LESSON 1 The Self from Various Philosophical Perspectives PDF

# Introductory Discussion "If you feel lost, disappointed, hesitant, or weak, return to yourself, to who you are, here and now and when you get there, you will discover yourself, like a lotus flower in full bloom, even in a muddy pond, beautiful and strong." -Masaru Emoto, Secret Life of Water -...

# Introductory Discussion "If you feel lost, disappointed, hesitant, or weak, return to yourself, to who you are, here and now and when you get there, you will discover yourself, like a lotus flower in full bloom, even in a muddy pond, beautiful and strong." -Masaru Emoto, Secret Life of Water - How did ancient thinkers view a human being? Who were those curious enough to study how human beings perceive themselves? - One aspect that makes us humans different from all other creatures on earth is our capacity to build on knowledge. - We learn, we apply it in our lives, and we use acquired ideas to create. - Philosophical musings have produced some of the most important original ideas over the centuries. - Their contributions to all areas of learning are inestimable. - Some views may be more popular, others a bit unknown, but humanity's development is founded on the views of our ancient thinkers. - What is philosophy? - Philosophy is from the Greek words philo- (loving) and Sophia (knowledge, wisdom). At its simplest, philosophy means "loving knowledge” or “loving wisdom.” - The term philosophy as originally used by the Greeks meant "the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake.” - Naturally, the need to understand the “self” did not escape the philosopher's curious mind. - Hence, here are the most relevant philosophical views that will give you a historical framework in your quest of understanding yourself. ## Different Perspectives in the Explanation of Self - How do you define "self"? Do you have the same definitions of self in philosophical and psychological perspectives? - Let's find out how the philosophers define or describe self during the early and modern times. - But before going into the details of their significant contributions in the understanding of the self, let's have an exercise first. ## Activity 1: "Philosopher's Gallery Walk" Roam around, and let your classmates answer each box. After each has answered orally, let him/her sign in the box being answered. | | | | | :----------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------ | :---------------------------------------------------------------------- | | He believes that the human mind at birth is a "tabula rasa". | A philosopher who states that "I act, therefore I am" | Explain this statement, "I think, therefore I am". | | Knows the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. | Discuss the philosophy of Hume. | Recite the three kinds of being by Plato. | | Explain the "Socratic method". | Give an example/personal experience of the phrase "I act, therefore I am." | Explain this phrase, physical body is an important part of the self. | | Know the life of John Locke. | Discuss the statement, "I sense, therefore I am." | Differentiate between Descartes' and Gilbert Ryle's views about the "self". | | Tell who Augustine is. | This philosopher states that reason is the final authority of morality. | Give the background of Descartes. | ## Philosophy ### Socrates - Socrates was a Greek philosopher and one of the very few individuals who shaped Western thought (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2017). - However, unlike the other philosophers during his time, Socrates never wrote anything. - Knowledge about Socrates is through second-hand information from the writings of his student Plato (another of the most influential Western thinkers) and historian Xenophon (The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2017). - Socrates was known for his method of inquiry in testing an idea. - This is called the Socratic Method whereby an idea was tested by asking a series of questions to determine underlying beliefs and the extent of knowledge to guide the person toward better understanding (Maxwell, 2015). - Socrates was described to have gone about in Athens questioning everyday views and popular Athenian beliefs. - This apparently offended the leaders in his time. - He was then accused of impiety or lack of reverence for the gods and for corrupting the minds of the youth. At 70 years old, Socrates was sentenced to death by drinking a cup of poison hemlock (Brickhouse & Smith, 2002). #### Some of Socrates' ideas were: - The soul is immortal. - The care of the soul is the task of philosophy. - Virtue is necessary to attain happiness - Socrates believed that philosophy had a very important role to play in the lives of the people. - One of his most-quoted phrases is, "The unexamined life is not worth living." - According to Socrates, self-knowledge or the examination of one's self, as well as the question about how one ought to live one's life, are very important concerns because only by knowing yourself can you hope to improve your life (Rappe, 1995). - Socrates believed that you as a person should consciously contemplate, turn your gaze inward, and analyze the true nature and values that are guiding your life. - He added self-knowledge would open your eyes to your true nature; which contrary to pop culture, is not about what you own, how many "Likes" you get in your social media posts, or how successful you are in your career. - In fact, your real self is not even your