Lecture 9 (Fall 2024) - Theropods 2 PDF

LECTURE 9: DINOSAURS – THEROPODA: Part 2 Coelosauria up to Maniraptora Dinosaurs 4th Ed., Chapter 7, p.158 – 167 LECTURE 9: DINOSAURS – THEROPODA: Part 2 Coelosauria up to Maniraptora Dinosaurs 4th Ed., Chapter 7, p.158 – 167 Outline Par...

LECTURE 9: DINOSAURS – THEROPODA: Part 2 Coelosauria up to Maniraptora Dinosaurs 4th Ed., Chapter 7, p.158 – 167 LECTURE 9: DINOSAURS – THEROPODA: Part 2 Coelosauria up to Maniraptora Dinosaurs 4th Ed., Chapter 7, p.158 – 167 Outline Part 1: Coelosauria (up to Maniraptora) Part 2: A short history of T. rex LECTURE 9: DINOSAURS – THEROPODA: Part 2 Coelosauria up to Maniraptora Dinosaurs 4th Ed., Chapter 7, p.158 – 167 Objectives Know and understand the characteristics & relationships of Coelosauria up to Maniraptora Know the outline of the collection history of T. rex and the importance of the specimen called ‘Sue’  THEROPODA: Coelurosauria Coelurosaurs were once considered to be light bodied, small theropods, like Compsognathus, but it is now known to be more derived than Compsognathus Tyrannosauroidea A lightly built, “classic” coelurosaur from the Late Jurassic of Germany. Coelurosauria Key Characters Enlarged brain Narrow foot FASTOVSKY Fig. Feathered-covered 7.6University © Cambridge  Coelurosauria The most diverse clade of theropods (and dinosaurs) Middle Jurassic to present day Ancestrally small-bodied agile hunters All groups have ‘feathers’ Enlarged brains (x2 theropods of similar size) Long, slender tridactyl manus Long, narrow metatarsals Fig. 7.6 Derived forms (i.e., ornithomimosaurs & maniraptorans) had smaller skulls, long necks, phyllodont (leaf-shaped) dentition or toothless beaks, showing a shift away from flesh- eating.  Oldest Coelosaur fossils from early Middle Jurassic urtesy Thomas Holtz  THEROPODA: Tyrannosauroidea Tyrannosaurus rex (‘Sue’) Late Cretaceous Guanlong early Late Jurassic FASTOVSKY Fig. 7.6University © Cambridge  TYRANNOSAUROIDEA (basal coelosaurs) Tyrannosauroids first appear in the Middle Jurassic of Asia; Later migrated to North America & evolved large body-sized Tyrannosauridae that dominated the Late Cretaceous; Late Cretaceous migration back to Asia (e.g., Tarbosaurus) via Bering Land Bridge Basal tyrannosauroid specializations include: Fused nasals - allowing for a stronger bite Incisor-like premaxillary teeth Very slender metacarpal III Guanlong, early Late Jurassic of China Image: Science Stock Pho  TYRANNOSAUROIDEA (basal coelosaurs) Early Cretaceous Yutyrannus from China has monofilamnetaceous feathers Parsimoniously, all members of the clade must have had the possibility of having feathers, including T. rex FASTOVSKY Fig. 7.8 © Cambridge University Image: Scott TYRANNOSAUROIDEA: TYRANNOSAURIDAE  TYRANNOSAUROIDEA: TYRANNOSAURIDAE Last group of large-bodied theropods to evolve (last 20 million years of Cret.) Adult taxa range from 8 to 15+ m almost exclusively from North America Tyrannosaurids were specialized relative to their ancestors by possessing: Proportionately large skulls Thick maxillary and dentary teeth with very deep roots Wide skulls allowing for forward- facing eyes Increased neck muscle attachment Extremely short forelimbs; didactyl  TYRANNOSAURIDAE FASTOVSKY Fig. © Cambridge Universit 7.6 Press 2016 enile Tarbosaurus bataar with lt-sized Tyrannosaurus rex Hell Creek Formation Rock Mountain Dinosaur Resour Arctometatarsus (pinched metatarsus): proportionately slender metatarsals with metatarsal III "pinched out" proximally between II and IV; adaptation for greater speed  TYRANNOSAURIDAE Orbits point forward for Stereoscopic vision Deep snout for strong bite Precision bite Compressed, serrated Teeth can puncture bone Courtesy: Field Museum T. rex  TYRANNOSAURIDAE Wide, deep skull gives large attachment sites for jaw muscles & powerful bite force  TYRANNOSAURIDAE Courtesy: RTMP Tyrannosaurus rex Bite Force T. Rex = 3000 lbs per square inch (psi) human = 175 psi African lion = 937 psi alligator = 2125 psi Images Courtesy: Greg Erickson  TYRANNOSAURIDAE Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Mary H. Schweitzer, et al. Science 307: 1952-1955 March 25, 2005.  