Diversity in Policing Lecture 9

Diversity in Policing: pluralisatio n, transformat ion and the governance of security Dr Jerry Coulton Overview Part 1 The transformation debate Part 3 The pluralisation of policing Police, policing and the police Pluralisation and...

Diversity in Policing: pluralisatio n, transformat ion and the governance of security Dr Jerry Coulton Overview Part 1 The transformation debate Part 3 The pluralisation of policing Police, policing and the police Pluralisation and transformation Policing by, through, above, beyond and below government The debate Transformation Policing through Continuity and change government Reversion Lincolnshire Police – G4S Part 2 The state, public police Strategic Partnership and nodal governance Public good and market ‘Steering and rowing’ rationalities Networked nodal governance or anchored pluralism? Policing below government Past, present and future What is vigilantism? Policing before and after the police Police, policing and the police Police Policing The police  Police, policing and the police Police … the prevention and detection of crimes, and in those other functions which relate to internal regulations for the well ordering and comfort of civil society (Colquhoun (1806) quoted in Neocleous 2000: 712) Policing … the creation of systems of surveillance coupled with the threat of sanctions for discovered deviance – either immediately or by initiating penal processes (Reiner 2010: 5) The police … institutions or individuals given the general right to use coercive force by the state within the state’s domestic territory (Klockars, 1985: 12) Pluralisation and transformation Pluralisation Restructuring of the police Proliferation of policing other than by the police Complex division of labour in policing Range of suppliers replace monopolistic guardians Crawford 2011: 147 Transformation Pluralisation of policing New role for the public police? Bayley and Shearing 1996: 585 Terminology Pluralisation Late modern or postmodern policing (Networked) nodal governance of security Jean-Paul Brodeur (Polycentric) policing 1944 - 2010 assemblages The police extended family Sir Ian Blair Commissioner Policing web of Police of the Metropolis Mixed economy of policing 2005 – 2008: the role of the police within the ‘extended policing family’ The transformation debate Transformation Modern democratic countries like the United States, Britain, and Canada have reached a watershed in the evolution of their systems of crime control and law enforcement. Future generations will look back on our era as a time when one system ended and another took its place. Bayley and Shearing 1996: 585 Continuity (and change) [M]uch current criminology tends to exaggerate the degree of change, and underplay the extent of continuity, in seeking to explain the transformations taking place in contemporary policing systems. Jones and Newburn 2002: 142-143 Reversion Rather than present [the significant discontinuities between the modern criminal justice system and that which is now emerging] as betokening the arrival of a new system of policing, [this paper] suggests that they are better seen as displaying significant links with an earlier era before ‘the police’ in the sense that we have come to use the term. Zedner 2006: 79 Transformation or continuity? Transformation Continuity (and change) What is Functional definition: crime Capacity-based definition: policing (by control and order holders of the state’s the police)? maintenance symbolic monopoly on the use of force Who does Growth in numbers and State monopoly never policing? significance of non-state complete and shift in social (private and civilian) actors control mainly from and institutions secondary to primary personnel What do the Crime-fighting decentred in Crime and law police do? favour of risk management enforcement never central and information brokerage to police role (and police never key to crime control) How do the Preventive, managerial Longstanding minimization police do non-coercive technologies of the use of force by what they in place of reactive, public police while private Adapted from Reiner moralising punishment police rely on power to do? 201o Non-state The shopping centre as an example of ‘mass private property’ (Shearing and Stenning 1982 and 1983) auspices of and a site for a non-state ‘auspice’ of security security Who polices these pseudo=public spaces, and how? Non-’obvious’ methods of policing A Familiar Space…….. Total Institution The ‘Terminal Institution’ TIMETABLE The Control of Activity SPACE OF FLOW The Control of Activity CORRECT USE OF THE BODY The Control of Activity BODY-OBJECT ARTICULATION The Control of Activity  Policing Policing Public Commercial/ for profit Private Responsible Civil/ voluntary Autonomous A Comical View of Private Policing https://www.yout ube.com/watch? v=vLfghLQE3F4 Historical juxtapositions From thief-takers to the global security market From small-scale, localised pre-industrial markets to multinational suppliers and global markets From classical economics to rational choice theory Crime as normal, routine and opportunistic From social prophylaxis to situational crime prevention Shared emphasis on prevention and the management of risk/danger Pre- and post-Keynesian prudentialism Responsibilisation, the privatisation of prevention and the shrinking state From prosecution associations to the clubbing of security Security as a ‘good’ available only to members of the ‘club’ The demand for protection, entrepreneurs and the role of the state Demand for public and private policing stimulated by fear of crime as a container for wider social anxieties  Policing by government National and municipal policing National Crime Agency; Nottingham City Council Community Protection and Support Policing through government Policing services purchased or enlisted by government or the public police but provided privately G4S provision of force control room, custody and front office services in Lincolnshire (White 2014) Pluralisati Policing above government Transnational and cyber-policing across or beyond national boundaries on of Interpol, Europol and informal police networks policing Policing beyond government Commercial provision of security and policing services Patrolling, guarding and private investigation – the shift from secondary to primary social controls (Jones and Newburn 2002) My Local Bobby Policing below government Responsible and autonomous and responsible citizenship and civilian policing Street watches and unregulated ‘private security’ (Sharp et al 2008) Adapted from Loader (2000) Policing through government Background Outsourcing ‘window’ October 2010 – November 2012 G4S failure on the contract for the 2012 Olympics Politicization of ‘privatization’ during PCC elections (Crawford 2013 Continued austerity Lincolnshire Police – G4S Strategic Partnership £229 million contract 18 services 10 – 15 year period White 2014: 1002  Conflicting language games Profit-making The language of economics Profit Efficiency, effectiveness, profit, costs, value for money Public service and The language of moral and political philosophy public Fairness, justice, equity, duty, honour, quality service To mix, confound and combine economic terms such as efficiency with service terms, moral and philosophical terms such as ‘equity’ and ‘legitimacy, is to produce a logical nonsense. […] [Public policing is a service; it is not a business, it is not an industry. If it had a product, it would be ‘trust’ and its assessment … Manning 2014: 25-26  Competing rationalities Public good Market rationalities rationalities Policing directed towards Policing directed towards publicly defined goals privately defined goals Policing accessible to all Policing only accessible to citizens regardless of ability to those with the ability to pay pay Policing delivered as a form of Policing delivered as discrete civic governance commodities with unit costs Policing symbolizing Policing symbolizing publicness and universality privateness and exclusivity Implementing the partnership Force control room (FCR) Failure to introduce interactive voice response (IVR) technology because of complexity of police mandate G4S absorbed the loss because Need to comply with key performance indicators (KPIs) Desire to maintain goodwill within the partnership Need to project a positive image to other police forces as potential customers Custody suites and station front counters Empowerment of staff (as in FCR) by creation of new line management structure and promotion opportunities Symbolic importance of Lincolnshire Police/G4S dual identity of staff in public-facing roles challenged feelings of publicness (cf. FCR) White 2014  What is vigilantism? 1. Minimal planning, premeditation or preparation ‘Spontaneous vigilantism’ 2. Private, voluntary activity Policing Unregulated by contract or company law below 3. Autonomous (cf. responsible) citizenship ‘Irresponsible’ actions taken without the governme state’s authority or support 4. Actual or threatened use of force nt 5. Reaction to real or perceived threat to an established order from the transgression of institutionalised norms Reaction to crime and social deviance 6. Aims to offer assurances that an established order will prevail and guarantees of security Johnston 1996  The fear of private policing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYQcL7M6Izw  References Berg,J. and Shearing, C. (2022) ‘Private security’s accountabilities within polycentric assemblages’ International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 46(1): 1-13. Crawford A. (2006) ‘Networked governance and the post-regulatory state’, Theoretical Criminology, 10(4): 449–479. Crawford, A. (2011) ‘Plural policing in the UK: police beyond the police’, in Newburn, T. (ed) Handbook of Policing, 2nd edition. Abingdon: Routledge. Johnston, L. (1996) ‘What is vigilantism?’ British Journal of Criminology 36(2): 220-236. Jones, T. and Newburn, T. (2002) ‘The transformation of policing? Understanding current trends in policing systems’, British Journal of Criminology 42(1): 129-146. Johnston, L. and Shearing, C. (2003) Governing Security. London: Routledge. Loader, I. and Walker, N. (2006) ‘Necessary virtues: the legitimate place of the state in the production of security’, in J. Wood and B. Dupont (eds), Democracy, Society and the Governance of Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Manning, P. (2014) ‘Policing: privatizing and changes in the police web’, in Brown, J. (ed) The Future of Policing. Abingdon: Routledge. Osborne, D. and Gaebler, T. (1992) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Shearing, C. and Stenning, P. (1982), 'Private Security and Its Implications: A North American Perspective', in A. S. Reeds, ed., Policing and Private Security. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, pp. 16-50.