Medicinal Plants in Food Production Lecture PDF

Medicinal plants in antidiabetic foods production - facts, trends, perspectives Monika Przeor, PhD Department of Gastronomy Science and Functional Foods Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition [email protected] 1 Diabetes mellitus DM TYPE 1 Pancrea...

Medicinal plants in antidiabetic foods production - facts, trends, perspectives Monika Przeor, PhD Department of Gastronomy Science and Functional Foods Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition [email protected] 1 Diabetes mellitus DM TYPE 1 Pancreas does not produce enough insulin DM TYPE 2 Body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces 2 Source: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diabetes-Mellitus-Subtypes.aspx  Health impact ▪ Over time, diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. ▪ Adults with diabetes have a two- to three-fold increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. Diabetes mellitus ▪ Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy (nerve damage) in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers, infection and eventual need for limb amputation. ▪ Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. Diabetes is the cause of 2.6% of global blindness. ▪ Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure. 3 Source: who.int Diabetes mellitus Demographic data 4 Demographic data 5 Source: https://diabetesatlas.org/data/en/world/ Diabetes mellitus COViD-related Source: Barron et al. 2020 Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related 6 mortality in England: a whole-population study ; Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8: 813–22  ▪ The percentage in the number of deaths among people with diabetes mellitus increased by 15.88% in 2020 as a result Diabetes mellitus of the COViD pandemic compared to 2019. Source: PZH, Poland, 2020 Mortality in Poland 7  Functional food for diabetes /FFD/ 8  no added sugar low sugars low carbohydrates with sweeteners fat instead of carbohydrates Trends little processed, almost raw made of low GI materials low energy 9  US$ 7 Billion in 2015 Diabetic food market US$ 9.2 Billion in 2020 7% in 2021-2026 Diabetic food products U.S. diabetic food market revenue by application, 2014 - 2025 (USD Million) market 10 Source: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/diabetic-food-market  US$ 7 Billion in 2015 Diabetic food market US$ 9.2 Billion in 2020 7% in 2021-2026 Diabetic food products Global diabetic food market revenue by region, 2015 (USD Million) market 11 Source: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/diabetic-food-market  Common ways of FFD production 12  ▪ Historical reports and centuries-old cultural traditions show that some plants can be an alternative to standard pharmacotherapy, or at least help with treatment or have a preventative effect. ▪ Their purity in terms of toxic compounds should be considered. Different ways of introducing medicinal plants into the diet 13  The complex plant matrix is a carrier of many phytoconstituents, which determines the specific interaction of these compounds, that is however difficult to reproduce, and brings health benefits. terpenoids saponins flavonoids Medicinal plants are rich carotenoids alkaloids glycosides sources of bioactive compounds with specific pharmacological properties and not causing undesirable Most of side effects. antidiabetic ingredients are found in leaves 14 Source: Chan et al. A brief review on antidiabetic plants: Global distribution, active ingredients, extraction techniques and acting mechanisms. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2012, 6, 22–28.  6 general antidiabetes mechanisms of bioactive ingredients can be specified: ▪ alteration of glucose metabolism; ▪ hypolipidemic effect; ▪ pancreatic effect; ▪ antioxidative effect; ▪ diabetes complication treatment; ▪ insulin-like effect. 15 Source: Chan et al. A brief review on antidiabetic plants: Global distribution, active ingredients, extraction techniques and acting mechanisms. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2012, 6, 22–28. Medicinal plants with antidiabetic activity 16 White mulberry Morus alba L. 17 Source: https://www.delta-intkey.com/angio/www/moraceae.htm https://sites.redlands.edu/trees/species-accounts/whitemulberry/ tropical to moderate climate originates from China, Japan, India White mulberry 11th in Europe – silkworms low agrotechnical requirements, easy cultivation, cheap Morus alba perennial plant – up to 300 years form of low tree or shrub two shapes of leaves 18  White mulberry Morus alba quercetin 3-(6-malonyl-glucoside) 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-fagomine kaempferol 3-(6-malonyl-glucoside) cis-5-hydroxypipecolinic acid 1-Deoxynojirimycin rutin trans-5-hydroxypipecolinic acid Molecular FormulaC6H13NO4 morcetin methylpyrrolidine carboxylic acid Average mass163.172 Da isoquercetin pipecolinic acid astragalin atalanthoflavone glycosides cyclomulberin tannins deguelin coumarins 3',8-diprenyl-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone chlorogenic acid 3'-geranyl-3-prenyl-2',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy flavone caffeic acid cuvanon (C, J, S) coumaric acid (m-, p-) morusina ferullic acid sangenon (J, K) hallic acid benzyl D-glucopyranoside caffeoylquin acid (1-, 4-, 5-) roseoside