LESSON 02 CC102.pdf

Lesson 2: Basic operations and Components of a Computer System INTRODUCTION Saying that PCs have changed our lives cannot be denied. These machines have changed how we play out every day by day task. It affects our lives in a great deal in a way that it runs a...

Lesson 2: Basic operations and Components of a Computer System INTRODUCTION Saying that PCs have changed our lives cannot be denied. These machines have changed how we play out every day by day task. It affects our lives in a great deal in a way that it runs almost all our needed equipment in our everyday lives. The different operations and functions of computers are also increasing and becoming very powerful that many people cannot cope with the operations of a simple computer. It created and developed many cause and effect events in our society. In this lesson, those computer components with functions and operations will be dealt with in a lay manner that can be understood by a user beginning to grasp the usefulness of the computer. The lesson will also prepare the learner’s experience of how does a computer’s part and component interact with each other. In the first lesson, data and information were discussed. Those terms will be dealt with more profoundly, mainly how those are processed by the different components of a computer system. The various information cycle processes inside a computer will help the learners understand and grasp the internal operation of a computer as a foundation for the different interface processes to other devices. The lesson will give the learner an understanding of the internal communication and passing of data inside a computer with the manipulation and control of a user. Lastly, this lesson will prepare the learner of how to program each device, giving the foundation of the data processing inside the computer. OBJECTIVES/COMPETENCIES: Explain the different operations of the components of computer systems. Explain the different functions of each components of a computer. Elaborate more of the different components of a computer: input devices, output devices, system unit, storage devices, and communications devices. Analyze the basics of how does each component process data. Discuss how does humans interacts with computer and experience its usefulness. Pretest for Lesson 2 Explain in your own words what sensor components are used in the following devices: o Input Devices: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ o Output Devices: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ o Storage Devices: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Lesson 2.1- BASIC OPERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS The basic operations of a computer system are input, processing, output, and storage, as illustrated in the figure below: The 5 Basic Operations of a Computer System1 1. Inputting 2. Processing 3. Outputting 4. Storing 5. Controlling 2.1.1 Inputting Inputting is an essential operation of a computer system. This is the act of feeding in the data and instruction to the computer (by computer here, it means the processing unit). A computer system consists of different functional units, and the Input Unit does the operation of Inputting. By inputting, you should understand that it is to send data and instruction to the computer in the required format. Information and programs are entered into the computer through Input devices such as the keyboard, disks, or through other computers via network connections or modems connected to the Internet.2 The input device also retrieves information off disks. Because Computers work with bits, there should be some mechanism to make data understandable by CPU (the process is called encoding). Also, the information produced by the CPU must be converted to the human-readable form (called decoding). Input Unit devices take care of encoding. As it is discussed in Lesson 1, the devices that help you to input data and instructions are known as Input Devices. Keyboard, Mouse, Light Pen, JoyStick, Scanners, Microphone, etc. are some examples of input unit devices. The devices that can send data directly to the CPU or which does not need to encode it before sending it to CPU are considered Direct Entry Input Devices such as scanners. Devices such as a keyboard which require encoding data so that it is in the form a CPU can understand are Indirect Entry Input Devices.3 2.1.2 Processing Unit The task of performing calculations and comparisons are known as processing. The unit in Computer System that is responsible for processing is ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit). ALU is the place where the actual execution of the instructions takes place during the processing operations. All calculations & comparisons are made in the ALU. The data and instructions stored in the primary storage are transferred to it as when required. ALU may produce Intermediate results and keep it in the memory, which is also moved back to the ALU for the final processing. After completion of processing, the final results are sent to storage units from ALU.4 2.1.3 Outputting This unit takes care of receiving processed information from the processing unit and presents it to the user in a suitable form. A computer produces results in binary form, and the output unit does decoding to make it usable to the users. The devices that can output information from a computer are known as output unit devices. Monitors, Speakers, Projectors are soft output devices, whereas printers, plotters produce hard copy output. Soft copy output is something that is temporary or is available only as long as the output device is turned on. Contrary to these are hard copy output, which is permanent. The printout in a paper is not lost because the printer is turned off!4 2.1.4 Storing Before the actual processing start, data & instructions entered to the computer must be stored somewhere inside the computer. Similarly, results produced by the computer are required to be held before it is passed to the output unit. The intermediate product made by the computer must also be stored for further processing. Thus