Blood Lecture Notes PDF

Blood Dr. Hala Othman Lecturer at Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University Lecturer at Faculty of Physical Therapy and Faculty of Nursing, Rashid University Lecturer at faculty of Physical Therapy and Faculty of Dentis...

Blood Dr. Hala Othman Lecturer at Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University Lecturer at Faculty of Physical Therapy and Faculty of Nursing, Rashid University Lecturer at faculty of Physical Therapy and Faculty of Dentistry , Pharos University 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Introduction Blood is a unique fluid that circulates through the body to maintain homeostasis. 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Importance 1. maintain homeostasis. 2. Transportation vehicle 3. distributes hormones that regulate cell functions. 4. regulation of body temperature 5. acid base equilibrium 6. water balance. 7. protective function 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Blood components 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  The Plasma Volume: 3 L Composition: a- Water 90% b- Inorganic constituent 1% e.g. sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium c- Organic constituent 9% -plasma proteins 7% -nutrient & waste products 2% 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Plasma proteins: (7 gm /dL.) Albumin formed in the liver. Fibrinogen prothrombin alpha and beta globulins Gamma globulins Formed in lymphoid tissues 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Functions of plasma proteins: 1-Protein metabolism 2. Blood coagulation 3. Immunity 4. Transport of important substances 5. Regulation of blood volume 6. Buffering action 7. Regulation of arterial blood pressure 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Red blood cells (R.B.Cs): Shape: biconcave disks, lose their nuclei before entering the circulation, so better named red blood corpuscles Formation site in adults: bone marrow. life span: average of 120 day 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  RBCs count : 5.5 million/μL in men and 4.5 million/μL in women. Function: transport haemoglobin, which is the main carrier of O2 in the circulation 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Types of Hb: Adult Hb: MetHb: Carbonmonoxy Hb: Foetal Hb 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Factors affecting formation of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) I. Tissue oxygenation: role of erythropoietin the Main regulator for erythropoiesis 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  II- Nutritional factors: a- protein (animal protein) b- Iron c- Copper and cobalt d- Vitamins: 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102) III- Hormones. (thyroid, androgens). IV- Liver. V- Bone marrow “ The factory”. 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Fate of RBCs: Site of destruction: reticuloendothelial system hydrolysis Hb globin + hem 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Anaemia It is a deficiency of red blood cells and/ or a decrease of blood haemoglobin concentration 2 grams below the mean for a normal person i.e. : below 14 g/dI for men and below 12 g/dI for women. 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Causes 1. Blood loss anaemia - Acute loss of red cells - Chronic loss of red cells 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  2. Haemolytic anaemia a- Hereditary abnormalities of red blood cells b- Hemolytic disease of the new-born. 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  c- Infections. d- Reactions to certain drugs. e- Autoimmune disorders 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  3- Decreased production of R.B.Cs a- deficiency anaemias. b- Aplastic anaemia. c- liver disease. d- kidney disease. 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)  Polycythaemia Definition Types of Polycythaemias: Effects of polycythaemia 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102) 24/10/2024 Department of Physiology Physiology I (BSM1102)