TYRANNOSAURIDAE Calculating age using bone histology  What is the Biggest Theropod? charodontosauridae: Giganotosaurus Tyrannosauridae: Tyrannosaur Late Cretaceous (Masstrichtian), N ate Cretaceous (Cenomanian), Patagonia p to 13 m long? Up to 13 m long? Carcharodontosaurids dominated southern hemisphere from the Early t early Late Cretaceous  Tyrannosaurus vs. Giganotosaurus 1. The type specimen of Giganotosaurus is essentially the same size as ‘Sue’ despite having a somewhat longer femur. 2. We don't know which of the two was longer. There is enough of a margin of error in restoring tail lengths that either could be the longest. 3. The T. rex ‘Sue’ almost certainly had a higher mass than the Giganotosaurus type specimen, as tyrannosaurs seem to have broader torsos for their size. 4. Isolated elements of either taxa are hard to reliably scale up to a probable adult size. Data: https://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/giant-theropods-north-vs-south772013?rq=tyra THEROPODA: Compsognathidae (Compsognathus FASTOVSKY Fig. 7.6University © Cambridge Compsognathus THEROPODA: Compsognathidae (Compsognathus COMPSOGNATHIDAE Early Cretaceous Europe & South America Represented a minor radiation of small-bodied dinosaurs. As primitive and generalized coelosaurs, their phylogenetic positions tends to shift Compsognathus, Early Jurassic, Solnhofen, Germany  Archaeopteryx, Early Jurassic, Solnhofen, Germany (Avialae, not Compsognathidae) Preserved in fine-grained lake sediments (Lagerstätte = extraordinary preservation) Same sediments as 1st Compsognathus skeleton First skeletons of Archaeopteryx without feathers were thought to be Compsognathus Fig. 8.3 Coelosauria: Compsognathidae Sinosauropteryx, Late Cretaceous, China Discovered in 1997; 1st definitive evidence of feathers in non- Fig. 7. avian dinosaurs Image: Science Stock Library  Coelosauria: Ornithomimosauria Struthiomimus “Ostrich mimics” Highly cursorial ostrich-like coelurosaurs, with small heads, toothless mouths, and long arms with powerful claws FASTOVSKY Fig. 7.6University © Cambridge feathered  Coelosauria: Ornithomimosauria Two clades: Both have toothless beaks. DEINOCHEIRIDAE ORNITHOMIMIDAE FASTOVSKY Fig. 7.12 © Cambridge University   Earliest known ornithomimosaurs retained small teeth  Primarily Laurasian (North America + Eurasia) in distribution  Rare or absent in Gondwana, Teeth questionable African record Fig 2.7 © Cambridge University Press Image: Ji et al., 2003 Shenzhousaurus, 2016 Early Cretaceous of Asia  Ornithomimosauria: Deinocheiridae Deinocheirus mirificus – discovered in Gobi in 1967 by Dr. Zofia Kielen-Jaworows Zofia Kielen-Jaworowska July 9, 1965 “One rainy day, very rare in the Gobi Desert during summer, I was walking alone along the gullies... and found an unusual skeleton consisting of complete forelimbs and a shoulder girdle of enormous size, along with fragmentary ribs.” Polish palaeontologist who lead expeditions into the Gobi Desert from 1963 to 1971, detailed in her book Hunting For Dinosaurs (1974) (highly recommended!) Photo: M Ryan Ornithomimosauria: Deinocheiridae Deinocheirus holotype quarry rediscovered  Ornithomimosauria: Ornithomimidae Pelecanimimus ("pelican mimic") from Early Cret., La Hoyas lagerstätte, Spain Basal ornithomimosaur https://www.deviantart.com/japa2/art/Fishing-froging-Pelecanimimus-785220519 More teeth than any other theropod Soft-tissue preservation of a keratin crest & gular poach May have fished like a https://images.dinosaurpictures.org/pelecanimimus2_eb0b.jpg stork  Ornithomimosauria: Ornithomimidae Image: B. McFeeters Ornithomimus  Later ornithomimosaurs were completely toothless, had