body. - According to Socrates, the state of your inner being (soul/self) determines the quality of your life. #### Socrates said existence is of two kinds: 1. The visible, and 2. The invisible. - The visible existence changes while the invisible existence remains constant (Connolly, 2017). - According to Socrates, this is the state of the human being. - The body, which is visible, changes; the other part, the kind that is invisible to humans yet sensed and understood by the mind remains constant. - In the Socratic Dialogue, Plato wrote what Socrates said about the body and the soul: "When the soul and body are together nature assigns our body to be a slave and to be ruled and the soul to be ruler and master" (Hamilton et al., 1961; Organ, 1986). - However, Socrates said that the body was a reluctant slave, and the soul gets dragged toward what is always changing. - This would leave the soul confused (Organ, 1986). - Socrates also believed that the goal of life is to be happy. - How does one become happy? - According to Socrates, the virtuous man is a happy man, and that virtue alone is the one and only supreme good that will secure his/her happiness. - Virtue is defined as moral excellence, and an individual is considered virtuous if his/her character is made up of the moral qualities that are accepted as virtues, i.e., courage, temperance, prudence, and justice (The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2017). - According to Socrates, even death is a trivial matter for the truly virtuous because he/she has realized that the most important thing in life is the state of his/her soul and the acts taken from taking care of the soul through self-knowledge. ### Plato "Good actions give strength to ourselves and inspire good actions in others." - Plato was the student of Socrates. - He wrote the Socratic Dialogue where Socrates was the main character and speaker. - Plato's philosophical method was what he identified as "collection and division" (Phaedrus, 265e; Smith, 2017). - In this method, the philosopher would "collect" all the generic ideas that seemed to have common characteristics and then divided them into different kinds until the subdivision of ideas became specific. - He is best known for his Theory of Forms that asserted the physical world is not really the “real” world because the ultimate reality exists beyond the physical world. - According to Plato, the "soul" is indeed the most divine aspect of the human being. - However, his concept of the divine is not a spiritual being but rather one that has an intellectual connotation. - The self/soul/mind according to Plato is the aspect of the human beings by which the Forms (ideas) are known. #### The Three parts of the soul according to Plato are: 1. The appetitive (sensual) 2. The rational (reasoning) 3. The spirited (feeling) **The appetitive (sensual)** - The element that enjoys sensual experiences, such as food, drink, and sex **The rational (reasoning)** - The element that forbids the person to enjoy the sensual experiences; the part that loves truth, hence, should rule over the other parts of the soul through the use of reason **The spirited (feeling)** - The element that is inclined toward reason but understands the demands of passion; the part that loves honor and victory ### St. Augustine - Saint Augustine, also called Saint Augustine of Hippo, is one of the Latin Fathers of the Church, one of the Doctors of the Church, and one of the most significant Christian thinkers. - His philosophical approach to Christian thinking is the most influential theological system. - His written works are among the foundations of medieval and modern Christian thought (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017). - Saint Augustine was deeply influenced by Plato's ideas. - Not surprisingly, he adopted Plato's view that the "self" is an immaterial (but rational) soul. - Giving the Theory of Forms a Christian perspective, Augustine asserted that these Forms were concepts existing within the perfect and eternal God (The Catholic University of America Press, 1982) where the soul belonged. - Saint Augustine held that the soul held the Truth and was capable of scientific thinking. - Saint Augustine's concept of the "self" was an inner, immaterial "I" that had self-knowledge and self-awareness. - He believed that the human being was both a soul and body, and the body possessed senses, such as imagination, memory, reason, and mind through which the soul experienced the world. - He also reasoned that human beings through the senses could sense the material, temporal objects as we interacted with the material world; the immaterial but intelligible (def. able to be understood only by the intellect, not by the senses) God would only be clear or obvious to the mind if one tune into his/her immaterial self/soul. #### The aspects of the self/soul according to Saint Augustine's are: - It is able to be aware of itself. - It recognizes itself as a holistic one. - It is aware of its unity. - Saint Augustine believed that the human being who is both soul and body is meant to tend to higher, divine, and heavenly matters because of his/her our capacity to ascend and comprehend truths through the mind. - He connected the ascension of the soul with his assertion that everything related to the physical world belongs to the physical body, and if a person concerns himself/herself with this physical world then he/she will not be any different from animals. - Saint Augustine pointed out that a person is