Lecture Number 1 - Week Number 9 (23-28/11/2024) - Plant Organization PDF

Lecture number 1 Week number-9 23 – 28 / 11 / 2024 Course Coordinator Prof. Dr. Safaa Ahmed Mohamed Elmoghazy The "Typical" Plant Body Function: The Root System ▪ Anchor the plant in the soil ▪ Absorb water and nutrients ▪ Conduct water and nutrients ▪ Food Storage The Shoot System Elevates the...

Lecture number 1 Week number-9 23 – 28 / 11 / 2024 Course Coordinator Prof. Dr. Safaa Ahmed Mohamed Elmoghazy The "Typical" Plant Body Function: The Root System ▪ Anchor the plant in the soil ▪ Absorb water and nutrients ▪ Conduct water and nutrients ▪ Food Storage The Shoot System Elevates the plant above the soil Many functions including: ▪ photosynthesis ▪ reproduction & dispersal ▪ food and water conduction Note: the shoot system includes the leaves and the reproductive organs.  Underground Organs It means those parts of the plant that grow under the ground which may be of: 1- root origin or 2- stem origin ▪ They act as storage organs i.e., filled with reserve food materials as: starch , sugar & inulin. ▪ Under ground organs are free from chlorophyll  N.B: Underground stems are modified stems arise from the lower nodes of the main stem or arise from the top of the root. The modified structures of the stem are: rhizomes, stolon, bulbs, tubers and corms.  Mode of branching: Monopodial Sympodial e.g. Rhubarb e.g. ginger It has one growing point It has more than one which persist from terminal bud. In this type year to year and each season’s growth ending in produces the successive a flowering stem and a new yearly portions growing point is formed  Scale leaves Sarsaparilla root Gentian root Both show longitudinal striations on the outer Transverse striations surface Under ground stem Root Difference between Dicot and Monocot Underground Stems T.S. in ROOT T.S. in STEM  T.S. in ROOT T.S. in stem  Types of Closed collateral Vascular vascular bundle Bundles Bicollateral vascular bundle Amphivasal concentric Open collateral vascular bundle vascular bundles  Structure Of Subterranean Stems Underground stems like the aerial stems in structure but with three differences: 1- cortex wider. 2- large pith. 3- Rhizomes are either devoid or free from sclerenchyma ( no lignified tissues) because they are not in need for support , earth do this support, so they support them selves.  Family Zingiberaceae Ginger Curcuma Galangal ‫الجنزبيل‬ ‫الكركم‬ ‫الخولجان‬  Botanical origin Ginger Curcuma Galangal It is the scraped or It consists of the It is obtained from unscraped rhizome of prepared rhizomes the lesser galangal, Zingiber officinale Alpinia officinarum of Curcuma (Divested from its roots Family and prepared in domestica Valeton., Zingiberaceae. different ways Family according to the Zingiberaceae. commercial variety and the country of origin). Ginger Main characteristic features of the powder Sac – shaped starch {Setiminaceous starch} Oleo- resin cells {filled with vol. oil} Septate fiber {non- lignified except septa are lignified} Reticulated non-lignified xylem vessels Powder has buff colour Taste and odour very characteristic {aromatic with pungent taste} Sack shape starch Septate fiber, non- lignified Except septa Reticulated non- Lignified x.v. Oleo resin cells  Active Constituents The main constituent is volatile oil: Volatile Components Non- volatile responsible for the Components aroma responsible for Volatile oil 1-3.3% which contains 50-70 components the taste  1- Volatile components Sesquiterpene Alcohol Monoterpene hydrocarbons Geranial - beta bisabolene Zingiberol & - Zingiberene Which is neral - B sesquiphelandrene responsible for aroma  2- Non Volatile material Pungent principles Non-pungent (gingerols) principles Gingerol (phenol) Fats and waxes 2% KOH (destroy) Zingerone  Gingerols is an oily liquid consisting of homologous phenols. The principle one of these is gingerol. ▪ Oleo-resin 4.0 – 7.51%. ▪ Carbohydrate ▪ Proteins ▪ Lipids ▪ Vitamins ▪ Amino acids  The major pharmacological activity is due to the presence of: Gingerol and shogaol ⚫ Ginger is a versatile and a unique drug like garlic. ⚫ A daily dose of ginger 2-4 g. From 2-3 times per day is recommended Why ginger considered as a wonder drug having many healing properties? Analgesic, anti-emetic ,aromatic, digestive, expectorant, nerviness, sialagogue stimulant, Aphrodisiac, antipyretic, prostaglandin suppression.  Uses and actions: 1. Ginger is used as condiment, carminative and aromatic stimulant. 2. Recently ginger powder is used as powerful anti emetic. Scientists proved that it is more effective than Dramamine, it may ameliorate the effect of motion sickness in the G.I.T. itself due to its direct action on the wall of the stomach which lead to its relaxation.  3- It has antiulcer activity due to presence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. 4- A strong antibacterial and antifungal action has been demonstrated 5- It inhibits platelets aggregation lower blood pressure. 6- Has anti-inflammatory action so used to treat peptic ulcer and bile acid secretion. 7- Anti flatulence, so cures flatulency suffering from colic. 8- Cough remedies  Also used in: 9- Vomiting during pregnancy 10- Abdominal bloating. 11- Supports a healthy cardiovascular system. N.B.: Garlic like ginger aggregation and sticky of platelets and risk factor of arteriosclerosis. Cosmetically used to nourish hair follicles and to stimulates hair growth. Curcuma Active constituents: 1- About 5% volatile oil. 2- Several colouring matters known as “curcuminoids” the chief of which is “curcumin” (diferuloylmethane). 3- Resin. 4- Gelatinized starch.  Uses: 1.Turmeric is used in Indian and Oriental medicine as an aromatic stomachic and diuretic as well as for treatment of Jaundice and hepatitis due to the antihepatotoxic action of curcuminoids. 2.Large quantities of Turmeric are used in the preparation of curries and sauces. 3. Paper impregnated with alcoholic extract of Turmeric is used as a test for boric acid and borates. 4. Colouring agent and condiment. It is used widely in England although it is an Asian plant. Also used in:  lipid composition level in aorta and also serum triglycerides level.  cholesterol level. Potent antioxidant. Hypo allergenic Used in eye formula to provide specific nutrients for eye health Helps and prevents night blindness. It is responsible for vitamin A and C which is essential to proper eye lens function Natural decongestant to help clear passage due to colds. Aid digestion. Arthritis.  Antibacterial Ant parasite Antifungal Antioxidant Intestinal permeability Boost immunity Anti-inflammatory  Galangal ▪ There are 3 varieties, they vary in their hotness ▪ it is like ginger in taste and appearance ▪ Active constituents: ▪ Volatile oil containing mainly cineole and methyl cinnamate Pungent oily body “galangol”. ▪ Tasteless yellow crystalline substances ▪ beta-sitosterol ▪ Source of sodium, iron and vitamin A  Uses: ❖ spice in cooking and condiment in beer ❖ researches proved that it has anti-inflammatory and anti- oxidant activities ❖ it has anti- fungal activity ❖ it has the benefit of lowering lipids