the importance of storage units in a computer system is vital. Based on whether the storage device is inside the main machine or not, it can be internal or external storage. Similarly, looking at whether the storage device works close with CPU or works as backup media, they can be primary storage or secondary storage. Primary storage is also called primary memory. Secondary storage is known by other names such as backup storage or secondary memory.1 For storage purposes, a computer system may have different devices such as registers, cache, RAM/ROM, flash, magnetic disks, optical disks, etc. 2.1.5 Controlling ALU dose does not know what should be done with the data; likewise, the output unit does not know when the result should be displayed. By selecting, interning, and seeing to the execution of the program, the CU can maintain order and direct the operations of the entire system. CU doesn't perform any actual processing on data, yet it is known as a central nervous system for the comforts of the computer. It manages and coordinates the entire system.1b I hope this discussion helps you and makes you select the correct answers in your exam. The following questions are probable from this topic. Lesson 2.2 - Data Processing Cycle 2.2.1 Data Processing Cycle5 The data processing cycle, as the term suggests a sequence of steps or operations for processing data, i.e., processing raw data to the usable form. Several data processing methods can do the processing of data. This essential operation of a computer system is also known as data processing, manipulating data into a more useful form. Data processing includes not only numerical calculations but also processes such as the classification of data and the transmission of data from one place to another. 7 This processing involves the following: Data Collection Data collection is a stage of gathering data from the environment and preparing it for input. The collection process is the first step that provides the data. Collecting data is hard work on its own, but it is the most essential on which the results depend. The quality of input will determine the quality of  output. This data collection can be done in various ways by primary or secondary sources. This data might include census data, GDP or other monetary figures, data about several industries, the profit of a company, etc. Depending upon the data requirement, its source must be identified from which data will be collected. Input This is the feeding of raw and filtered data for processing. If the inputs are not given correctly or entered wrong, the output will be directly affected. This is because the product observes the standard of "Garbage in – garbage out." Utmost consideration ought to be taken to give the right information. Processing Processing is the step where data is processed by electronic data processing, mechanical processing, or automated means. The processed data is one who gives information to the user and can be put to use. The raw data cannot be understood and thus needs processing, which is done in this step.1d Processing of data may take time depending on processing power, the complexity of the data, computer systems, and the volume of input data. The step of preparation mentioned above helps in making this process faster. Output This is the step where data is processed by electronic data processing, mechanical processing, or automated means. The processed data is one who gives information to the user and can be put to use. The raw data cannot be understood and thus needs processing, which is done in this step. Processing of data may take time depending on processing power, the complexity of the data, computer systems, and the volume of input data. The step of preparation mentioned above helps in making this process faster. Storage The output data may be stored on a disk or permanent memory media for future reference or use. 2.2.2 Some Basic Definitions in Data Processing Source Document - The paper or document on which data is recorded when collected is called a source document. Data capture - is the stage of entering the collected data into a data processing system such as a computer or calculator. Encoding - means converting data into a form that is easier to input into a data processing system. Decoding – means converting encoded data into a form that is easier to understand by people. Data transmission - is the stage of sending input data to the processor and carrying it across its various components. Data communication - is the set of activities that allow data to be sent from one data-processing system to another. Turnaround document - is a document that contains the results of one processing activity, has more data added to it, and is used as input for another processing activity is called a turnaround document. Lesson 2.3 - Basic Components of Computer Systems A computer system is consists of four major components: Hardware Software Peopleware Dataware ⮚ Hardware It is the physical or tangible parts of the computer. Computer hardware is classified as follows: 1. Input devices – allow the user to input data/facts into the computer in a form that the computer understands. An input device also allows the system to command the computer through text or graphical user  interface. The keyboard is a standard input device. Other input devices include a mouse, scanner, microphone, touch screen, webcam, barcode reader, joystick, and trackball. Examples of input devices of a computer system. Retrieved from www.examplesof.net 7 2. Processing and memory devices – acts as the computer’s brain. They are typically housed together in a single unit called the system board. The central processing unit or CPU is the electronic circuitry that manipulates data to produce information. Some of the components in the CPU include ALU (arithmetic and logic unit), CU (control unit), and the memory. There are two types of memory; the ROM (read-only memory) and RAM (random access memory). ROM stores data permanently, while RAM is volatile for its store data temporarily. RAM (Random Access Memory) is an internal memory device that temporarily