Lesson 1 - Introduction to Statistics PDF

Statistics and Probability Ms. Andrea Joy S. Malana, LPT  Prayer Dear Lord Jesus, I ask for: addition of your mercy so I can be a mercy giver, subtraction of temptations so that I do not fall into sin, multiplication of your love so I can be a reflected image of your character f...

Statistics and Probability Ms. Andrea Joy S. Malana, LPT  Prayer Dear Lord Jesus, I ask for: addition of your mercy so I can be a mercy giver, subtraction of temptations so that I do not fall into sin, multiplication of your love so I can be a reflected image of your character for others, and a dividing of your resources so I can be a house of refuge for the downcast. In your name I pray to you, Jesus, Amen. Learning Objectives 01 Define key terms in statistics and probability; Accurately classify variables and apply sampling techniques to 02 given scenarios through pen and paper; and 03 Value the accuracy of collecting and summarizing data using pen and paper. Introduction to statistics and probability Overview of statistics collecting organizing statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to make decisions. interpreting analyzing  Data Consist of information coming from observations, counts, measurements, or responses. Population – the entirety of sample – contains a few members the group including all the of the population. Samples were members that forms a set of data taken to represent the characteristics or traits of population Practice: Student council wants to know the most popular sport among students at their school. They randomly survey 50 students from different grades. Sample: 50 students Population: All students at the school practice: The school cafeteria introduces a new menu and wants to know what students think. They ask 75 students at random to provide feedback. Sample: 75 students Population: All students who use the cafeteria Parameter - Value or measurement obtained from a population statistic - Value or measurement from a sample  Type of data set Population Sample Parameter Statistic  Decide whether the numerical value describes a population Practice: parameter or a sample statistic. In a survey of 1000 Filipino The average height of Senior adults, 90% stated that they High School boys in LCUP is are concerned about the rising 5’7 ½. cost of living in the country. Sample Statistic Population Parameter  Branches of statistics DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS – uses the data to provide – involves using sample data to descriptions of the population, draw conclusion about a either through numerical population. calculations or graphs or table. Common tools : Common tools : - Measure of Central Tendency - Hypothesis Testing - Measure of Variability - Regression Analysis  Tell whether descriptive or inferential statistics have been Practice: used. In a math test, 28 out of 35 In a recent survey, 70% of Filipino students achieved a passing teenagers said they prefer streaming grade, with the class averaging movies online, while only 45% of a score of 80 out of 100. Filipino adults reported the same preference. Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics  Classification of data Qualitative data - Consists of attributes, labels, categories or non-numerical entries, for example (hair color, place of birth or major). Quantitative data - Numerical measurements of counts for example (age, height or temperature). Practice: Classify each variables as qualitative or quantitative. The number of donuts sold Which school subject (science, each week at Dunkin Donuts. math, English) do you feel has been the most useful for your future career? Quantitative Qualitative  Quantitative variable Discrete variable - A variable whose values are a result of counting. Continuous variable - A variable that can assume any numerical value over a certain interval or it is a result of measurement. Four ways of collecting data ✓ Observational study ✓ Experimental ✓ Simulation ✓ Survey  Categories of statistical studies OBSERVATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL - Observes and measures part of – a treatment is applied in part of a population population. Practice: Decide whether the study is an observational study or an experimental A randomized experiment was done by randomly assigning each participant either to walk for half an hour three times a week or to sit quietly reading a book for half an hour three times a week. At the end of a year the change in participants’ blood pressure over the year was measured, and the change was compared for the two groups. Experimental Practice: Decide whether the study is an observational study or an experimental Researchers demonstrated in people at risk for cardiovascular disease that 2000 milligrams per day of acetyl-L-carnitine over a 24-week period lowered blood pressure and improved insulin resistance. Observational  Sampling techniques  Sampling methods random - Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Non-random - Any sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection, or where the probability of selection cannot be accurately determined.  Random sampling methods Simple Random Sample – each sample of the same size has an equal chance of being selected.  Random sampling methods Stratifies sample– divide the population into groups called strata and then take a sample from each stratum.  Random sampling methods Cluster sample – divide the population into strata and then randomly select some of the strata. All the members from these are in the cluster sample..  Random sampling methods Systematic sample – randomly select a starting point and take every nth piece of data from a listing of the population.  Non-Random sampling methods Convenience sample – select any member from the population who are convenient and readily available. Any Questions / Clarification? “Nothing good comes easy in life. The probability of your success depends upon your hard work and attittude. You can never succeed without meeting deadly challenges.” —Anonymous  Closing Prayer Lord God, thank you for your abundant blessings, sure signs of your love and care for us. Thank you for forgiving our sins, even for the sins we do not realize we commit. Lord, please fill us with your wisdom and your compassion for others. May you bless us with your never-ending love. Thank you for coming !!!