II Morin protocatechuic acid scopolina Molecular FormulaC15H10O7 vanillic acid skimine Average mass302.236 Da hydroxybensoic acid (p-) norartocarpetin sinapic acid 7-methoxyl-8-hydroxyethyl-2',4'-dihydroxy flavan syringic acid 7-methoxyl-8-ethyl-2',4'-dihydroxy flavan-2''- O-β-D- β-sitosterol glucopyranoside stigmasterol bromisin B cholesterol 2',7-dihidoxy-4'-methoxy-8-prenylflavate α-methylosterol 2',4'-dihydroxy-7'-methoxy-8-prenylflavate campestreol 6-geranyloapigenin Ecdyson 8-geranyloapigenin 2-O- α-D-galactopyranosyl-DNJ 8-hydroxyethyl-7,4'-dimethoxyloflavan-2'-O-β-D- D-fagomine glucopyranoside isofagomine luteolin 19 3-epi-fagomine naringenin White mulberry Morus alba The mechanisms responsible for the antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects of white mulberry, include: ▪ inhibition of digestive enzymes such i.e. pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, pancreatic α-amylase (weak effect); intestinal α-glucosidase; ▪ adipocyte differentiation; ▪ influence on the appetite; ▪ regulation of lipid metabolism: improvement of lipid profile; ▪ improving the oxidative status of the organism. 20  White mulberry Morus alba Musabayane, C.T.; Bwititi, P.T.; Ojewole, J.A.O. Effects of oral administration of some In 5-week-long administration diabetic rats reduced blood glucose herbal extracts on food consumption and blood glucose levels in normal and levels by 5%. streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 2006, 28, 223–228, doi:10.1358/mf.2006.28.4.990202. Oral administration of mulberry leaf powder in humans in the amount of Kimura, T.; Nakagawa, K.; Kubota, H.; Kojima, Y.; Goto, Y.; Yamgishi, K.; Oita, S.; Oikawa, S.; Miyazawa, T. Food-grade mulberry powder enriched with 1- 0.8 g and 1.2 g considerably inhibits postprandial glycemia and insulin deoxynojirimycin suppresses the elevation of postprandial blood glucose in humans. secretion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 5869–5874, doi:10.1021/jf062680g. About 1 g of mulberry leaves is needed for the preparation of 100 ml of Hansawasdi, C.; Kawabata, J. α-Glucosidase inhibitory effect of mulberry (Morus alba) tea brewed in water of a temperature of 98 °C for 3-5 minutes in order to leaves on Caco-2. Fitoterapia 2006, 77, 568–573, doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2006.09.003. inhibit α- glucosidase activity. In a group of diabetic rats treated with polysaccharides isolated from Morus alba fruits for 7 weeks, reduction in the fasting blood glucose, Jiao, Y.; Wang, X.; Jiang, X.; Kong, F.; Wang, S.; Yan, C. Antidiabetic effects of Morus alba fruit polysaccharides on high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced type 2 fasting serum insulin and oral glucose tolerance were observed, diabetes in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017, 199, 119–127, compared to a group in which diet without these polysaccharides was doi:10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.003. used. White mulberry leaves show no acute toxicity LD50 >15.0 g per kg of Li, Y.; Zhang, X.; Liang, C.; Hu, J.; Yu, Z. Safety evaluation of mulberry leaf extract: body weight), no subacute toxicity (NOAEL=7.5 g per kg of body Acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxicity studies. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2018, 95, 220–226, doi:10.1016/J.YRTPH.2018.03.007. 21 weight per day) and no genotoxicity White mulberry Morus alba Root/ Root Bark Sang-Bai-Pi Morphological element Registered as Novel Food used in folk medicine anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antitussive, cardioprotective drug fruits NO N/A young leaves *but authorized in food supplement use Fruits N/A infectious diseases, hyperlipidemia, stems *but authorized in food supplement use diseases of the kidneys, liver, eyes, N/A cancer, obesity, against constipation, rhizome (root bark) *but authorized in food supplement use fatigue, anemia, parasites root N/A twigs N/A Leaves and shoots YES – element has not been used as food in European Union before 15 May neurodegenerative diseases, 1997 and got safety assessment status; NO – element has been used as food in European Union before 15 May 1997 and do not need safety aging, hiperglycemia assessment; N/A – there was no request or request has not been processed yet; * – exceptions. 22  Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 23 Fenugreek Trigonella foenum- graecum annual herb Mediterranean area, India, China forage plant 1- flowering and fruiting shoot; 2- standard (abaxial and side view); 3- seed (hilum view and lateral view) 24 Source: https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Trigonella_foenum-graecum_(PROSEA) Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum ▪ Regulation of the lipid profile: rats with obesity induced by 4-hydroxyisoleucine high-fat diet body weight gain, body mass index, blood Molecular FormulaC6H13NO3 Average mass147.172 Da glucose, white adipose tissues weights, serum insulin reduction Kumar, P.; Bhandari, U.; Jamadagni, S. Fenugreek seed extract inhibit fat accumulation and ameliorates dyslipidemia in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Biomed Res. Int. 2014, doi:10.1155/2014/606021 ▪ 30-days administration of 25 mg of fenugreek seed improved dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients Alem Geberemeskel, G.; Godefa Debebe, Y.; Abraha Nguse, N. Clinical Study Antidiabetic Effect of Fenugreek Seed Powder Solution (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on Hyperlipidemia in Diabetic Patients. J. Diabetes Res. 2019, doi:10.1155/2019/8507453 Trigonelline + nicotinic acid ▪ Antioxidant properties Ahmad, A.; Alghamdi, S.S.; Mahmood, K.; Afzal, M. Fenugreek a multipurpose crop: Potentialities and improvements. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2016, 23, 300–310, doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.015 Kaviarasan, S.; Naik, G.H.; Gangabhagirathi, R.; Anuradha, C. V.; Priyadarsini, K.I. In vitro studies on antiradical and antioxidant activities of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds. Food Chem. 2007, 103, 31–37, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.064 + ▪ Antidiabetic activity Salehi; Ata; V. Anil Kumar; Sharopov; Ramírez-Alarcón; Ruiz-Ortega; Abdulmajid Ayatollahi; Tsouh Fokou; Kobarfard; Amiruddin Zakaria; et al. Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 551, doi:10.3390/biom9100551 Chhetri, D.R.; Parajuli, P.; Subba, G.C. Antidiabetic plants used by Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayan tribes, India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 99, 199–202, doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.058 Chinsembu, K.C. Diabetes mellitus and nature’s pharmacy of putative antidiabetic plants. J. Herb. Med. 2019, 15, 100230, doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2018.09.001 25  Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum Antiglycemic activity Galactomannans delays stomach emptying, moderates carbohydrate absorption Shane-McWhorter, L. Biological Complementary Therapies: A Focus on Botanical and inhibits glucose transport; involves an increase in the amount of Products in Diabetes. Diabetes Spectr. 2001, 14, 199–208, doi:10.2337/diaspect.14.4.199. erythrocyte insulin receptors, and thus peripheral glucose consumption Broca, C.; Gross, R.; Petit, P.; Sauvaire, Y.; Manteghetti, M.; Tournier, M.; Masiello, P.; 4- hydroxyisoleucine is the active component causing hyperglycemia reduction Gomis, R.; Ribes, G. 4-hydroxyisoleucine: Experimental evidence of its insulinotropic from 163,5 mg/dl to 143,6 mg/dl after 6 days and antidiabetic properties. Am. J. Physiol. - Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 277, doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.4.e617. Extract (0.25 g and 0.5 g /kg of body weight) for 14 days significantly reduced Eidi, A.; Eidi, M.; Sokhteh, M. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) seeds on serum parameters in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr. Res. serum glucose compared to the control group 2007, 27, 728–733, doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2007.09.006 100 mg per kg of body weight, significantly reduced blood glucose, reduced Baset, M.; Ali, T.; Elshamy, H.; El Sadek, A.; Sami, D.; Badawy, M.; Abou-Zekry, S.; Heiba, H.; Saadeldin, M.; Abdellatif, A. Anti-diabetic effects of fenugreek (Trigonella levels of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) foenum-graecum): A comparison between oral and intraperitoneal administration - an and reduced triglycerides animal study. Int. J. Funct. Nutr. 2020, 1, doi:10.3892/ijfn.2020.2 Extract enriched in 40% of furostanolic saponins for 30, 60 and 90 days resulted in Verma, N.; Usman, K.; Patel, N.; Jain, A.; Dhakre, S.; Swaroop, A.; Bagchi, M.; Kumar, P.; Preuss, H.G.; Bagchi, D. A multicenter clinical study to determine the efficacy of a a 6.69%, 10.31% and 21.98% fasting glucose reduction, and a 13.7%, 20.6% and novel fenugreek seed ( Trigonella foenum-graecum ) extract (FenfuroTM) in patients 30.4% reduction in postprandial blood glucose level with type 2 diabetes. Food Nutr. Res. 2016, 60, 32382, doi:10.3402/fnr.v60.32382 26 Fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum ▪ Fenugreek allergenicity analyses, including the level of specific IgE antibodies, showed that fenugreek has many potential allergens and a high level of cross-reactivity with peanuts. Fæste, C.K.; Namork, E.; Lindvik, H. Allergenicity and antigenicity of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) proteins in foods. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, 123, 187–194, doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.012 Morphological element Registered as Novel Food used in folk medicine ▪ Fenugreek has a probable teratogenic and abortive effect and seeds NO changes hematology and blood biochemistry. leaves N/A Ouzir, M.; El Bairi, K.; Amzazi, S. Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Food Chem. Toxicol. 2016, 96, 145–154, doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.003 YES – element has not been used as food in European Union before 15 May 1997 and got safety assessment status; NO – element has been used as food in European Union before 15 May 1997 and do not need safety assessment; N/A – there was no request or request has not been processed yet; * – exceptions. 27 Ceylon cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum 28 Ceylon cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum originates from Ceylon raw material: bark without internal layer bark contain 0.5-4.0 % of oil: cinnamaldehyde (65-75%), cinnamyl acetate and eugenol (5%), β- caryophyllene (