LESSON-1-2-STS.pptx

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOG Y & SOCIETY SCIENCE is a system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method. originally called “philosophy of the natural world” since it stemmed from the ancient Greeks’ desire to know about nature. Philosophers as Scien...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOG Y & SOCIETY SCIENCE is a system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method. originally called “philosophy of the natural world” since it stemmed from the ancient Greeks’ desire to know about nature. Philosophers as Scientists The first scientists were called “Philosophers of nature.” Sought to discover the truth behind material and natural things. Observed the world and beyond, discovered what makes materials alike and different. They named and classified objects found in nature –seen as the first step towards knowledge. Recognized the usefulness of language & the ability it gave to describe, classify and explain different objects of study. TECHNOLOGY Came from the Greek words: “tekhne”- art/craft & “logia” –subject/interest. The term has come to mean “practical applications of what we know about nature” using scientific principles for the betterment of the human situation. Historical Antecedents in the course of Science & Technology Ancient Times With all these in mind, we can conclude that the developments in science and technology, aside from affecting the lives of the people, were the results of many prior antecedents. Out of necessity, people in ancient times were able to discover and invent things that would impact the lives of the modern people.  Historical Antecedents in the course of Science & Technology The Sumerian Civilization Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. They are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology. They are not contented with the basic things that life can offer. Contributions to Science & Technology One of the major contributions of developing the first writing system. A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which Cuneifor are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry. m Allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life.  Contributions to Science & Technology It is an engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians. It is also called the “mountain of god”. The Great This structure was constructed using sun-baked bricks. Ziggurat of Served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only Ur their priests were allowed to enter. This structure showcases the remarkable technology used to build it. Created to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. Irrigation & This method was considered as one of the world’s most Dikes beneficial engineering works. Through these, they were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which increased their food production. At that time, the wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. Sailboa Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and ts were able to cover large distances. Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture, information and technology.  In the latter part of the Sumerians’ history, they were able to invent the wheel since the specialized tools needed to create it were already available. Wheel The first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes. With the use of wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. Farmers where able to mill grains with less effort in less time. Another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians is the plow. Humans evolved from being food gatherers to farm Plow cultivators. The plow was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace. With this tool, farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time. To facilitate faster and easier travel, they developed the first roads. Roads They made the roads with the same technology they used in making sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the ground. They later poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads.  Historical Antecedents in the course of Science & Technology The Babylonian Civilization Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is located about 60 miles (100 kilometres) south of Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, the ancient city of Babylon served for nearly two millennia as center of Mesopotamian civilization. The Hanging Gardens of The Babylonians were great builders, engineers and Babylon architects. One of the great accomplishments, if the ancient stories are true, is the construction of the Hanging Gardens, a wonder of the ancient world, which some  Historical Antecedents in the course of Science & Technology The Babylonian Civilization The ancient scientists who lived in the city made important discoveries in mathematics, physics and astronomy. Among their many accomplishments, they developed trigonometry, used mathematical models to track the planet Jupiter and developed methods of tracking time that are still used today. Ancient Babylonian records are still used by modern-day astronomers to study how the rotation of the Earth has changed. Michael Seymour, a research associate at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, writes in his book “Legend, History and the Ancient City of Babylon” (I.B. Tauris, 2014) that an irrigation system that distributed from the Euphrates and Tigris rivers had to be used to grow crops. Once established, however, such a system could reap the benefit of rich alluvial soils and support extremely productive agriculture on the levees of canals.  Historical Antecedents in the course of Science & Technology The Egyptian Civilization Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in North Africa. Many stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding the infrastructures established by the pharaohs. Aside from engineering technology, the Egyptians have contributed other practical things that the world now considers as essential. It is thus safe to say that the pyramids are not the only contributions of the Egyptian civilization to the modern world.  