Lecture 6_ Introduction to Engineering Design PDF

Introduction to Engineering Design Objectives At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to: Explain the engineering design process. Apply the basic steps in engineering design process Realize the importance of design factors considering sustainability in design. W...

Introduction to Engineering Design Objectives At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to: Explain the engineering design process. Apply the basic steps in engineering design process Realize the importance of design factors considering sustainability in design. What is Engineering Design? Engineering Design is a process of devising a system, component, or process to meet a desired need. It is a decision-making process, often iterative, in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources to meet a stated objective.  What is the engineering design process? A series of steps engineers work through in order to define and solve problems! 1. Identify 2. Define 3. Develop 4. Evaluate 5. Test 6. Optimize 7. Communicate  What is the engineering design process? How it all Identify fits together and Define Problems Develop Communi and cate Evaluate Solutions Solutions Test and Optimize Solutions  Definitions: Identify and Define the Problem’s Criteria and Constraints Identify the problem: Identification occurs when someone realizes that a problem exists that needs to be solved. Define the problem: Definition occurs when someone realizes exactly what the problem is. For example: Students realizing that they are not getting their work handed back from the teacher is a good example of problem identification. When students realize that they are not getting work handed back because the teacher’s desk is too disorganized, they have begun to identify the problem. Criteria and Constraints Criteria are the requirements the solution must meet, such as what it must do. Constraints are the limitations on the solution, such as a maximum size or budget. Example: Identify a problem When you see a problem in the world, imagine how you might be able to solve it through engineering! Students in Mrs. Anderson’s English class are frustrated because they never get their work handed back to them. They can see their grades online, but without getting their work back, they don’t know how to improve! By noticing that their work is not being handed back, Mrs. Anderson’s students have identified a problem.  Example: Define/Specify Criteria and Constraints One way to define this problem is by talking to Mrs. Anderson. When the students ask her why they aren’t getting their work handed back, she apologizes and says that she has trouble keeping her desk organized, and sometimes misplaces assignments after they are graded. By learning that organization is the reason they are not getting their work handed back, the students have defined the problem.  Example: Define/Specify Criteria and Constraints The students decide to help Mrs. Anderson by building her a desk organizer. Based on their discussion with Mrs. Anderson and their available resources, they develop a list of criteria and constraints for the organizer. 1. Identified criteria: – Must hold 700 papers (100 x seven classes) – Must take up less than 16 x 12 inches surface area – Must be moveable 2. Identified constraints: – Must cost less than $5  Definitions: Develop and Evaluate Ideas Engineers develop ideas by thinking of possible Brainstorming! solutions to the problem. Engineers evaluate ideas by considering the pros and cons of the possible solutions.  Example: Develop ideas What possible solutions can you come up with to Mrs. Anderson’s problem? Mrs. Anderson’s students talked to each other and came up with a few different ideas, including a stack of baskets or drawers, and a box to organize file folders.  Example: Evaluate Ideas Building a stack of shelves or baskets is too expensive. The students realized this when they began looking at material prices. Since it would cost more than $5, this solution did not meet the constraints. Students realized that they could afford to build a file folder organizer, that it would be easy to move, and would not take up much room on Mrs. Anderson’s desk. Based on their evaluation of their ideas, the students realized that the file folder organizer was a good solution to the problem. Definitions: test and optimize solutions Engineers test solutions by trying them out to see how well they work. Engineers optimize solutions by paying attention to the details of their tests, and thinking of ways the design could be better. Example: Test solutions Using materials and tools given to them by the school’s woodshop teacher, the students designed a small box to hold Mrs. Anderson’s file folders. They gave it to her to try it out and see what she thought. It is very wide and the sides are short; when Mrs. Anderson puts the files in, they flop over. Example: Optimize the solution With feedback from Mrs. Anderson, the students realize that they need to redesign the box so that it holds file folders better. They made some changes: Definition: Communicate Solutions Engineers communicate their designs when they explain to others how they were designed, why they are useful, and how others might use them. Example: Communicate Solutions Mrs. Anderson loves her new desk organizer! It was so easy and inexpensive to make that the students wondered why the school didn’t provide them to all the teachers. They wanted to make more organizers for the rest of the teachers, but couldn’t afford to buy all of the supplies on their own. They created a presentation for the school principal in which they explained why their organizer was useful to teachers, and asked for the materials to build more for the rest of the faculty. The principal was impressed by the design and agreed to provide the materials.  Other Engineering Design Considerations Engineering economics Material selection Teamwork Conflicts Resolution Project scheduling and task chart Evaluating alternatives Patent, trademark, and copyright Engineering standards and codes  Engineering Economics Economics is defined as a science that deals with the making, distributing, selling and purchasing of goods and services. Economic factors always play important roles in engineering design decision making Products that are too expensive cannot be sold at a price that consumers can afford and still be profitable to the company Products must be designed to provide services not only to make our lives better but also to make good profits for the manufacturer  Material Selection Selection of materials is an important design decision Examples of properties to consider when selecting materials – Density – Ultimate strength – Flexibility – Machinability – Durability – Thermal expansion – Electrical & thermal conductivity – Resistance to corrosion  Teamwork Design team a group of individuals with complementary expertise, problem solving skills, and talent who are working together to solve a problem or achieve a common goal Employers are looking for individuals who not only have a good grasp of engineering fundamentals but who can also work well with others in a team environment  Teamwork Common Traits of Good Teams Successful teams have the following components: – The project that is assigned to a team must have clear and realistic goals. These goals must be understood and accepted by all members of the team. – The team should be made up of individuals with complementary expertise, problem solving skills, background, and talent. – The team must have a good leader. – Teamwork – The team leadership and the environment in which discussions take place should promote openness, respect, and honesty. – The team goals and needs should come before individual goals and needs.  Conflicts Resolution When a group of people work together, conflicts sometimes arise. Conflicts could be the result of – Miscommunication – Personality differences – The way events and actions are interpreted by a member of a team Managing conflicts is an important part of a team dynamic  Conflicts Resolution In managing conflicts, it is important to recognize there are three types of people: Accommodating –avoid conflicts, Allow assertive individuals to dominate, Making progress as a whole difficult, Could lead to poor team decision Compromising -Demonstrate moderate level of assertiveness and cooperation. By compromising, the team may have sacrificed the best solution for the sake of group unity Collaborative Conflict Resolution Approach - High level of assertiveness and cooperation by the team, No finger pointing, Team proposes solutions, Means of evaluation, Combine solutions to reach an ideal solution  Project Scheduling and Task Chart A process that engineering managers use to ensure that a project is completed on time and within the allocated budget  Evaluating Alternatives When a design is narrowed down to a few workable concepts, evaluation of these concepts is needed before detail design is pursued Each design would have its own evaluation criteria  Sustainability in Design Sustainability and sustainable engineering can be defined as “design and development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”  Sustainability in Design Engineers contribute to both private and public sectors of our society In private sector, they design and produce the goods and services that we use in our daily lives to allow us to enjoy a high standard of living In public sector, they support local, state, and federal mission such as meeting our infrastructure needs, energy and food security, and national defense  Sustainability in Design Increasingly, because of worldwide socioeconomic trends, environmental concerns, and earth’s finite resources, more is expected of engineers Future engineers are expected to design and provide goods and services that increase the standard of living and advance health care, while addressing serious environmental and sustainability concerns In designing products and services, engineers must consider the link among earth’s finite resources, environmental, social, ethical, technical, and economical factors Thank you!