Philosophy Lecture Notes PDF

[Lecture Notes for Chapter One] Be able to recognize the three chief benefits derived from the study of philosophy Increased clarity/clearness in own beliefs, increased assurance that beliefs are reasonable, and increased consistency within worldview Be able to recognize the two crimes that Socra...

[Lecture Notes for Chapter One] Be able to recognize the three chief benefits derived from the study of philosophy Increased clarity/clearness in own beliefs, increased assurance that beliefs are reasonable, and increased consistency within worldview Be able to recognize the two crimes that Socrates is accused of 1. Impiety or believing there is no God and 2. Corrupting the youth **Be able to tell why the Oracle at Delphi says that Socrates is the wisest of men** Socrates is the wisest of men because he acknowledges that he does not know a lot/knows very little Be able to recognize the four main branches of Philosophy 1. Logic, 2. Epistemology, 3. Metaphysics, 4. Ethics [Lecture Notes for Chapter Two] Be able to recognize what makes an argument sound or cogent A sound argument when it is a valid deductive argument w/ all true premises A cogent argument is a strong inductive with only true premises Be able to recognize Oakham's razor and the principle of conservatism Ockham's razor- the explanation that makes the fewest assumptions is more likely to be true (simples=more likely to be true, water balloon fight example) Conservatism- the explanation that is more consistent with other well-established beliefs is more like to be true (can't give up the laws of physics example) Be able to recognize if two propositions are logically consistent. Be able to recognize if an argument is valid or invalid Valid- An argument with good form that is deductive Invalid- An argument with BAD form that is deductive Be able to recognize the difference between modus ponens and modus tollens Be able to recognize examples of the following arguments: -Enumerative: drawing conclusions based on numbers -Argument by analogy: drawing conclusions based on the relevant similarities -Inference to the best explanation: drawing conclusions based on "best" explanation Be able to recognize definitions and examples of the following fallacies: -Strawman- misrepresenting an opponent\'s view so that it can be easily dismissed -Begging the question- we must accept the conclusion to accept the premises -Domino argument- if we allow something to occur, then more significant events will follow -Line drawing- a vague claim bc it is not as precise as we like (ex. def of bald) -Equivocation- contains an ambiguous word whose meaning shifts Be able to recognize necessary and sufficient conditions Necessary- must I have the first part for the second part Sufficient- is having the first part enough to have the second part [Lecture Notes for Chapter Three] Be able to recognize the three necessary conditions for knowledge 1.Belief 2. Justified 3. Truth Be able to recognize the difference between a priori and a posterior justification A priori- comes by means of reason alone A posteriori- comes by means of our sensory experience Be able to recognize the definitions of the three main theories Skepticism- The view that we do not have knowledge Rationalism- The view that our beliefs can be justified by reason alone Empiricism- The view that our beliefs can be justified through experience Which views are supported by who Descartes- Rationalist Locke -- Empiricism Berkley - Empiricism Be able to give the three ways that Descartes says we doubt things 1\. Senses are deceiving me 2. Dreaming 3. Evil Demon Be able to recognize the first two things that Descartes believes we know with certainty 1. I am having an experience 2. We exist Be able to recognize examples of Locke's primary and secondary qualities Primary qualities- things we can say about a table without even seeing it Secondary qualities- things after seeing the table, like color, taste, smell, texture Be able to recognize the definition of idealism The view that the world is mind-dependent. All that exists are immaterial minds and ideas. Be able things do not pop in and out of existence, according to Berkley God is perceiving all things while we do not [Lecture Notes for Chapter Four] Be able to recognize the difference between substance dualism and materialism Substance dualism- Physical and Non-Physical things Materialism- Non-physical things Be able to give the names of the materialist theories discussed in the lecture - Identity Theory - Functionalism Be able to recognize the difference between qualitative identity and numerical identity -Qualitative- share similar properties -Numerical identity- identical, same thing Be able to recognize Hume's three conditions for causation 1. Contiguity 2. Temporal precedence 3. Constant conjunction Be able to recognize the main objection to the identity theory -Multiple realization Be able to recognize the difference between syntax and semantics -syntax- symbols put together -semantics- meanings of words **Define Qualia** -The phenomenal aspect of mental states, the way you see things