Lesson 1.2 S-R Theories of Learning PDF

DEVC124 L ess on 1. 2 STIMULUS-RESPONSE THEORIES OF LEARNING JEANIE ROSE S. DELUZA  LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe what a theory i...

DEVC124 L ess on 1. 2 STIMULUS-RESPONSE THEORIES OF LEARNING JEANIE ROSE S. DELUZA  LEARNING OUTCOMES By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe what a theory is; 2. Enumerate at least five S-R theories; and 3. Illustrate an S-R theory using a real-life example. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  I NT R O DU CT I O N A theory is a way of explaining things. A theory is an abstract or generalized way of explaining something with a set of principles. Theories of learning: ways to explain how learning happens. S-R theories try to describe the learning process with a stimulus (S) that elicits a response (R) from the learner. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  THORNDIKE’S TRIAL-AND-ERROR LEARNING Edward Lee Thorndike was an Amer i can psy chol og ist whose cont ri but io ns t o l ea rni ng t heory be cam e t he fo un dat i on of educ at ion al ps ychol og y. One of hi s m ost p opul ar t heori es of l ear ni ng was t ha t of tria l a nd er ro r. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  In Thor ndik e' s expe ri me nts , a cat was pl aced i n a cage. The cage has a l atch that , when pre ss ed, ope ns the door. O f cours e, the cat doe s not know thi s. The cat mak es random acti ons unti l i t chances upon the l atch and ope ns the door. The y put the cat back i nsi de the cage. The mor e ti m es the cat goe s back, the fe wer random acti ons i t doe s, and i t can mak e i ts way to the l atch and ope n the cage. Trial and Error Experiment T his w as ho w Tho r ndi k e t he o ri z e d t hat , by t ri al a nd e rror, a l e arn e r may c ha nc e u pon re ac h in g a g oal. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT TH R EE L AWS O F L EA R NI N G : 1. LAW OF READINESS 2.LAW OF EXERCISE 3.LAW OF EFFECT  L AW O F R EA DI N ESS A law which states that learning is dependent upon the learner's readiness to act, which facilitates the strengthening of the bond between stimulus and response.  L AW O F EXE RC I SE The law of exercise stated that behaviour is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response.  L AW O F EF FECT The law of effect, states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated , while behaviors followed by negative consequences are less likely to be repeated.  TH R EE L AWS O F L EA R NI N G : 1. La w o f rea diness - we l ea rn best when we ar e r eady. 2. La w o f exe rc ise - we l ea rn som et hing bett er by do ing i t a ga in an d a ga in (r epet i ti on). 3. La w o f ef fe ct - what ha ppe ns a ft er we l ea rn somet hi ng st reng t hens o r weakens i ts ef f ect. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT PAVLOV ’S CL A SSICA L CONDITIONING: Ivan Pavlov dishes out some terms here: Dogs naturally salivate to food. This is the unconditioned response (UCR). The food is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). More terms: The bell becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). Salivating to the bell is now a conditioned response (CR).  In classical conditioning, we are able to use associations to affect behavior. A neutral stimulus can come together with an effective stimulus to produce a response. This is called learning by association. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  LEARNING CONCEPTS: STIMULUS GENERALIZATION AND DISCRIMINATION From Pavlov's experiments and theory emerged two concepts in learning: stimulus generalization and discrimination. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  Stimulus generalization is the tendency of an organism to respond in the same way to stimuli of similar qualities. Because Pavlov's experiments dealt primarily with involuntary responses, stimulus generalization also describes responses to stimuli at a low level of consciousness. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  Stimulus discrimination is the tendency of an organism to respond differently to stimuli that may be similar but are not exactly alike. Using the term itself, an organism discriminates between the two stimuli because of their differences. