Cells Biology Lesson 1 PDF

CELL Prepared by: Ma. Theresa S. Abaya  OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the postulates of the cell theory 2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles 3. Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features  Modern Cell Theo...

CELL Prepared by: Ma. Theresa S. Abaya  OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the postulates of the cell theory 2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles 3. Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features  Modern Cell Theory Three (3) principles/ postulate 1. Cells are the basic unit of organization of all organisms. 2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 3. New cells are created from preexisting cells.  Modern Cell Theory First postulate: Cells are the basic unit of organization of all organisms.  Robert Hooke  Anton Van Leuwenhoek History of Cell Theory Robert Hooke (1665) Made a simple microscope and looked at a piece of cork and called the structures “cell” Anton Van Leuwenhoek  First to observe bacteria  His early cell theory scientist looked in a microscope and discovered "animalcules" in the gunk from his teeth and pond water.  Modern Cell Theory Second postulate: All organisms are composed of one or more cells.  Matthias Schleiden  Robert Brown  Theodore Schwann Matthias Schleiden (1838-1839)  German Botanist  Studied plant cell Robert Brown (1833)  Discovered nucleus Theodore Schwann (1804- 1881) German Zoologist Studied animal cell  Modern Cell Theory Third postulate: New cells are created from preexisting cells.  Rudolf Virchow Rudolf Virchow ( 1858) He introduced the third tenet of the cell theory: Omnis cellulae cellula-”cells come from preexisting cells” Cells can only be formed by the union of male and female cells or the division of a single cell. Disproved the spontaneous generation. Development of Cell Theory  Lorenz Oken  Felix Dujardin  Jan Evangelista Purkinje Lorenz Oken (1805)  Postulate that all organisms originate from and consists of cells. Felix Dujardin (1835)  a French biologist  Discovered a living substance within the cell he called “sarcode” Jan Evangelista Purkinje(1787-1869)  Change the term sarcode into protoplasm  Enumerate the three (3) principles/ postulate 1 1. Cells are the basic unit of organization of all organisms. QUESTION 2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 3. New cells are created from preexisting cells.   Who discovered "animalcules" in the gunk from his teeth and 2 pond water?  Anton Van Leuwenhoek QUESTION   Who discovered cell? 3  Robert Hooke QUESTION   Who discovered nucleus? 4  Robert Brown QUESTION   Who agreed that all plants are made up of cells? 5  Matthias Schleiden QUESTION Characteristics of Life What makes you alive?  Living things... 1. Are made up of cells 2. Use energy 3. Grow and develops 4. Able to regulate and Perform homeostasis 5. Respond to stimuli 6. Adapts and evolves 7. Reproduce Living things are made of cells Living things use Energy Living things grow and develop Living things grow and develop Living things maintain homeostasis Living things respond to stimuli Living things adapt and evolve Living things reproduce  Your body normally maintains a temperature of 98.6OF. 1 Able to regulate QUESTION  “That boy shoot up five inches in only one year. 2 Grow and develop QUESTION  “That owl’s night vision allows it to see the movement of mice on even the darkest night.” 3 Respond to stimuli QUESTION  “That owl’s night vision allows it to see the movement of mice on even the darkest night.” 4 Respond to stimuli QUESTION  “Eat a good breakfast and you will be able to run longer.” 5 Uses of energy QUESTION  “Organisms change over their life. 6 Grows and develop QUESTION  “It is the beginning of the biological organization of life. 7 Made up of cells QUESTION  It is the process by which living things give rise to offspring. 8 Able to reproduce QUESTION Two (2) Types of Structurally different cells Eukaryote and Prokaryote Prokaryotic Cell  pro: “before”, and  Karyon; “kernel” =lack of nucleus  Include bacteria and blue –green algae  DNA of prokaryotes = nucleoid.  PARTS FUNCTION Capsule Protects the cell Pilus Hair – like structures used to attach itself to other bacteria cells Flagellum A whip structure that allows cell to freely travel from place to place. Eukaryotes  eu: “true” ; karyon : “kernel” = with nucleus  Include plants, animals, fungi, algae, and protists.  DNA of eukaryote = nuclear membrane Three (3) basic parts of Typical Eukaryotic Cell 1. Plasma membrane/ cell membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus  DIFFERENCES EUKARYOTE PROKARYOTE Cell Type Usually multicellular Usually unicellular Example Animals and Plants Bacteria and archaea Genetic Meiosis and fusion of Partial, Recombinat gametes unidirectional ion transfers DNA Ribosomes Larger Smaller ORGANELLES - Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a cell Major Parts of the Cell 1. Cell membrane - outermost part. - protecting the cell and its content. - acting as the gatekeeper. - composed of “phospholipids bilayer” Major Parts of the Cell 2. Cytoplasm - where organelles are located. - composed of primarily water, proteins and salts. - Suspended in a gel- like solution- “cytosol”  Major Parts of the Cell 3. Nucleus  Control center of the cell  Contains DNA  Surrounded by a double membrane  Usually the easiest organelle to see under a microscope  Usually one per cell Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the cell” -Produces most cell energy (ATP)  Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.  Endoplasmic Reticulum -Internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled Function works on proteins -helps complete the proteins after ribosome builds them makes membranes Structure rough ER ribosomes attached, works on proteins smooth ER makes membranes Ribosome Site of protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus -Looks like a stack of plates -Sorts, modifies and packages proteins -Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall -Packaging & shipping station of cell Nuclear Envelope Protects the nucleus  Lysosomes - Garbage disposal of the cell - Suicidal-bag of the cell Breaks down dead cell  Chloroplast - Found only in plant cells. - Contains the green pigment chlorophyll. -Site of food (glucose) production Bound by a double membrane.  Cell Wall -Found in plant and bacterial cells -Located outside of the cell membrane -Made of cellulose (fiber) -Helps protects support the cell -Give plants a shape -Strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells Cell membrane Function separates cell from outside controls what enters or leaves cell O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells Large Vacuoles Large central vacuole usually in plant cells Storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc. Small Vacuole - Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells - Transports and stores materials, including waste CENTRIOLE  Structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division.  Which organelle is the control center of the cell? 1 Nucleus QUESTION  Which organelles are not found in 2 animal cells?  Cell wall,  central vacuole, QUESTION  chloroplasts  Which organelle helps plant cells make food? 3  Chloroplasts QUESTION  What does E.R. stand for? 4  Endoplasmic QUESTION reticulum  Which organelle gives plants a shape? 5  Cell wall QUESTION  What are the two (2) types of structurally different cells ? 6  Prokaryotes QUESTION  Eukaryotes