holds data and instructions while processing is happening. If the CPU is the “brain” of the computer, then RAM is the “working memory” or "thinking memory" used to store data just for the programs and applications being used at that time.8 The motherboard with the processing device, Central Processing Unit (CPU), and with RAM, random access memory device.9 3. Secondary storage devices – these are the devices outside the system board that allows data and programs to be stored. These are storage devices that operate alongside the computer’s primary storage, RAM, and cache memory. Secondary storage is for any amount of data, from a few megabytes to petabytes. These devices store almost all types of programs and applications. This can consist of items like the operating system, device drivers, applications, and user data. For example, internal secondary storage devices include the hard disk drive, the tape disk drive, and compact disk drive. Secondary storage typically backs up primary storage through data replication or other data backup methods. This replication or data backup process ensures there is a second copy of the data. Examples are floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, flash drive, and magnetic tapes.7  Examples of secondary storage devices, courtesy of slideshare.net8 4. Output devices – converts information that has been processed by the computer into a form that the user can understand. The monitor is the most common output device. Printers, speakers, headphones, projectors, and plotters are some of its examples. As we have studied in lesson 1, output devices are those devices communicate to humans for the status of the different programs in the computer systems. Output devices, image retrieved from www.examplesof.net9  5. Communication devices – these are used to communicate with another computer via telephone lines or radio links. USB network adapter and network card, sometimes called Ethernet card, are examples of its device. Communication devices, courtesy of Google free images. Chipset as Hardware Part Chipset and expansion slots are built-in communication devices and ports inside a motherboard. The expansion slots are connectors and adapters for video cards, internal network cards, sound cards, hard disk drives, and other peripherals.In a computer system, a chipset is a set of electronic components in an integrated circuit known as a "Data Flow Management System" that manages the data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals. It is usually found on the motherboard. The northbridge is generally paired with a southbridge, also known as I/O controller hub. In systems where they are included, these two chips manage communications between the CPU and other parts of the motherboard and constitute the core logic chipset of the PC motherboard. The figures above show the chipset of a computer categorize as North and South bridge. Courtesy of Google Free Images. An almost complete hardware system: ⮚ Software Software – it is the collection of related programs that contain the step-by-step instructions telling the computer how to perform a task. There are two major types of software. These are: ⮚ Application Software – it refers to a set of programs designed to help the user to perform a particular type of work. It is generally distinguished from system software because it deals more with data processing applied in business, education, science, and other tasks. Application Software, also called a software application or an application, consists of programs that perform specific tasks for users. Application software is used for a variety of reasons: o As a productivity/business tool o To assist with graphics and multimedia projects o To support household activities, for personal business, or education o To facilitate communications Examples of software used as applications are Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, Google Earth, Facebook, etc.  ⮚ System software – this software manages the computer hardware and works with the other software. It is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. The system software also provides services to computer users and application programs.10 Examples of system software are operating system, device driver and utility programs, DOS (Disk Operating System), Windows, Unix, Linux, Novell Netware, Android, etc. Difference between System Software and Application Software:11 Difference between System Software and Application Software: System Software Application Software The system software is used for Application software is used by the operating computer hardware. user to perform a specific task. The system software is installed on Applications software is installed the computer when the operating according to the user’s system is installed. requirements. In general, the user does not In general, the user interacts with interact with system software application software. because it works in the background. System software can run Application software can’t run independently. It provides a independently. They can’t run platform for running application without the presence of system software. software. Some examples of system Some examples of application software are the compiler, software are a word processor, web assembler, debugger, driver, etc. browser, media player, etc. ⮚ Peopleware – these are personnel involved in the computer system. Examples are computer programmers, computer engineers, software designers, system analysts, server administrators, computer technicians, network administrators, etc. ⮚ Dataware - is an extensive collection of computer data used to help an organization make decisions. It also consists of all the data needed in data processing. Dataware is synonymous with a data warehouse. Let us reflect… The lesson Different Operations and Components of Computer Systems is one of the foundations of the computer world. It is important to grasp that knowledge in order to master the future intellectual dimension of computing especially in the programming skillset aspect of the student and the different underlying technologies