Nanotechnology in Forensic Medicine PDF

Nanotechnology in Forensic Medicine Dr. Fatma Nada Prof. of forensic medicine and clinical toxicology Presented by Dr. Fatma Soliman Lecturer of forensic medicine and clinical toxicology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is a new interdiscipl...

Nanotechnology in Forensic Medicine Dr. Fatma Nada Prof. of forensic medicine and clinical toxicology Presented by Dr. Fatma Soliman Lecturer of forensic medicine and clinical toxicology Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is a new interdisciplinary field of modern science between physics, chemistry, biology and engineering sciences. This technological branch manipulates the molecular structure of materials to change their intrinsic properties on a near-atomic scale, sized 1-100 nm, to produce new structures, materials and revolutionary applications.  Ex.: Graphene: Modified carbon harder than steel, lighter than aluminium and almost transparent  Other nanoparticles used in areas such as electronics, energy, biomedicine. TYPES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Types are classified according to: A. How they proceed (top-down or bottom-up) B. The medium in which they work (dry or wet) A.How they proceed (top-down or bottom-up) Ascending (bottom-up) Start with a Nano-metric structure(molecule)  mounting or self- assembly process  a larger mechanism than the one you started with. Descending (top-down) Structures are miniaturized to the Nano-metric scale from 1 to 100 nanometers. It is the most frequent especially in electronics.  B. The medium in which they work (dry or wet) Dry - Used to manufacture nanotechnol structures in coal, silicon, ogy inorganic materials, metals and semiconductors that do not work with humidity. Wet - It is based on biological systems present in an nanotechnol aqueous environment. ogy - Includes genetic material, enzymes and other cellular components Nanomaterial Intentionally manufactured material, having at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm), with unique properties due to their dimension. 1 nanometer = of a meter.  Natural Nanoparticles,, Naturally occurring are unintentionally produced airborne particles that are smaller than 100 nm in diameter. They are products of combustion and vaporization processes such as welding, smelting, fuel combustion & fires. Materials on the same scale, which are referred to as ultra-fine particles.  Nanoscale phenomena Just how small is “Nano??” It’s difficult to imagine just how small that is, so here are some examples: A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick. A strand of human DNA is 2.5 nanometers in diameter. A human hair is approximately 80,000- 100,000 nanometers wide. A single gold atom is about a third of a nanometer in diameter. If the diameter of a marble was one Nanometer, then diameter of the Earth would be about one Meter. Visual examples of the size and the scale of nanotechnology. The size of NPs compared to biological materials. In the bottom panel, a few types of NPs are represented. Nanomaterial & Cells The majority of animal cells are within the range of 10–20,000 nm. So nanoparticles can enter the living cell and subcellular structures (organelles)can interact with intracellular molecules, such as proteins and ribonucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Nanomaterial & Cells Due to their tiny size and large surface area ratio to volume & having different physical and chemical properties (magnetism, conductance, optical properties, chemical interactions)  they can be used in different fields of medicine.  The difference between nanotechnology and biotechnology Biotechnology Nanotechnology Uses biomolecules Uses man-made and organisms to and inorganic develop materials, which pharmaceuticals, are typically less medical treatments than 100 nm in and research, and size. agricultural innovations Biomolecules: antibodies, DNA and RNA, proteins and hormones, viruses, Nano-biotechnology Nano-biotechnology incorporates NPs into biological systems. OR miniaturizes biotechnology solutions to nanometer size to achieve greater reach and efficacy. This may result in more effective and inexpensive therapies. How??: 1. Biomolecules are added to the outside of nanoparticles to target specific molecules for a given purpose. 2. Also, these hybrid nanostructures are used to make biosensors or to image certain body parts. Nano-biotechnology 3. Also, NPs can be incorporated into body systems by altering their solubility in water, compatibility with biologic material, or recognition of biological systems. Examples: DNA is difficult to insert into a cell nucleus because of its strand-like form. However, if it is mounted on a spherical nanoparticle the spherical DNA may pass through the cell and nuclear membrane with ease. Antibodies and proteins may also be used to coat NPs such as carbon tubes or gold NPs for easy and rapid bioassays. Video: What is Nanotechnology Classification of NPs According to the material of NPs Classification of NPs xamples of nanoparticle 1. Liposomes: Liposomes possess a unique vesicular structure. A. Uni-lamellar vesicles (UV): consist of a single bilayer surrounding the entrapped aqueous space. 1. Liposomes: B. Multi-lamellar vesicles (MLV): consist of several lipid bilayers separated from one another by aqueous spaces. So, more than one drug can be loaded within those compartments (lipid and aqueous). This also allows different drug molecules to be released in sequence with dissociation of layers from the outer shell to the inner core. (Ex. SR Drugs) 2. Protein nanoparticles: Made with albumin-bound technology (nab) Use the capacity of Albumin to carry and release hydrophobic cargo. They act as drug delivery system and can be transmitted through the cell via endocytosis. They protect the drugs from enzymatic degradation and renal clearance. Advanta 3. Dendrimers: Well-defined, branched, mono-dispersed polymers. Can be polymerized in spherical shape, which leads to the formation of cavities within the dendrimer molecule  High- generation dendrimers. So  High entrapment efficiency is obtained with can be conjugated with therapeutic or diagnostic molecules. 