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  SKINNER’S OPERANT CONDITIONING Burrhus Frederic Skinner B. F. Ski nner was anot her psy chol og i st wh o st udi ed behav i or an d l ea rni ng. S kinn er's theor y of oper ant c ondi t ion ing b uil ds upon what Thor ndi ke, Pavl ov , a nd othe r beha vi or is ts di d. Oper a nt c onditi oning is a bou t lea r ning by r einfor cem ent.  Ac c o rdi ng to S ki nne r, a ct io ns t hat a re fol l owed by re i nforce ment a re more l i kel y to be re pea te d. “ We l e ar n be havi or t hat sa t isf i es us.” Any th in g that hap pe ns afte r an ac ti o n i s a re in fo rce m e nt if it st ren gt he ns a l ea rn e r's te nde nc y to re p eat i t. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  T WO T Y P ES OF REINFORCERS: A positive reinforcer is a good thing that happens after a behavior. The desired behavior is learned by adding the reward. A negative reinforcer is when something unpleasant is removed when behavior is done correctly. Instead of adding, you take something away. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  REINFORC EMENT BY P UNISHMENT Positive punishment - something unfavorable that is added after behavior to weaken a learner's tendency to repeat it. Negative punishment - something favorable is taken away after behavior to weaken a learner's tendency to repeat it. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  T WO KINDS OF REINFORCEMENT Motivational reinforcement - is a satisfying feeling after doing an action. Informational reinforcement - verbal feedback on whether you did the right thing or not. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  LEARNING CONCEPTS: HABIT FORMATION AND CHAIN LEARNING From Pavlov's experiments and theory emerged two concepts in learning: stimulus generalization and discrimination. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  For behaviorists, a habit is formed through a series of stimulus-response actions, or what they call S-R "chains" made of S-R "bonds." You have to tie learning to a habit, and then it will come more naturally rather than more deliberative. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  What's a habit? Something you do again and again. Psychologists say the best way to introduce a desired behavior is to tie them to a chain of actions to make it a habit. Isolated actions usually wear off eventually. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  HULL’S DRIVE REDUCTION Clark Hull In the mi d dl e of t he 20t h cent ury, t he i dea s of beha vi ori st Cl ar k Hul l bec ame v ery pop ula r in psy chol og y: drive re du ctio n. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  Hu l l s a y s le a r n in g b eha v io r s ca n b e t r i e d t o " d r iv es " o r na t u r al d es i r es o f hu ma n s an d ot h er o r g a ni s m s. H o we v e r , m an y le ar n i n g si t u at io n s ca n n o t b e e xp l ain e d b y H u ll 's t h e o r y b e cau s e it ' s n o t al l t h e t i me t h at w e ar e m o t iv at e d b y si mp le d r iv e s. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  GUTHRIE'S CONTIGUITY THEORY Edwin Ray Guthrie Anot her S-R theor i st i s Edwi n Ra y Gut hri e. Thi s t heory of lea rni ng al so beca me pop ula r in t he 2 0t h cent ury : co ntigu ity. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  What' s conti gui ty? T he wor d comes f rom Lat in, and i t mean s "t ouching ". S o, t he adj ectives "cont iguous " or "cont in gent " usua lly refer t o t hing s b esid e each ot her. For Gut hri e, to lear n som et hi ng, you don' t need rein for cem en t. I nst ead, yo u need th e respon se to be do ne rig ht after the stimul us. Conti guous. A nd you only n eed t o do somet hin g on ce t o learn i t. DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT  Ex ample: You will lear n how to pl ay guit ar ch ords by looking at t he pat t er ns (s t imulus ) a nd put t ing your han d on t he st rin gs (res pons e). You ca nnot l ea rn how to pl ay the gui tar by l earni ng about the chords but not actual l y doi ng i t r i ght the n a nd there. T his i s t he law of cont iguity an d mor e p art icular ly, cont iguit y in t ime (th e a ction s ar e b es ide each ot her in t erms of t ime). DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT DEVC124 | FUNDAMENTALS OF ECT T HANK YOU !