Contributions to Science & Technology The simple handheld mirror one finds so commonplace in the present day was created by the Egyptians. Handheld Were often decorated with inscriptions and figures, such as that Mirror of the protector-god Bes, and were owned by men and women alike. More ornate wall mirrors were also a part of middle- and upper-class homes and were likewise decorated. The ancient Egyptians were very aware of their self-image and personal hygiene and appearance was an important value. Made of rock salt, mint, dried iris petals, and pepper, according to one recipe from the 4th century CE, which dentists in 2003 CE tried and found to be quite effective (although it made their gums Toothpaste bleed). Another earlier recipe suggested ground-up ox hooves and ash, which, mixed with one's saliva, created a cleansing paste for the teeth. This recipe, lacking the mint, did nothing for one's breath and so tablets were created from spices like cinnamon and frankincense  Toothbrushes and toothpaste were invented because of the grit and sand which found its way into the bread and vegetables of the daily meals. The image presented in the modern day by art and movies of Egyptians with Toothbrush exceptionally white teeth is misleading; dental problems were common in ancient Egypt, and few, if any, had an all-white smile. Dentistry developed to deal with these difficulties but never seems to have advanced at the same rate as other areas of medicine. While it appears doctors were fairly successful in their techniques, dentists were less so. To cite only one example, the queen Hatshepsut (1479-1458 BCE) actually died from an abscess following a tooth extraction. One of the earlier contributions of the Egyptian civilization was the paper or papyrus. Papyrus was a plant that grow abundantly along the Nile River. Paper / The invention of paper was a major accomplishment in Egyptian record- Papyrus keeping and communications. People then were able to send letters or correspondences anywhere in the world. Documents would not take huge storage spaces. It was easier to keep them away from raiders who often destroyed records  Among the many inventions or innovations of the ancient Ox-drawn Egyptians was the ox-drawn plow and improvements in plow irrigation. The ox-drawn plow was designed in two gauges: heavy and light. The heavy plow went first and cut the furrows while the lighter plow came behind turning up the earth. Egyptian irrigation techniques were so effective they were implemented by the cultures of Greece and Rome. New irrigation techniques were introduced during the Second Intermediate Period by the people known as the Irrigation Hyksos, who settled in Avaris in Lower Egypt, and the Egyptians improved upon them; notably through the expanded use of the canal. The yearly inundation of the Nile overflowing its banks and depositing rich soil throughout the valley was essential to Egyptian life but irrigation canals were necessary to carry water to outlying farms and villages as well as to maintain even saturation of crops near the river.  The Egyptians invented the ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors. Ink The ink must withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record history, culture and codified laws. It must also be tamper-proof so that people could not simply tinker with those written down by authorities. Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols, the hieroglyphics. The Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to Hieroglyphic s them by their gods. This form of writing can still be seen today and was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians. Cosmetics in the ancient Egypt was used for both health and aesthetic reasons. Cosmetics Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena. Egyptians also believed that a person wearing make-up was protected  During the ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes. Wig The wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun. It was considered cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of head lice. This device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. Water The amount of water remaining in the device determines how Clock / much time has elapsed since it is full. In the process, time is Clepsydra measured. The water clock was widely used as a timekeeping device during the ancient times.  Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom has immense pyramids built to serve as their tombs. Pyramids These demanded not only the greatest skills of Egypt’s architects and engineers but also the labor of thousands of workers. The creation of an obelisk, seems to have always involved the exact same procedure performed in precisely the same way. Obelisks The quarrying and transport of obelisks are well documented (though how the immense monuments were raised is not) and shows a strict adherence to a standard procedure.  The bodies of people who had died were carefully preserved before their burial. Chemicals were used to dry out or mummify the body. The mummy was then painted, wrapped in fine linen, and Embalming / adorned with jewelry. Mummificati Egyptian embalmers were so skillful that modern on archaeologists have found mummies that still have hair, skin and teeth after thousands of years of burial. Medicine in ancient Egypt was intimately tied to magic. There are three best-known works dealing with medical issues of medical knowledge. The Ebers Papyrus is a text of 110 pages treating ailments such as trauma, cancer, heart disease, depression, dermatology, gastrointestinal distress, and many others. Medicine The Edwin Smith Papyrus is the oldest known work on surgical techniques and is thought to have been written for triage surgeons in field hospitals. This work shows detailed knowledge of anatomy and physiology. The London Medical Papyrus combines practical medical skill  Based on the evidence of mummies who have been examined, as well as letters and other documents, ancient Egyptians seem to have experienced fairly severe and widespread dental problems. Dentistry does not seem to have evolved at the same pace as other branches of medicine but still was more advanced and showed a greater knowledge of dealing with oral pain Dentistry than later remedies practiced by other cultures. The first known dental procedure dates to 14,000 years ago in Italy, according to evidence published in 2015 CE, but the first dentist in the world known by name was the Egyptian Hesyre (c. 2660 BCE) who held the position of Chief of Dentists and Physician to the King during the reign of Djoser (c. 2670 BCE) showing that dentistry was considered an important practice as early as Djoser's reign and probably earlier. This being so, it is unclear why dental practices did not evolve to the same degree as other medical fields.