4. Metal nanoparticles 4. Metal nanoparticles Synthesized using biocompatible inert metals (non toxic) such as gold, nickel, and silica. Different shapes such as nano-shell or quantum dots or nano-rods have been fashioned with metals. Unique optical and magnetic properties of these NPs have been variously used for diagnostic and imaging purposes (Ex: MRI imaging) Nanoparticles applications in Medicine Nanoparticles applications in Medicine Applied in many fields of medicine as Infections: antimicrobial agents (enhance pharmaceutical ch.ch.), vaccine delivery (without the use of needles) & cell cultures. Diagnostic: biosensors (for genetic diseases on DNA), PET-CT & MRI (cancer). Therapeutic: cancer, diabetes treatment, and nano-robots for repairing (NDD) or replacing cell structures (Joints), and genetic engineering. Nanoparticles applications in Medicine Advantages of nanoparticles in diagnosis: It allows noninvasive, fast, and inexpensive diagnostic at a cellular and sub cellular level. Permit targeted imaging which decreases the need of biopsy. Real time and early detection. Less toxic imaging studies (appropriate contrast agents) Ex., Fluorescent & magnetic Figure N (a) Ab-NP(Iron oxide) complexes deposited on substrate. (b) After interaction with the antigen, the unbound conjugates are removed by using a magnet. (c) Leaving only the bound complexes in place which are detected via their fluorescent signal. Figure N Advantages of nanoparticles in diagnosis: Examples: Gold NPs also act as a CT agent that can differentiate between inflammatory process and cancerous condition. Nano-wires allows noninvasive detection of problems in the central nervous system and other dangerous-to-investigate sites. Quantum dots allow rapid and sensitive identification of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).  Advantages of nanoparticles in treatment: Allows THERANOSTICs: simultaneous diagnostic and therapeutic approaches; Examples: 1. In Cancer They are diagnostic & also able to attack cancer cells selectively without harming other healthy cells (reduce the toxic effects of chemotherapy). 2. Diagnose genetic problem on DNA and can repair the defect. 3. In atherosclerosis plaques in arteries; a nanoparticle that mimics the body’s “good” Molecular imaging and therapy of cancer with radiolabeled nanoparticles. Video: Nanotechnology in Cancer Video: Diagnose & TTT NPs induced toxicity in human body Distribution: Substances may enter the body via oral ingestion, inhalation, dermal penetration and intravascular injection distribute to any organ (ACCUMULATE). MOST substances are subject to first-pass metabolism within the liver where they may accumulate or distribute via the vasculature to end organs. Brain: NPs pass the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) through tight junctions making the brain vulnerable to potential particle-mediated toxicity. Blood: -The interaction with platelets & vessels  Liver accumulation in liver cells  hepatotoxicity. kidney: accumulation within renal structures oxidative stress "ROS” and inflammation  chronic kidney damage and renal failure. Lung: accumulation in lung may cause acute inflammation and neutrophil infiltration to lung tissue  chronic granulomatous changes. Skin: topical application can cause grey-blue discoloration of the skin which is a benign condition known as Argyria (Silver). Possible Strategies to prevent Nano-toxicity: 1. The introduction of ascorbic acid upon NPs exposure. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is an antioxidant capable of scavenging free radicals. 2. Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid in many plants and food (onions, grapes, berries, cherries, broccoli, and citrus), is an anti-oxidant having free radical scavenging ability. 3. Surface modification of nanoparticles can also be carried out to decrease nano-toxicity. Nanoparticles in Forensics  Nano-forensics is used in crime investigations and in terrorist activity by determining the presence of explosive gases, biological agents and residues using Nano-sensors  ‘N a n o - analysis’ Some of these analysis techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering and Raman Microscopy. These techniques assist forensic scientists in 2 ways: 1. Analyzing nano-scaled samples. 2. Using specific effects of nanomaterial to 1. Forensic toxicological analysis: Nano technology is used in forensic toxicology for examination of different toxic materials from forensic evidences like hair, blood, saliva and fingerprints. Gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles and Titanium oxide nanoparticles are commonly used. Advantages: Immediate spot tests Low-cost Stable Detection of trace amounts of Clonazepam based on Au-NP 2. Forensic DNA analysis: Forensic DNA analysis of blood stains, hairs, fibers, semen can be carried out in murder, rape and other crime cases. Microfluidic devices are the recent advanced devices used for forensic DNA analysis. Helps extract of excellent quality of PCR ready DNA samples. Advantages: Shorter examination time Lesser risk of contamination Directly applicable at the crime scene 3. Forensic fingerprint visualization: Help visualize latent fingerprints. Nano-powders are used for fingerprint detection. Nano‐Fingerprint Residue Visualization: The body creams and sunscreen lotions can be detected by using Titanium dioxide or Zinc oxide NPs due to their inorganic components, while Gold NPs target amino acids of latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces. Advantages: Easier fingerprint identification, ↑longevity & more details of FPs  better analysis. 4. Forensic explosive detection Nanomaterials used to create sensors for detection of explosives. The Ultra small devices have high sensing capability. To trace the explosives, advanced Nano-sensor conceptive devices like electronic noses and nano- mechanical devices  detect the bombs, plastic explosives. Post-explosive residues analysis: Nanotechnology is also useful detection of traces of explosive residues after fragmentation of explosives in bomb blast incidents. 5. Gunshot residue analysis Nanotechnology can be applied for detecting & analysis of gunshot residue (GSR). Following discharge of a firearm, some of the microscopic particles of gunshot residues are present on the hands of a shooter, clothes or other related items. High-resolution imaging is used in the GSR analysis to locate residue particles, and X-ray spectrometry to determine their composition of the elements. Thank you for your attention