Introduction to Biology Lesson 1 PDF

The science that studies life.  All living things contain cells All living things contain DNA All living things obtain and use energy All living things reproduce All living things respond to stimuli All living things maintain an internal balance All living things grow and develop ...

The science that studies life.  All living things contain cells All living things contain DNA All living things obtain and use energy All living things reproduce All living things respond to stimuli All living things maintain an internal balance All living things grow and develop  a. All living things contain cells b. All living things contain DNA c. All living things obtain and use energy d. All living things reproduce A _______1. The basic unit of life is cell. e. All living things respond to stimuli f. All living things maintain an internal balance g. All living things grow and develop D _______2. Hydra produce their offspring through budding. E _______3. A dog is salivating at the smell of food. B _______4. Identical twins have 99.9% similar genes. F _______5. When you are too warm, you sweat to release heat. C _______6. Green plants produced their food through photosynthesis. Complex Molecular Hierarchical Organization Organization Molecular Level Cellular Level Tissue Level Organ System Organ Level Organism Level Level Population Level Community Level Ecosystem Level Biosphere  ORGANISMS POPULATIONS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANS COMMUNITIES TISSUES CELLS ECOSYSTEMS CELL ORGANELLES MOLECULES BIOSPHERE ATOMS EVOLUTION - the process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species. In the 18th century, a scientist named Carl Linnaeus first proposed organizing the known species of organisms into a hierarchical taxonomy.  Change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. NU MOA  The central idea of biological evolution is that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor. Through the process of descent with modification, the common ancestor of life on Earth gave rise to the fantastic diversity that we see documented in the fossil record and around us today. NU MOA 1. Natural Selection - Individuals with the best adapted phenotypes will survive and pass on their genes to the next generation 2. Mutation - A mutation in a parent’s DNA could result in offspring with different alleles, changing the allele frequency of the population 3. Genetic Drift - Genetic drift occurs when the allele frequency of a population changes by chance. NU MOA 4. Gene Flow (Migration) - Gene flow is any movement of genes from one population to another 5. Non – Random Mating - If organisms can choose their mating partners, then the more desirable alleles will have a higher frequency in future populations NU MOA 1. Natural selection 2. Artificial selection NU MOA TAXONOMY the science of classification and it involves the naming of organisms (nomenclature). NU MOA SYSTEMATICS the science of classification and identifying evolutionary relationship among phylogenies NU MOA Binomial System of Nomenclature NU MOA  According to this system, each organism is known my two names – the genus name and the species name. These names are all written in Latin. The name of the genus always begins with a capital letter. The species name begins with a small letter. The scientific names are always italicized. When handwritten, the genus name and species name have to be underlined. NU MOA A few examples of names of organisms written in this system Homo sapiens ( Human Beings) Helianthus annuus ( Sunflower Plant) Panthera tigris (Tiger) Mangifera indica (Mango Plant) Canis familiaris (Dog) NU MOA NU MOA DOMAIN three domains of life, the Eukarya, the Archaea, and the Bacteria. Eukarya Archaea Bacteria are contains organisms single-celled different group that organisms of single- have cells without celled with that nuclei organismsnucleiwithout live in harsh nucleienvironments Examples: Examples: Examples: fungi, plants, animals, protist gram (+/-) bacteria proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, extremophiles, thermoacidophiles, hyperthermophiles KINGDOM Carolus Linnaeus two kingdom of classification: Plantae, Animalia Robert Whittaker five kingdom of classification: Plantae, Animalia, Monera, Protista, Fungi Complexity of organisms Mode of Organisms nutrition KINGDOM lifestyle Relationship Kingdom Monera Prokaryotic and unicellular organisms (bacteria) Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic They possess a cell wall, reproduce via binary fission and they form colonies Divided into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Archaebacteria – inhabitants of extreme environments Eubacteria – comprises of “true” bacteria, having simple cells with rigid walls Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic organisms which includes unicellular protozoans, and unicellular and multicellular algae Divided into animal protist, plant protist, and fungus like protist Animal protist : rhizopods, ciliates, sporozoans, zooflagellates Plant-like protist: dinoflagellates, diatoms Fungus-like protist: slime molds, water molds Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, spore-forming organisms that usually lacks flagella Most are multicellular, parasitic and saprophytic The figure are composed of long-thread like constructions called hyphae Categorized into groups: Club fungi Conjugation fungi Sac fungi Imperfect fungi Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic Cell wall is made up of cellulose. Exhibit alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction Classified into two main groups: Tracheophytes (vascular plants) Example: trees, clubmosses, grasses, ferns Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) Example: mosses, liverworts Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and multicellular organisms that produced from the fertilization of gametes Classification: Invertebrates (without notochord) Vertebrates (with notochord)  Porifera body have pores called ostia (entry) and oscular (exit). They usually lived in saltwater or attached to the sea bottom Cnidarians surround by tentacles that contains stinging cells segmented worms with a tubular body and a specialized Annelids digestive system with a terminal mouth and an anus Platyhelminthes soft body flattened invertebrates Mollusca soft body animals which often live in hard shells Echinoderms radially symmetrical animals have segmented bodies supported by hard external skeleton Arthopods and jointed appendages  Fishes breathe through their gills and live in water Amphibians lives on water or land, do not have scales but skin is permeable Reptiles covered in scales and breathe with lungs, most lay eggs Birds have feathers and wings Mammals have hair on their bodies, produce milk and give birth to their youngs  Eukaryotic/ Unicellular/ Mode of Autotrophs/ KINGDOMS Major Groups Prokaryotic Multicellular Reproduction Heterotrophs Asexual Autotrophic Archaebacteria Monera Prokaryotic Unicellular Heterotrophic Eubacteria Unicellular Animal-like Eukaryotic Asexual Autotrophic Protista Multicellular Plant-like Heterotrophic Fungus-like Unicellular Basidiomycetes Eukaryotic Asexual Heterotrophic Fungi Multicellular Zygomycetes Sexual Ascomycetes Asexual Tracheophytes Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Eukaryotic Sexual Bryophytes Asexual Vertebrates Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic Sexual Invertebrates