similar to God as regards to the mind and its ability; that by ignoring to use his/her mind (or the incorrect use of the mind) he/she would lose his/her possibility to reach real and lasting happiness (The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2017; Mendelson, 206). ### Rene Descartes - René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. - He is considered the father of modern Western philosophy. - Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to describe, predict, and understand natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidence (Bertrand, 2004; Grosholz, 1991). - Descartes proposed that doubt was a principal tool of disciplined inquiry. - His method was called hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt, also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism. - It is a systematic process of being skeptical about the truth of one's beliefs in order to determine which beliefs could be ascertained as true (Roger, 1994; Philosophy Glossary University of Houston). - René Descartes' famous line "Cogito ergo sum" translated as "I think, therefore I am" became a fundamental element of Western philosophy as it secured the foundation for knowledge in the face of radical doubt. - He asserted that everything perceived by the senses could not be used as proof of existence because human senses could be fooled. - He added that there was only one thing we could be sure of in this world, and that was everything could be doubted. - In turn, by doubting his own existence, Descartes proved that there is a thinking entity that is doing the act of doubting. #### Descartes' claims about the "self" are: - It is constant; it is not prone to change; and it is not affected by time. - Only the immaterial soul remains the same throughout time. - The immaterial soul is the source of our identity. - He further asserted that this thinking entity could exist without the body because it is an immaterial substance. - Nevertheless, this immaterial substance (self) possesses a body and is so intimately bound/joined by it that the "self" forms a union with its body. - Despite this body-soul union, Descartes reasoned that the soul is still distinct from the body. | | | | :---------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | **The Soul** | It is a conscious, thinking substance that is unaffected by time. | | **The Body** | It is a material substance that changes through time. | | | It is known only to itself (only you know your own mental event and others cannot correct your mental states). | | | It can be doubted; The public can correct claims about the body. | | | It is not made up of parts. It views the entirety of itself with no hidden or separate compartments. | | | It is made up of physical, quantifiable, divisible parts. | | | It is both conscious and aware of itself at the same time. | ### John Locke - John Lock was a philosopher and physician and was one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. - The Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the ideas in Europe during the 18th century. - If Descartes described the "self" as a thinking thing, Locke expanded this definition of “self” to include the memories of that thinking thing. - Locke believed that the "self" is identified with consciousness and this "self" consists of sameness of consciousness. - This is usually interpreted to mean that the "self" consists of memory; that the person existing now is the same person yesterday because he/she remembers the thoughts, experiences, or actions of the earlier self (Natsoulas, 1994; Fuchs, 2017). - For Locke, a person's memories provide a continuity of experience that allows him/her to identify himself/herself as the same person over time. - This theory of personal identity allows Locke to justify a defense of accountability (Winkler, 1991). - According to Locke since the person is the same "self" in the passing of time, he/she can be held accountable for past behaviors. - However, Locke insisted that a person could only be held accountable for behaviors he/she can remember. Locke is equivalent to punishing someone for behaviors he/she has no recollection of doing. - Locke believed that punishing him/her for actions that was never performed. - He asserted that the state of the person who cannot remember his/her behavior is the same as the state of the person who never committed the act, which meant the person was ignorant. ### David Hume - David Hume (1711 - 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian during the Age of Enlightenment. - He was a fierce opponent of Descartes' Rationalism. - Rationalism is the theory that reason, rather than experience, is the foundation of all knowledge. - Hume, along with John Locke and Bishop George Berkeley, was one of the three main figureheads of the influential British Empiricism movement. - Empiricism is the idea that the origin of all knowledge is sense experience. - It emphasized the role of experience and evidence (especially sensory perception) in forming concepts, while discounting the notion of innate ideas (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2017). - Hume is identified with the bundle theory wherein he described the "self" or person (which Hume assumed to be the “mind”) as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a very fast and successive manner; therefore, it is in a "perpetual flux.” - Hume's theory began by denying Descartes' view of the immaterial soul and of its experiences. - Empiricists like Hume believed that human intellect and experiences are limited; therefore, it is impossible to attribute it to an independent persisting entity (i.e., soul). - David Hume concluded that the "self" is merely made up of successive impressions (Pike, 1967; Seigel, 2005). - Hume divided the mind's perceptions into two groups stating that the difference between the two "consists in the degrees of force and liveliness with which they strike upon the mind" (Hume, p. 10): 1. Impressions. These are the perceptions that are the most strong. They enter the senses with most force. These are directly experienced; they result from inward and outward sentiments. 