https://classnotes123.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/diffrent-size-and-shape-of-the-cell.png 9 Cell: Shapes & Sizes https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/04%3A_Cell_Structure/4.04%3A_Studying_Cells_-_Cell_Size 10  Cell: Shapes & Sizes - long, spindle - circular to pass shape to pull or through narrow Muscle Cell squeeze the parts Blood Cell capillaries & transport oxygen - long extensions for communica- Nerve - flat & wide for Cell tion with central Skin Cell covering & processes protecting surfaces 11 Cell: Types based on structure Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell simple, one cell o plasma complex, many cells very small membrane larger (bacteria) o cytosol few organelles (plants and animals) o genetic lots of organelles lacks membrane- material bound nucleus membrane-bound o ribosome nucleus present DNA not protected DNA protected 12  Cell: Types based on structure Genetic material Genetic material cytoplasm ribosome plasma *found membrane in both 13  PANORAMIC VIEW OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS Flagellum Vacuole Centriole Cytoskeleton Plasma Membrane Mitochondrion Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Lysosome Ribosome Chloroplast Golgi Body Vesicle Cell Wall Animal Cell Plant Cell 15 Cell: MOVEMENT * & PROTISTS ❑ through locomotory structures 16 Cell: MOVEMENT ❑ through locomotory structures - long-hairlike protrusions from the cell membrane 17 Cell: MOVEMENT ❑ through locomotory structures - arm-like projection for moving & feeding 18 Cell: MOVEMENT ❑ through locomotory structures - propels the cells - e.g., sperm cell 19 Cell: MOVEMENT ❑ through locomotory structures - long-hairlike protrusions from - arm-like projection - propels the cells the cell membrane for moving & feeding - e.g., sperm cell 20 Cellular Organelles (little organs) 1. Mitochondria Function: energy suppliers 2. Chloroplasts 3. Ribosomes Function: manufacturers 4. Endoplasmic reticulum 5. Golgi complex or apparatus 6. Lysosomes Function: digestion 7. Vacuoles Functions: storage and 9. Nucleus elimination Function: control/regulation 21 Organelle: MITOCHONDRIA** - powerhouse of the cell - site of cellular respiration/aerobic metabolism - have their own DNA & ribosomes -self-replicating - energy converting organelle - have enzyme assemblies that synthesize the energy- carrier molecule, ATP 22 Organelle: MITOCHONDRIA** double-membraned organelle: (i) outer membrane - smooth (ii) inner membrane - with numerous infoldings cristae that increase its surface area& consequently enhance its ability to produce ATP 23 Organelle: CHLOROPLAST* - site of photosynthesis - contains chlorophyll - contains DNA and ribosomes - energy converting organelle 24 Organelle: CHLOROPLAST* - double-membraned organelle a. outer membrane b. inner membrane c. stroma - semi fluid material enclosed by the inner membrane d. thylakoids - interconnected, hollow, disk-shaped flattened sacs embedded within the stroma 25 Organelle: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM** - site of protein synthesis/modification - distribute substances 26 Organelle: ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM** a. Rough ER - covered with ribosomes - manufactures secretory proteins - folds, modify & transport proteins b. Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes - lipid synthesis & hormones 27 Organelle: RIBOSOMES** - amino acids that synthesize protein a. Attached ribosome - make proteins for the membranes or - make proteins for exports b. Free ribosome - produces most proteins use in the cytoplasm - occurs freely in the cytoplasm 28 Organelle: GOLGI APPARATUS** - stacks of flattened sacs - processing, packaging & distribution of proteins & lipids (like a post office) that are synthesized at one location in the cell and used at another place 29 Organelle: LYSOSOMES* - membrane-enclosed sacs, filled with hydrolytic enzymes - digest or breaks down macromolecules (intracellular digestion centers) - destroys worn-out cell components (like a garbage disposal) - sometimes called “suicide capsules” as the enzymes released by them kill can the cell 30 Organelle: NUCLEUS** - storage of genetic library - control center of the cell - storage & synthesis of DNA & RNA - double-membraned structure usually located in the center of the cell NUCLEOLUS - dense structure at the center of nucleus - composed of DNA, RNA & protein - makes ribosomes 31 Organelle: VACUOLE** - large, single membrane-bound and filled with fluid - means “empty space” because it has no internal structure - for storage of substances (esp. toxic) “dumping site of the cell” 32  ANIMAL vs ANIMAL CELLS Flagellum Vacuole Centriole Cytoskeleton Plasma Membrane Mitochondrion Nucleus Rough ER Smooth ER Lysosome Ribosome Chloroplast Golgi Body Vesicle Cell Wall Animal Cell Plant Cell 33  Learning Outcomes 1. differentiate a prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, 2. determine the parts of the cell & their functions, 3. compare plant & animal cells, and 4. explain the mechanisms for transport across cell/plasma membrane (next meeting) Lesson 1.3 Cell structure and function 35 Cell Membrane: Structure & Functions Plant flagella Animal 36 37