Applied & Forensic Pharmacognosy Lecture 1 Introduction PDF

APPLIED & FORENSIC PHARMACOGNOSY Lecture 1: Introduction Presented by Dr Hanan S. Marzouk Fall 2024/2025 Course Overview Quality Control of Herbal Drugs. Advanced Chromatographic Techniques. Plant Biotechnology Toxic & Abused herbal drugs What is Forensic Science? Forensic...

APPLIED & FORENSIC PHARMACOGNOSY Lecture 1: Introduction Presented by Dr Hanan S. Marzouk Fall 2024/2025 Course Overview Quality Control of Herbal Drugs. Advanced Chromatographic Techniques. Plant Biotechnology Toxic & Abused herbal drugs What is Forensic Science? Forensic science is the application of broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. A forensic scientist is the expert who would apply his/her knowledge to assist juries, judges and attorneys in criminal and civil cases. What do Forensic Scientist Do? Forensic scientists perform chemical and physical tests on evidence properly collected 01 from a scene of a crime, or illicit drug submitte by police officers to resolve legal issues. They should be capable of Using recent technologies to analyze received evidence; 02 Preparing reports describing their methodologies and findings; and Providing professional testimony in court Methodology 01 Microscopical Examination Color Reactions 02 03 Spectral Analysis Chromatographic Techniques 04 05 DNA Profiling Step I: Securing the Crime Scene First priority is medical assistance to individuals and arresting the perpetrator. Ropes or barricades and guards will prevent unauthorized access to the area. Every person who enters the crime scene has the potential to destroy physical evidence. The lead investigator evaluates the scene & determines the boundaries. He does an initial walk through & develop a strategy. All items must be documented & photographed. Step II: Recording the Crime Scene 3 methods of crime-scene recording: Photography, Sketches, and Notes. Ideally all 3 should be used.  The crime scene should be unaltered, unless injured people are involved, objects must not be moved until they have Photography been photographed from all necessary angles If things are removed, added or positions changed, the photographs may not be admissible evidence. Photograph completely the area where crime took place and adjacent areas from various different angles. If crime scene includes a body:Take photos to show body’s location & position relative to the whole crime scene Take close-up photos of injuries & weapons lying near the body After the body is removed, photograph the surface underneath. When size is significant, use a ruler or other measuring scale. Videotaping a scene is also becoming popular. Sketches Once photos are taken, sketch the scene. A rough sketch is a sketch, drawn at the crime scene, usually drawn to scale, shows the location of all objects having a bearing on the case. All measurements are made with a tape measure Show all items of physical evidence Assign each item a number or letter and list it in the legend Show a compass heading designating north Notes Note- taking must be a constant activity throughout the processing of the crime scene. The notes may be the only source of information to refresh memory. Tape-recording notes at a scene can be advantageous – detailed notes can be taped much faster than they can be written. Physical Evidence Physical evidence is any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can link a crime and/or a victim with a suspect. Forensic science begins at the crime scene. The investigator must recognize physical evidence, and properly collect and preserve it for laboratory examination. The evidence must be kept in its original condition as much as possible.  Importance of Evidence to the Investigation May disclose that there is a crime. May identify the key elements of a crime. Can link a suspect(s) with a crime. Can help the detectives to follow up. May prove that a suspect is innocent  Dealing with Physical Evidence The search for physical evidence must be thorough and systematic, even when suspects are immediately seized. Once found, physical evidence must be collected & stored in a way that preserves its integrity for forensic comparison & analysis. A forensic scientist is not usually needed at the scene unless the evidence is complex or it is a major crime. Standard / Reference Samples The examination of evidence often requires comparison with a known standard/reference sample. A standard/reference sample is physical evidence whose origin is known, such as blood or hair from a suspect, that can be compared to crime scene evidence. Such materials may be obtained from the victim, a suspect, or other known sources. The presence of standard/reference samples greatly facilitates the work of the forensic scientist  Submitting Physical Evidence Evidence is submitted to the lab either by personal delivery or by mail shipment. Most laboratories require that “an evidence submission form” To Lab accompanies every submitted evidence. Enables the lab analyst to make an intelligent & complete examination of the evidence. Provide a brief description of the case history so the examiner can analyze in a logical sequence. A list of all items submitted must be included.  Applied Pharmacognosy Quality Control of Herbal Drugs Importance of Quality Control 1.The correct plant is used 2.That the plant contains the required chemical constituents 3.That these constituents are present at the required levels 4.That the type and level of constituents are reproducible from batch to batch of the drug plant The term “Quality” is used to denote a combination of high percentage concentration of desired compounds and a high total yield of that compound  Factors Influencing Quality Control 1.Identity of the plant: according to WHO is based on maro & microscopical identification 2.Genetic Factors 3.Ecological Factors: light, temperature, water and soil 4.Post Harvest Handling: enzyme activity 5.Method of Storage 6.Environmental Contamination: microbial, insect or heavy metal contamination.  Pharmacopoeial Procedures for Detecting the Quality of Herbal Drug 1.Organoleptic (sensory) characters. 2.Macro- and Microscopical investigation 3.Qualitative analysis: qualitative chemical tests and TLC investigation of extracts of herbal drugs 4.Proximate analysis: ash values, extractive values, crude fibers, moisture content and volatile oil content. 5.Examination of the main active constituents: bitterness value, haemolytic activity, foaming index, swelling index and tannin content. 6.Potential contaminant: toxic botanicals, microorganisms, microbial toxins, pesticides and fumigation agents, radioactivity, toxic metals, synthetic and animal drug substances. 7.Physical identification of pure isolates. 8.Biological evaluation These Procedures could be classified 01 02 to the following Structural Analytical standards Standards Standards 03 04 Physical Biological Standards Standards  1. Structural Standards 01 02 03 Organoleptic or Sensory Morphological Microscopical Characters including; Characters Characters including color, odor and taste microscopical numerical values Thank you! Do you have any questions?