2. Ideas. These are the less forcible and less lively counterparts of impressions. These are mechanisms that copy and reproduce sense data formulated based upon the previously perceived impressions. - Hume asserted that the notion of the “self” could not be verified through observation. - He argued that if you can directly know, then what you know are mere objects of what your senses are experiencing. - With this idea, he believed there is no logical justification for the existence of anything other than what your senses experienced. - For Hume, the “self” was nothing but a series of incoherent impressions received by the senses. - This description of experience revealed, according to Hume, no permanently subsisting self (Montgomery, 1889). - Hume compared the "self" to a nation; whereby a nation retains its “being a nation" not by some single core or identity but by being composed of different, constantly changing elements, such as people, systems, culture, and beliefs. - In the same manner, the "self” according to Hume is not just one impression but a mix and a loose cohesion of various personal experiences. - Hume insisted that there is no one constant impression that endures throughout your life. - Hume did not believe on the existence of the “self." - He stressed that your perceptions are only active for as long as you are conscious. - According to Hume, should your perception be "removed” for any time (such as when you are sleeping), and you can no longer sense yourself then you also cease to exist. - In this line, Hume seemed to reduce the “self” as a light bulb that may be switched on or off. - Hume's "self" is a passive observer similar to watching one's life pass before the eyes like a play or on a screen; whereby the total annihilation of the “self” comes at death. ### Immanuel Kant - Philosopher Immanuel Kant is a central figure in modern philosophy. - His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on almost every philosophical movement that followed him. - Among other ideas that Kant proposed was that, the human mind creates the structure of human experience. - Kant's view of the “self” is transcendental, which means the "self" is related to a spiritual or nonphysical realm. - For Kant, the self is not in the body. - The self is outside the body, and it does not have the qualities of the body. - Despite being transcendental, Kant stressed that the body and its qualities are rooted to the “self.” - He proposed that it is knowledge that bridges the “self” and the material things together (Boeree, 1999; Brook, 2004). #### Two kinds of consciousness of self (rationality): - Consciousness of oneself and one's psychological states in inner sense, and - Consciousness of oneself and one's states by performing acts of apperception. #### Apperception - The mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he or she already possesses. - Kant's point is that what truly exist are your ideas and your knowledge of your ideas; that you perceive the outside world through the self with your ideas. - Kant pointed out that the material world is not just an extension, and that you are merely seeing objects. - He insisted that you perceive the outside world because there is already an idea residing within you. - These ideas are what connect you to the external world. - He defended the diverse quality or state of the body and soul (self) presenting that "bodies are objects of outer sense; souls are objects of inner sense” (Carpenter, 2004). #### Two components of the “self”: 1. Inner self. The “self” by which you are aware of alterations in your own state. This includes your rational intellect and your psychological state, such as moods, feelings, and sensations, pleasure, and pain. 2. Outer self. It includes your senses and the physical world. It is the common boundary between the external world and the inner self. It gathers information from the external world through the senses, which the inner self interprets and coherently expresses. - Kant proposed that the "self" organizes information in three ways: > 1. Raw perceptual input, > 2. Recognizing the concept, and > 3. Reproducing in the imagination. - Kant's "self" has a unified point of self-reference. - You are conscious of yourself as the subject, and you are conscious of yourself as a common subject of different representations. - Here Kant confirms that the impressions you perceive point to one single common fact – the "self" is the subject of these experiences. ### Sigmund Freud - Philosopher, physiologist, and psychologist Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. - His most important contribution, particularly in psychology, was psychoanalysis, a practice devised to treat those who are mentally ill through dialogue. - The vast majority of European philosophers before Freud (from Plato and Aristotle to Kant and Descartes) regarded