Pharmacy Department 3rd Semester Lecture 6 PDF

Pharmacy Department 3rd Semester Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms/ Theory Lecture 6: Liquid Dosage Forms: Solution and Orally Administered Solutions By: Gasha A. Mohammed MSc. Pharmaceutical Quality by Design...

Pharmacy Department 3rd Semester Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms/ Theory Lecture 6: Liquid Dosage Forms: Solution and Orally Administered Solutions By: Gasha A. Mohammed MSc. Pharmaceutical Quality by Design BSc. Pharmacy [email protected] 2024-2025 Solution Solution is a homogenous one-phase system consisting of two or more components Simply it consist of two part Solute Solvents A solute can be a solid, liquid, or gas 2  Advantages of Solution Easy to swallow especially for pediatric and geriatric patients Rapid onset of action as dissolved drug is immediately available for GIT??? Has greater bioavailability than solid-dosage forms Avoids irritation of the Gastro intestinal tract as absorbed immediately. 3 Disadvantages of Solution Bulky and difficult to transport Difficult to mask unpleasant taste or odors Needs an accurate measuring tool to measure the dose Less stable and short shelf life than solid dosage forms? Why? Need preservative. 4 Different Types of Solution Preparations for Different Routes of Administrations Ear preparations: e.g. Garamycin ear drop Liquids for cutaneous application: lotion, liniment Eye preparations: e.g. chloramphenicol eye drops Mouth washes and gargles: e.g. Chlorhexidin mouth wash Nasal products: e.g. Xylometazoline nasal spray Oral liquids: solution, Elixir, Suspension and Emulsion Rectal preparations: e.g. Enema, and Douche Parenteral products: e.g. Normal Saline and Glucose Saline. 5 Common Excipients in Pharmaceutical Solutions  Buffers: help to control and maintain the pH of solutions, e.g. acetate, citrate, and phosphate  Sweetening agents: these agents are used for a variety of reasons, including enhancing the flavor, masking bitterness, or making a product more palatable, e.g. sucrose, liquid glucose, glycerol, sorbitol, saccharin sodium and aspartame.  Viscosity-Enhancing Agents: to affect the pourability of the formulation support accurate dose measuring ( MC,HMPC, EC,PVP, SCMC, sodium alginate)  Antioxidants: It enhance the stability of API against chemical degradation by oxidation include: Na sulphite, Na metabisulphite, Na formaldehyde sulphoxylate and ascorbic acid. Typically antioxidants are employed in low concentrations ( 0.2% w/w)  Preservatives: prevent or slow down the growth of microorganisms e. g. benzoic acid and salts (0.1–0.3%), sorbic acid and its salts (0.05–0.2%), alkyl esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid (0.001–0.2%). 6 Homework 01 Collect the information form a local pharmacy to write the name and photo of 10 product in solution dosage form: 4 for oral administration 2 for IV Use 2 for topical use 1 for eye application 1 for ear application pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 7  Choice of Solvent 1. Aqueous solutions: Water is the most widely used solvent (used as a vehicle) for pharmaceutical products. Why ? Because of its physiological compatibility and lack of toxicity What is the difference between liquid and aqueous? 2. Non-Aqueous Solutions If the drug is unstable in aqueous systems it may be necessary to use an alternative, non-aqueous solvent 8  Pharmaceutical Ingested Oral Solutions The formulation of solutions for oral administration are administered to the gastrointestinal tract to provide systemic absorption of the therapeutic agent All API’s and excipients must be physically and chemically compatible with each other Oral solution that are administered orally and ingested are:  Oral Syrups  Oral Elixirs pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 9 Oral Syrups Syrups are highly concentrated, aqueous solutions of sugar or a sugar substitute??? that traditionally contain a flavoring agent, e.g. cherry syrup, cocoa syrup, orange syrup, raspberry syrup. Simple syrup (Non-medicated syrup) is composed of an aqueous solution containing 85% sucrose Medicated syrup: Therapeutic agents may be added as the syrup is being prepared (by adding therapeutic agent to the simple syrup, the syrup called medicated syrup). pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 10 The Major Components of Syrups: Purified water Sweeteners (sucrose) or sugar substitutes (artificial sweeteners) Preservatives Flavours Colours Viscosity-modifying agents pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 11  Oral Elixirs An Elixir is a clear, hydro alcoholic solution that is formulated for oral use The concentration of alcohol required in the elixir is unique to each formulation and ensure sufficient amount within the formulation The typical components of an elixir are as follows:  Purified water  Alcohol  Co-solvents (to enhance the solubility of the therapeutic agent with the excipients)  Sweetening agents  Flavors and colors Preservatives are not required in pharmaceutical elixirs that contain greater than 12% v/v alcohol? due to the antimicrobial properties of this co-solvent Due to the volatile nature of some of the components of elixirs, elixirs should be packaged in tight containers and not stored at high temperatures. 12 Examples of Medicated Syrups Analgesics Antipyretics Antiemetic Antihistamine Antibiotics Antiviral Antitussive or Cough suppressant Expectorant Mucolytic Bronchodilators Fecal Softener 13 Pharmaceutical Solutions that Used in the Oral Cavity (Mouthwashes and Gargles) Mouthwashes and Gargles are designed for the treatment of infection and inflammation of the oral cavity 14 Mouthwashes Mouthwash: A medicated liquid used for cleaning the oral cavity and treating mucous membranes of the mouth, the most used ones are: Fluoride mouthwashes: contain sodium fluoride which helps to strengthen the teeth as well as adding extra protection against tooth decay Cosmetic mouthwashes: do not offer the same protection as other types and are used more as a means of disguising bad breath(halitosis) Antiseptic mouthwashes: contain chlorhexidine gluconate - a chemical which stops the growth of bacteria and is suitable for people with a mouth infection. Analgesic mouthwashes: contains anesthetic substances such as Lidocaine hydrochloride *Mouthwashes may cause a burning sensation in the cheeks, teeth and gums?? 15 Pharmaceutical Solutions that used to the oral Cavity (Mouthwashes and Gargles) Gargles: they are concentrated, clear solution, used in the posterior region of mouth to prevent the throat infection They are used as:  Antiseptics/ Antibacterial  Astringent  Relieve soreness in mild throat infection. 16