Nasal Cavity and Pharynx Lecture PDF

Anatomy II – MED 201  Functions of the respiratory system Major function: Gas exchange (oxygen supply, disposal of carbon dioxide) Other functions  Air warming  Phonation  Some immunological function  Some endocrine functions  Respiratory syst...

Anatomy II – MED 201  Functions of the respiratory system Major function: Gas exchange (oxygen supply, disposal of carbon dioxide) Other functions  Air warming  Phonation  Some immunological function  Some endocrine functions  Respiratory system overview Conducting zone  Rigid conduits for air to reach sites of gas exchange  Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchii Respiratory Zone Site of gas exchange Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli Respiratory muscles Diaphragm & other muscles  Respiratory system overview  Upper respiratory tract  Lower respiratory tract  Respiratory system overview Upper respiratory  Nose  Mouth*  Pharynx  Paranasal sinuses Lower respiratory  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs  Respiratory system overview Floor of mouth Floor of mouth  The nose Pyramid shape  Lateral wall  Floor  Base  Nasal septum  The nose External (visible) part Internal part  The nose Roof: Ethmoid bone Lateral: Medial:  Ethmoid bone  Ethmoid bone  Nasal bones  Sphenoid bone  Inferior nasal cochlea  Vomer  Maxillary bone  Septal cartilage Floor: Maxillary bone, palatine bone  The nose Medial wall Floor  Paranasal sinuses Sinuses  air-filled chambers  connected to nasal cavities  Lighten skull bones  Phonation?  Air warming?  The nose communications Roof Spheno – ethmoid recess  Sphenoidal sinus Superior cochlea Superior nasal meatus  Posterior ethmoidal sinus Middle cochlea Middle nasal meatus  Maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal Inferior cochlea Inferior meatus  Lacrimal duct Floor  The nose vascularization Nose mucosa is one the richest vascularized mucosae  Splenopalatine artery (terminal branch of maxillary a.)  Superior labial & lateral nasal a. (braches of facial a.) The nose vascularization In general, veins are parallel to arteries  Nose innervation  Olfaction: Olfractory nerve (I)  General sensation: V1, V2  Autonomous innervation Parasympathetic Pterygopalatine g. VII Various branches of V2 Sympathetic T1 Superior cervical g.. Clinical applications Nose bleeding Clinical applications Endoscopic surgery  The pharynx Fibromuscular tube acting as conduit for digestive & respiratory  The pharynx Fibromuscular tube acting as conduit for digestive & respiratory Skull base Nasopharynx Oropharyxn Laryngopharyx C6  The pharynx Different arrangements during swallowing and respiration  The palate Anterior 2/3: Hard palate  Palatine process of maxillae  Palatine bones Posterior 1/3: Soft palate  Created by 5 muscles  Uvula  The pharynx Fibromuscular tube acting as conduit for digestive & respiratory  Soft palate in neutral position  Soft palate blocks nasopharynx  Larynx open  Larynx inlet blocked  The pharynx Bony substrate & ligaments  The pharynx Bony substrate & ligaments Pharynx ligaments  Pterygopalatine raphe Between s. sphincter & buccinator  Stylohyoid ligament Between styloid process & hyoid  Oblique line Behind thyroid cartilage  Vertebral column Pharyngeal raphe  Superior constrictor of pharynx Origin  Pharyngeal raphe Insertion  Pterygopalatine raphe Action  Pharynx constriction Innervation  Vagus nerve (X)  Middle constrictor of pharynx Origin  Pharyngeal raphe Insertion  Stylohyoid raphe Action  Pharynx constriction Innervation  Vagus nerve (X)  Inferior constrictor of pharynx Origin  Pharyngeal raphe Insertion  Oblique line of thyroid cartilage Action  Pharynx constriction Innervation  Vagus nerve (X) Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx Stylopharyngea Salpingopharynge Palatopharyng l muscle almuscle eal muscle Function Function Function Elevates the pharynx Elevates the pharynx Elevates the pharynx Innervation and larynx Innervation Glossopharyngeal Innervation Vagus nerve nerve Vagus nerve  Pharynx vascularization  Ascending pharyngeal artery  Facial artery  Maxillary, lingual arteries Veins are, in general, parallel to arteries  Pharynx innervation Motor innervation: Vagus nerve (X) Sensory innervation  Nasopharynx: V2  Oropharynx: IX  Laryngopharynx: X  Gag reflex A reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus Afferent limb: Glossopharyngeal (IX) Efferent limb: Vagus (X)  Tonsils Collections of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa, useful for defense organism  Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)  Roof of the nasopharynx  Palatine tonsils  Bilateral ar oropharynx  Lingual tonsils  Posterior 1/3 of tongue  Nasopharynx First part of pharynx, behind nasal cavity Skull base  Eystachian tube  Pharyngeal tonsils Palate Vertebral column Eustachian tube  Oropharynx  Inferior to the level of soft palate, superior to epiglottis  Anterior border: Lower tongue  Palatine tonsils Laryngopharynx  Clinical applications Adenoids Enlargement due to infection of pharyngeal tonsils might obliterate nasopharynx Clinical applications Tonsilitis & tonsilectomy  Eustachian tube Kids: More horizontal – route for infections spread Adults: Pressure equalizer Surface anatomy Nasopharynx Surface anatomy Oropharynx Questions?