human beings as having an "essence" to which the self/soul is ascribed. - The "self" was an entity in itself characterized as the subject (the focal point: the topic and doer of the action) of the physical and mental actions and experiences. - The notion is that the self is essence and subject points to the idea of an entity that is unified, single, undivided, and unaffected by time. - Freud, however, did not accept the existence of any single entity that could be put forward as the notion of "self." - His work in the field of psychoanalysis was groundbreaking because it answered questions about the human psyche in a way that no one else had before him. - In psychology, the psyche is the totality of the human mind, both conscious and unconscious. (Watson, 2014). - In his earlier structural division of the psyche, Freud distinguished three levels of consciousness: 1. Conscious, which deals with awareness of present perceptions, feelings, thoughts, memories, and fantasies at any particular moment; 2. Pre-conscious/subconscious, which is related to data that can readily be brought to consciousness; and 3. Unconscious, which refers to data retained but not easily available to the individual's conscious awareness or scrutiny. - Central to Freud's psychoanalytic theory was the proposed existence of the unconscious as:, > 1. A repository for traumatic repressed memories; and > 2. The source of anxiety-provoking drives that is socially or ethically unacceptable to the individual. - Psychoanalytic Theory is a personality theory based on the notion that an individual gets motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and the rational thought. - Sigmund Freud did not exactly create the notion of the conscious versus unconscious mind, but he certainly was responsible for making it popular, and this was one of his main contributions to psychology (McLeod, 2008). - To explain his model, Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe the three levels of the mind. - Freud further structured the psyche/mind into three parts: 1. Id. It operates on the pleasure principle. Every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences. When the id achieves its demands you experience pleasure; when it is denied, you experience "unpleasure" or tension. 2. Ego. It operates according to the reality principle. It works out realistic ways of satisfying the id's demands (often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society). The ego considers social realities and norms, etiquette, and rules in deciding how to behave. If the ego fails to use the reality principle, anxiety is experienced, and unconscious defense mechanisms are employed to help ward off unpleasant feelings. 3. Superego. It incorporates the values and morals of society. The superego's function is to control the id's impulses. It persuades the ego to choose moralistic goals and to strive for perfection rather than simply realistic ones. - The superego consists of two systems: 1. Conscience. If the ego gives in to the id's demands, the superego may make the person feel bad through guilt. 2. Ideal self. It is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be. It represents career aspirations; how to treat other people; and how to behave as a member of society. - According to Freud's structure of the mind, the ego and the superego function in different levels of consciousness. There is a constant movement of memories and impulses from one level to another. The id, on the other hand, is unaffected by reality, logic, or the everyday world as it operates within the unconscious part of the mind. ### Gilbert Ryle - Philosopher and professor, Gilbert Ryle produced a critique on Descartes' idea that the mind is distinct from the body. - He wrote The Concept of Mind (1949) where he rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states. - Ryle called the distinction between mind and matter a "category-mistake" because of its attempt to analyze the relation between "mind" and "body" as if the two were terms of the same categories (Nath, 2013). #### Ryle's points against Descartes' theory are: - The relation between mind and body are not isolated processes. - Mental processes are intelligent acts, and are not distinct from each other. - The operation of the mind is itself an intelligent act. - According to Ryle, the rationalist view that mental acts are distinct from physical acts and that there is a mental world distinct from the physical world is a misconception. - Ryle described this distinction between mind and body as "the dogma of the ghost in the machine" where he explained there is no hidden entity or ghost called “soul” (also understood as mind or self) inside a machine called “body” (Ryle, 1992). - Ryle criticized the theory that the mind is a place where mental images are apprehended, perceived, or remembered. - He asserted that sensations, thoughts, and feelings do not belong to a mental world separate from the physical world. - Knowledge, memory, imagination, and any other abilities or dispositions do not reside “within” the mind as if the mind were a space in which these could be stored or located. - If Ryle believed that the concept of a distinct "self" is not real, where do we get our sense of self? - Ryle asserted that it is from our behaviors and actions. - For example, you think of yourself as a kind person because of your acts of kindness. - In Ryle's view, your actions define your own concept of "self" (who you are). ### Paul Churchland - Philosopher