of those different components of the computer system. As a student, how do you view the aspect above in reference to the hardware dimension of the computer? As a future IT expert, how does the lesson drives you to establish your sense of specialty in the area of hardware or software? Reflect on that, document that experience, because it will help you to stand on your ground in the world of computing. How much have you learned? POST-TEST FOR LESSON 2 Name:__________________________________________ Score:_________ Course/Year/Section:______________________________ Date:__________ Professor/Instructor:_______________________________ Direction: Select the best answer from the choices by writing the letters on the blank before the questions. _____1. Which of the following function is not performed by computers? a. Calculate data b. Compare data c. Analyze data d. Output data _____2. Which of the following is a soft output device? a. Microphone b. Plotters c. Projectors d.Card Punchers _____3. Identify the direct entry input device: a. Keyboard b. Mouse c. OMR d. All of above _____4. Which of the following unit does encoding? a. Input Unit b. ALU c. CU d. Output Unit _____5. The actual execution of instructions takes place in a. Arithmetic Logical Unit b. Control Unit c. Memory d. Output Unit _____6. The storage unit holds: a. data to be processed b. intermediate result c. both of the above d. none of the above _____7. The fastest and most close storage device to CPU is a. Flash Memory b. RAM/ROM c. Registers d. Cache _____8. After completion of processing, the final results are sent to the ___ before it goes to the output device. a. Monitor b. Printer c. Storage d. ALU _____9. Which of the following is not an input unit device a. Microphone b. OCR c. Projector d. Touch Screen _____10. The unit that manages and coordinates the whole system is a. Input Unit b. CPU c. ALU d. CU Complete each statement by writing the answer in each blank. 1. The basic ___________ of a computer system are input, processing, output, and storage. 2. Data processing includes not only numerical calculations but also operations such as the _________________ and the transmission of data from one place to another. 3. Data refer to the collection of raw _______. 4. ____________ refers to the data that has been processed into a form that has meaning and is useful. 5. A _______________ consists of hardware, software, peopleware and dataware. 6. The ____________________ is the electronic circuitry that manipulates data to produce information. 7. The Northbridge is usually paired with a Southbridge, also known as ______________. 8. The ____________ manages the computer hardware and works with the other software. 9. Even the most powerful supercomputers require _________ interactions. 10. ______________ consists of all the data needed in the data processing. Lesson 2 Final Requirements: Design a simple input-process-output system in the following system below. Draw the systems’ diagram and explain its different operation and components. A home basic network printing system that has 5 computers and a common printer connection for the 5 PCs. A basic cybercafé setup of 10 computers plus a common server that will cater the whole 10 PC’s internet and common printing services. Suggested Readings: Books and Journals: o Input and Output Devices by Benjamin David Lunt, 2016 Edition o Input/Output Technologies: Current Status And Research Needs, the National Academic Press (2020), pp 71-120 o From Hardware to Software,Input and Output Devices, Graham Lee (2020). pp 205-216. Springer Link: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349- 16786-9_12 o “Hardware and Software Technologies”. Academia.org  Websites: o “How Computers Work: Input and Output”. https://homepage. cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading06.htm o Introduction to Information Technology, 2nd Edition by ITL Limited ITL Education Solutions Limited. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/ introduction-to-information/9789332525146/xhtml/chapter004.xhtml o Processing device. https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/ procdevi.htm o https://www.electronicsforu.com/ o “Automating Input-output Devices” https://sensi.emerson.com/en- us/blog/home-automation-benefits o “Automating your Home” https://informinc.org/home-devices/how-to- fully-automate-your-home/ o “The Input-Ouput Devices”. https://www.khanacademy.org/ computing/ computer-components/input-output-devices o https://allaboutbasic.com/2010/12/14/277/ o “Different Computer Terms and Terminology.” https://www.unm.edu/ ~tbeach/terms/inputoutput.html References 1 “Basic Operations of a Computer Systems” Retrieved from https://mcqsets.com/s/ fundamentals/basic-operations-of-a-computer/ 2- “A Computer System Consists of Different Functional Units”. Retrieved from https://www.coursehero.com/file/p64255h6/A-computer-system-consists-of-different- functional-units-and-Input-Unit-does/ 3- “Indirect Entry Input Devices” Retrieved from https://mcqsets.com/s/fundamentals/ basic-operations-of-a-computer/ 4- “A Computer System Consists of Different Functional Units” Retrieved from https://www.coursehero.com/file/p64255h6/A-computer-system-consists-of-different- functional-units-and-Input-Unit-does/ 5 – “Data Processing Cycle” Retrieved from https://planningtank.com/computer- applications/data-processing-cycle 6 – “Concept of Data Processing” MBA Knowledge Base. Retrieved from https://www.mbaknol.com/management-information-systems/concept-of-data- processing/ 7 - https://www.examplesof.net/2018/09/examples-of-output-devices.html 8- “Processing and Memory Devices. Retrieved from “https://wikieducator.org/ Computer_Basics/Hardware/Processing_and_ internal_memory_devices.htm 9- “Output Devices Images” Retrieved from https://quintoncheung.files. wordpress.com/2013/09/intelcorei7.jpg?w=300&h=258 10- “System Software Examples”. https://slideplayer.com/slide/6671912/ 11- “Differences Between Application and System Software”. Retrieved from https://www.thecrazyprogrammer.com/2016/04/difference-system-software- application-software.htm