Lecture1_IntroductionToClinicalMicrobiology.pptx

Welcome to Medical & Public Health Microbiology ASC_6_MPM2324 Code of conduct- General rules 1. If you have questions/comments, please feel free to ask 2. Respect everyone in the module, during lectures, work in groups and in the messages exchanges. 4. I’ll do my best to make the lecture as interact...

Welcome to Medical & Public Health Microbiology ASC_6_MPM2324 Code of conduct- General rules 1. If you have questions/comments, please feel free to ask 2. Respect everyone in the module, during lectures, work in groups and in the messages exchanges. 4. I’ll do my best to make the lecture as interactive as possible, but it is up to you to make it so. 3. If you need any help with the module, please ask in the General channel in the TEAMs site and tag me, I’ll do my best to answer within 48-24hrs. If your question is general, please use MyAccount 5. All questions are welcome General Information able: s:. 2hrs lecture + tutorial. All F2F apart from revision which will be online b tutorial: There are a series of micro labs which are COMPULSORY, you will need to attend le to write your lab report. sments: b report (40%) MCQ/SAQ (60%) ass mark for the module is 40%, but no individual component (Lab or Exam) can be be leader/ Lecturers: Dr. Claire Atkinson ([email protected]) m: Moodle /TEAMs Engagement If you have a disability or medical condition and need an adjustment to allow you to fully participate in this module (e.g. different format of literature, clear communication for lip reading, breaks for medication, etc.) please tell me so that arrangements may be made. If you encounter any difficulties that affect your ability to progress this module/course tell me. For the lab, if you are pregnant, immune-compromised or are taking immunosuppressant drugs, please speak with me so that arrangements may be made. If you encounter any difficulties that affect your ability to progress this module/course tell me. Learning Objectives To develop your knowledge of pathogenic microorganisms by learning: their mechanism of pathogenesis interactions between microbe and host the lab diagnosis of infectious disease (systemic approach) the impact of infectious diseases on public health the mechanisms of prevention, control, and management of infectious disease outbreaks. Lab Groups Group A Mehtab Sultana Yukta Joy Arianne Francesca Jessica Marija Syeda Abdenour Ishrat Rebecca Katelin Nnaemeka Ibra Nilofar Chiranjiv Faysal Ahmad Akter Amichande Amike Antelo Hoyos Bastiampillai Bourne Budrevica Bukhari Cherid Choudhury Cove Cunningham Eneh Faye Folad Gehlot Hafow Group B 4026321 Shazra 4036338 Mozhdeh 4009837 Zahra 3926357 Risejda 4033717 Jumayah 3626632 Muhammad 4021573 Iqra 3818030 Emma 4020074 Sonjog 3611986 Idris 3904878 Sadrodin 4010857 Hafza 4013415 Sahreen 3908979 Michela 4017806 Maria 4035027 Piotr 4032539 Alina 3918131 Oyedeji Hossain Hosseini Hosseini Hoxha Islam Islam Javid Kuusela-Lovely Limbu Matine Moben Mohamed Mughal Narsi Obita Osiecki Padurari Popoola Group C 4015583 Albana 3818286 Risniga 3921678 Syed 4026386 Louiza 4012549 Genoveffa 3934252 Syed 3907488 Cean 4019217 Nicole 3921065 Trinh 4022684 Farjana 3931469 Sanjana 3803952 Jahanara 4017604 Gabriela 4140938 Hira 3323436 Munmun 3911866 Shahryar 3931417 Hanifa 3914676 Pupla Pushparajan Raza Rezkallah Robustella Shah Sisican Tidiman Tran Uddin Uddin Ahmed Urmi Vino Flores Zadran Zaman Zaman Zelo 3929818 4035440 4024826 3911252 3931797 4023914 4013495 4009128 4035272 3821350 4020394 3827428 3929145 4010326 4033336 4029354 4012163 Questions Diagnostic Microbiology Isolat e Diagnostic microbiology is the discipline that identifies etiologic agents of disease. What is causing the Identif infection? y What can you treat it with? Diagnosis requires a composite of information, including history, physical examination, radiographic findings, and laboratory data. Treat Some infectious diseases are distinctive enough to be identified clinically. BUT Most pathogens cause a wide spectrum of disease.* Therefore, a single clinical syndrome may result from infection with any one of many pathogens. for example, Upper respiratory tract infections: streptococci, H. Influenzae, mycoplasmas, or more than 100 other viruses. The job of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to test specimens from patients for microorganisms that are, or may be, a cause of the illness and to provide information (when appropriate) about the in vitro activity of antimicrobial drugs against the microorganisms identified Can you remember microbiology L4? Can you remember microbiology L4? What are the different domains of life? Can you remember microbiology L4? What are the different domains of life? Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Archaea Can you remember microbiology L4? What are the different types of Infectious agents ? What are the different types of microorganism ? What are the different types of microorganism? Size matters! Revision Bacterial Morphology Revision Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Shared Properties Methods of reproduction by cell division, binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis Presence of DNA and RNA for protein synthesis Cellular metabolism organized in specific metabolic pathways Responses to external and internal stimuli to changes in temperature, pH, and nutrient levels All living cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane – some types of cell have an additional cell wall VanMeter, K.C, VanMetter W.G and Hubert RJ. Microbiology for the healthcare professional. Elsevier. Viruses Viruses are non-living, sub-microscopic infectious agents – which infect cells, multiply by using the host’s normal replicative functions and become released from the cell they have infected. Viruses can’t reproduce on their own – they need the host’s genetic machinery in order to replicate their own genetic code. “It’s estimated that every millilitre of seawater contains up to 100 million viruses, while lake sediments contain around 20 billion viruses per gram.” Fungi Fungi have well-defined characteristics that set them apart from other organisms. Most multicellular fungal bodies, commonly called molds, are made up of filaments called hyphae. Hyphae can form a tangled network called a mycelium and form the thallus (body) of fleshy fungi. Hyphae that have walls between the cells are called septate hyphae; hyphae that lack walls and cell membranes between the cells are called nonseptate or coenocytic hyphae Immunocompromised patients are most at risk of fungal diease https:// www.conceptdra w.com/How-ToGuide/fungalmeningitis Fungi Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that grows in soil exposed to bird faeces or bat faeces. It can change forms to survive at different temperatures. In the outdoors, it typically grows as a mycelium (as shown in the micrograph, bottom left), but when the spores are inhaled (right), it responds to the high internal temperature of the body (37 °C [98.6 °F]) by turning into a yeast that can multiply in the lungs, causing the chronic lung disease histoplasmosis. (credit: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Pathogenic protozoa (single celled eukaryotes without cell walls) and Helminths(multicellular eukaryotic worms and flukes Prion Disease Remember all microorganisms are not harmful! In clinical practice, the term ‘infection’ is often used interchangeably with ‘infectious disease’ when the interaction between the host and microorganism (pathogen) results in illness. There is a general chain of events that applies to infections the chain of infection The chain of events involves several Each of the links must be present in a chronological order for an infection to develop. Understanding these steps helps health care workers target the infection, control and prevent further infections. Common terms for describing infection Why do we need to diagnose an infection? Why do we need to diagnose an infection? Determine the infectious agent Management of infection o Appropriate treatment o Confirm the treatment is working – is it not detected after treatment Infection control o Prevent the spread of infection o Inform on infectivity o Surveillence How do we diagnose an infection? How do we diagnose an infection? UK SMI – professional standards for microbiological investigation Provide syndromic algorithms Ensures continuity of testing across laboratories & ensures adequate public health care What are you going to learn? How we investigate infections in a clinical microbiology lab What tests we use to diagnose/ screen for infectious diseases How we treat infectious disease & the challenges we face Infection prevention and Questions BREAK Tutorial What makes a good diagnostic test Case courtesy of Stefan Tigges, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 94132 Case courtesy of Stefan Tigges, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 94132 Case courtesy of Stefan Tigges, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 94132 Questions BREAK