and professor Paul Churchland is known for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. - His philosophy stands on a materialistic view or the belief that nothing but matter exists. - In other words, if something can be seen, felt, heard, touched, or tasted, then it exists. - There is nothing beyond the sensory experience. - Thus, in Churchland's view the immaterial, unchanging soul/self does not exist because it cannot be experienced by the senses (1989). - Churchland insisted that the idea of a mind or soul is not in consonance with the physical changes that have occurred in the hereditary characteristics of the human species over successive generations. - Specifically, Churchland's idea is called eliminative materialism or the claim that people's common-sense understanding of the mind (or folk psychology) is false, and that certain classes of mental states which most people believe in do not exist (Churchland, 1989; Baker, 1995). - To prove his point, Churchland pointed out that in mental conditions, such as depression, it is technically wrong to say that the person is "out of his mind" because neuroscientists have found that brain activity, and even brain shape, appears to be associated with severe mood disorders. - Moreover, he pointed out that in a severe head injury, the victim's personality changes occur. - He pointed out that if the mind were a separate entity, then the victim should have retained his/her personality despite the damage to the brain. - Thus, Churchland asserted the sense of “self” originated from the brain itself, and that this “self” is a product of electrochemical signals produced by the brain. ### Maurice Merleau-Ponty - Maurice Merleau-Ponty was a philosopher and author. - Emphasizing the body as the primary site of knowing the world, Maurice Merleau-Ponty's idea of “self” is an embodied subjectivity. - The term “embodied” is a verb that means to give a body to (usually an immaterial substance like a soul). - Subjectivity, in philosophy, is the state of being a subject - an entity that possesses conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires. - Moreover, a subject acts upon or affects some other entity, which in philosophy is called the object. - A subject, therefore, is something that exists, can take action, and can cause real effects (on an object). - Merleau-Ponty rejected the Cartesian mind-body dualism and insisted that the mind and body are intrinsically connected. - By emphasizing the primacy of the body in an experience, he also veered away from the established notion that the center of consciousness is the mind (Thompson, 2004). - He asserted that human beings are embodied subjectivities, and that the understanding of the "self" should begin from this fundamental fact. - He added that the body is not a mere "house” where the mind resides. - Rather it is through the lived experience of the body that you perceive; are informed; and interact with the world (Varela, Thompson, & Rosch, 2017). - Merleau-Ponty argued that the body is part of the mind, and the mind is part of the body; that although there could be a stand-alone mental faculty that perceives what the senses experience, it needs the body to receive these experiences, act on its perceptions, and communicate with the external world. According to Merleau-Ponty, the body acts what the mind perceives as a unified one. ## Summative Test | | | :------------------------------------ | | Name: | | Course and Year: | | Date: | | Score: | | | | **Let's test your memory.** | | | I. Identify what is being asked in each statement below. Write your answers before 1. He believed that the most important thing in life is the state of an individual's soul. 2. He believed that human being is both a soul and body. 3. He asserted that "self" does not exist; instead, he stressed that perceptions are only active for as long as an individual is conscious. 4. He proposed the existence of the unconscious. 5. He believed that there are three parts of the soul, namely, appetitive, rational, and spirited. 6. He claimed that human knowledge is derived from experience. 7. He believed that self is not in the body, and he stressed that the body and its qualities are rooted to the self. 8. He viewed that the immaterial soul does not exist because it cannot be experienced by the senses. 9. He believed that an individual's actions define his/her own concept of "self." 10. He asserted that the soul is distinct from the body. ## Match the descriptions/concepts in Column A with the philosophers/theologians in Column B. Options can be answered ONCE. | Column A | Column B | | :--------------------------------------------- | :----------------- | | 1. He is known for his Theory of Forms. | A. Augustine | | 2. He claimed that the soul holds the Truth, which is capable of scientific thinking. | B. Churchland | | 3. He is famous for this phrase, “I Think, Therefore I Am." | C. Descartes | | 4. He proposed that human mind at birth is a "tabula rasa". | D. Freud | | 5. He asserted that rationalism is the foundation of all knowledge. | E. Hume | | 6. He proposed that knowledge bridges the "self" and the material things together. | F. Kant | | 7. He practiced psychoanalysis in answering questions about the human psyche. | G. Locke | | 8. He was known for this phrase, “I Act, Therefore, I am." | H. Merleau-Ponty | | 9. He was famous for his idea on Eliminative Materialism. | I. Plato | | 10. He is known for his belief on embodied subjectivity. | J. Ryle | | | K. Socrates |