مهارات الكتابة والتقديم – الجزء الثاني 2024 PDF

Cairo Electronics and University Electrical Communications Faculty of Engineering Engineering Department GENG005 Writing & Presentation Skills – Part 2 ‫مهارات الكتابة والتقدمي – اجلزء الثاين‬ Lecture 1: Researc...

Cairo Electronics and University Electrical Communications Faculty of Engineering Engineering Department GENG005 Writing & Presentation Skills – Part 2 ‫مهارات الكتابة والتقدمي – اجلزء الثاين‬ Lecture 1: Research and Information Gathering ‫ البحث العلمي ومجع املعلومات‬: ‫احملاضرة األوىل‬ Sunday, November 24, 2024 ‫م‬2024 ‫ نوفمرب‬24 ‫األحد‬ Educational Objectives ‫األهداف التعليمية‬ Utilizing effective research methods to ‫استخدام أساليب حبث فعاةل مجلع املعلومات ذات الصةل‬ gatherrelevantinformationforcontent generation ‫إلنشاء احملتوى‬ Ensuring accuracy and credibility in ‫ضامن ادلقة واملصداقية يف الكتابة التقنية‬ technicalwriting Outline ‫موجز‬ َ Understanding theResearch Process ‫فهم معلية البحث العلمي‬ PlanningfortheResearch Process ‫التخطيط لعملية البحث العلمي‬ Researching atopic ‫البحث العلمي يف موضوع‬ ChoosingAppropriate Research Methods ‫اختيار طرق حبث علمي مناسبة‬ ConductingSecondaryResearch ‫اإجراء البحوث العلمية الثانوية‬ ConductingPrimaryResearch ConductingExperimental Primary Research ‫اإجراء البحوث العلمية الساسية‬ ‫اإجراء البحوث العلمية السااسية التج يربية‬  Understanding the Research Process ‫فهم معلية البحث‬ Research Goals Academic research: aims to answer scholarly questions Example Questions: To what extent do standardized tests contribute to the success of public elementary schools? What effects do violent media have on teenagers? Focus: Abstract principles and theories Methodology: Extensive secondary research (literature review) before primary research. ‫أهداف البحث‬ :‫البحث العلمي الاكدميي‬ ‫هيدف اإىل ا إلجابة عىل السئةل العلمية‬ :‫أمثةلعىل السئةل‬ ‫اإىل أي مدى تسامه الاختبارات املعيارية يف جناح املدارسالابتدائية العامة؟‬ ‫مايه التأثريات اليت ختلفها املواد الإعالمية العنيفة عىل النشء؟‬ ‫ املبادئ والنظرايت اجملردة‬:‫الرتكزي‬.‫ حبث علمي اثنوي موسع (مراجعة الدبيات) قبل البحث العلمي السايس‬:‫املهنجية‬ 2. Workplace Research aims to solve practical problems. Example Questions: Should we replace our sales staff’s notebook computers with tablets? What are the pros and cons of adopting a European-style privacy policy? Focus: Improving organizational processes and stakeholder needs. Methodology: Significant primary research ‫البحث العلمي يف ماكن العمل‬ ‫هيدف اإىل حل املشالكت العملية‬ :‫أمثةلعىل السئةل‬ ‫هل جيب علينا استبدال أهجزة المكبيوتر احملموةل ملوظفي املبيعات دلينا بأهجزة لوحية؟‬ ‫مايه إاجيابيات وسلبيات تبين سياسة اخلصوصية عىل المنط الورويب؟‬ ‫ حتسني العمليات التنظميية واحتياجات املستفيدين‬:‫الرتكزي‬ ‫ الكثري من البحث العلمي السايس‬:‫املهنجية‬ Academic vs. Workplace Research Aspect Academic Research Workplace Research Nature of Questions Abstract and theoretical Practical and situational Research Type Primarily secondary research Primarily primary research Outcome Focus Understanding principles Improving organizational effectiveness Both research types are essential but serve different purposes and use different methodologies. ‫البحث العلمي الاكدميي مقابل البحث العلمي يف ماكن‬ ‫البحث العلمي يف ماكن العمل‬ ‫العمل البحث العلمي الاكدميي‬ ‫اجلانب‬ ‫معلية وموقفية‬ ‫جمردة ونظرية‬ ‫طبيعة السئةل‬ ‫يف املقام الول حبث علمي أسايس‬ ‫يف املقاام الولحبثعلمي اثنوي‬ ‫منط البحث‬ ‫حتسني الفاعلية التنظميية‬ ‫فهم املبادئ‬ ‫تركزي النتيجة‬.