beaks instead  Diet has been a matter of debate– probably at least some  Ornithomimosauria: Ornithomimidae The ornithomimid Rativates evadens, described in 2016 by Carleton MSC student, now Dr. Brad McFeeters Ornithomimosaurs did have feathers – the first feathers to be identified on Ornithomimus specimens with dinosaur skeletons from North  Ornithomimosauria: Basal Ornithomimidae Ornithomimosaur Photo: P. Currie Ornithomimus edmonticus Struthiomimus from Dinosaur Provincial with soft tissue (beak) preserved (RTMP 1995.110.1)  Ornithomimosauria: Ornithomimidae Sociality Some quarries have multiple individuals that died at the same time This suggests that they lived in groups, at least as juveniles Sinornithomimus bonebed, China from Kobayashi & Lü 2003 The Story of Sue, The World’s Most Famous T. rex FMNH PR 2081 The Story of Sue, The World’s Most Famous T. rex Oct 27, 1997: Sue sold for $8.36 million to McDonalds and Disney. All fossils are now considered to be highly valued. Palaeontologists can no longer afford to collect fossils from private land in the USA. Privately owned fossils  A Short History of T. rex In the late 1800’s In the early E.D. Cope battled 1900’s the battle O.C. Marsh to continued find and describe between Osborn the most (AMNH) and dinosaurs Carnegie (Carnegie museums) Henry Fairfield Andrew Osborn Carnegie  A Short History of T. rex Henry Fairfield Osborn Barnum Brown 1897: Osborn, Head of VP at the AMNH sends Brown to work the Morrison Fm  A Short History of T. rex Theropod, Field #12 (AMNH 5866) 1900: Brown collects AMNH 5966, the very first  A Short History of T. rex 1902: July AMNH 973 (Quarry No. 1) is discovered 75 ft above Hell Creek, MO.  A Short History of T. rex AMNH 973 AMNH 973 is more complete than AMNH 5866, including more of the skull  A Short History of T. rex AMNH 973 Skull found in Quarry No. 1, August 1905 Osborn, H.F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of  A Short History of T. rex AMNH 973 AMNH 973 Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905 (Holotype) Sold to Carnegie Museum in 1941 (CM 9380)  A Short History of T. rex AMNH 5866 What about AMNH 5866, the first T. rex skeleton found? Described by Osborn as Dyanamosaurus imperiosus in his 1905 paper Refered by Osborn to Tyrannosaurus rex in 1906  A Short History of T. rex 1906: Charles Knight’s first painting of T. rex goes on display with the legs of AMNH 973  A Short History of T. rex What about that short T. rex arm? 1914: Lawrence M. Lambe describes 1st complete tyrannosaur (Gorgosaurus)  A Short History of T. rex T. rex (AMNH 5027) goes on display in AMNH Fall 1915 1st T. rex in a life position (18.5 ft high  A Short History of T. rex 19 19 19 25 33 93 T. rex becomes a media star of films, books, World’s Fairs,  A Short History of Sue the T. rex Sue Hendrickson & Pete Larson  A Short History of Sue the T. rex Aug 12, 1990: Sue Hendrickson discovers Sue; collected by Black Hills Institute Multi-year court battle over the ownership of Sue (BHI, Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe, US Gov’t) Oct 27, 1997: Sue is sold at Sotheby’s auction for $8.36 million to McDonalds & Disney May 2000: Sue debuts at Chicago Field Museum  Sue’s Legacy Dinosaur skulls and skeletons can now be valued in the mllions of dollars Palaeontologists can no longer afford to collect on private land in the USA The illegal excavation, smuggling and sale of dinosaur fossils is now a worldwide problem Is there a solution? Countries, scientific societies and journals are enacting legislation to protect fossils, but enforcement resources are often lacking Many commercial collectors now work with museums to ensure that scientifically import fossils enter public institutions Public awareness of the scientific and national importance of Poached Tarbosaurus Quarry in Mongolia Xenozoic Tales by Mark Schultz https://www.fleskpublications.com/mark-schultz