‫الك المنطني من الحباث العلمية رضو يرني لوكهنام دخدمان أرراضااتختلفة وسستخدمان مهنجيات تختلفة‬  Planning for the Research Process ‫التخطيط لعملية البحث العلمي‬ Eight steps can help in developing a research plan: :‫ميكن أن تساعدك مثاين خطوات يف وضع خطة حبث علمي‬ Analyze the audience )‫حتليل امجلهور (املهمت واملستفيد من نتاجئ البحث‬ Analyze the purpose ‫حتليل الهدف‬ Analyze the subject ‫حتليل املوضوع‬ Consider the document type ‫التفكري يف منط املستند‬ Work out a schedule and a budget for the project ‫وضع جدول زمين وم ازينية للمرشوع‬ Determine what information will need to be ‫جزءا من املستند‬ ‫حتديد املعلومات اليت جيب أن تكون ا‬ part of the document ‫حتديد املعلومات اليت يلزم احلصول علهيا‬ Determine what information to acquire ‫إانشاء السئةلاليت حتتاج اإىل ا إلجابة علهيا يف املستند‬ Create questions to answer in document  Choosing Appropriate Research Methods ‫اختيار طرق حبث علمي مناسبة‬ Question-Based Research Methods ‫طرق البحث العلمي القامئة عىل السئةل‬ Research needs are diverse and different research ‫تتنوع احتياجات البحثالعلمي وتتطلب السئةل البحثية اخملتلفة طرق حبث ممزية‬ questions necessitate distinct research methods : ‫أمثةل للطرق‬ Example Methods: ،‫ لفهم التغيريات املستقبلية (عىل سبيل املثال‬:‫التنبؤات طويةل الجل‬ Long-Term Predictions: For understanding future changes (e.g., outsourcing in :‫ضع يف اعتبارك‬،)‫الاستعانة مبصادر خارجيةدلمع المكبيوتر‬ computer support), consider: ‫املقالت املنشورةيف الصحف واجملالت‬ Journal and magazine articles ‫املواقع ا إللكرتونية واملدوانتذات السمعة الطيبة‬ Reputable websites and blogs ‫ موثوقية املاحس‬،‫ لتقيمي أداء منتج معني (عىل سبيل املثال‬:‫تقيمي املنتج‬ Product Evaluation: To assess a specific :‫ ضع يف اعتبارك‬،)‫الضويئ‬ product's performance (e.g., scanner ‫البحث الثانوي‬ reliability), consider: ‫املالحظات يف مواقع البائعني‬ Secondary research ‫التقدميات اتوضيحية للمنتجات‬ Observations at vendor sites ‫املقابالت مع الزمالء‬ Product demonstrations Interviews with colleagues ‫املقارانتالتج يربية ملنتجات تختلفة‬ Experimental comparisons of different products Research Question Types ‫منط أسئةل البحث العلمي‬ Whatisthetheorybehindaprocessortechnique? ‫ما يه النظرية وراءمعلية أو تقنية معينة؟‬ Whatisthehistoryofaphenomenon? ‫ما هو اترخي الظاهرة؟‬ Howisthecurrentsituationexpectedtochange? ‫كيف من املتوقع أن يتغري الوضع احلايل؟‬ What products are available to perform a task or provide a ‫ما يه املنتجات املتاحة لداءهممة أو تقدمي خدمة؟‬ service? What are the strengths and weaknesses of competing ‫ما يه نقاط القوة والضعف يف املنتجات واخلدمات املنافسة؟‬ productsandservices? ‫ما هو املنتج أو اخلدمة اليت ييويصهبا اخلرباء؟‬ Whichproductorservicedoexpertsrecommend? ‫ما رأي املسامهني يف املنتج أو اخلدمة احلالية أو املقرتحة؟‬ What do stakeholders think about a current or proposed ‫ما يه احلقائقحول كيفية أداءالوظائفيف الرشكة؟‬ productorservice? ‫ما اذلي ميكن تعلمه حول ما تسبب يف حدوث مشلكة يف منظمة؟‬ Whatarethefactsabouthowjobsaredoneatacompany? ‫ما اذلي يعتقد املوظفونيف الرشكة أنه جيب القيام به بشأن موقف ما؟‬ What can be learned about what caused a problem in an ‫اإىل أي مدى قد يعمل املنتج أو اخلدمةيف منظمة أم مؤسسة؟‬ organization? What do personnel in a company think should be done aboutasituation? How well would a product or service work in an organization oraninstitution?  Conducting Secondary Research ‫اإجراء البحوث العلمية الثانوية‬ Objective ‫الهدف‬ To gather insights from experts and scientists ‫مجع الفاكر من اخلرباء والعلامء حول موضوع معني‬ about a specific topic ‫الغاية‬ Goal To acquire the best available information: :‫احلصول عىل أفضل املعلومات املتاحة‬ Accurate ‫دقيقة‬ Unbiased ‫غري متحزية‬ Comprehensive ‫شامةل‬ Current ‫أنية‬ Resources ‫املوارد‬ Library: Access to specialized handbooks ‫ الوصول اإىل الكتيبات املتخصصة وخدمات الاشرتاك‬:‫املكتبة‬ and subscription services Online Research: Utilize the web for ‫ الاستفادة من الويب مجلع املعلومات‬:‫البحث عرب ا إلنرتنت‬ information gathering ‫ املكتبات ادلاخلية اليت توفر بياانت هممة للعمليات‬:‫مراكز املعلومات التنظميية‬ Organizational Information Centers: Internal ‫املتخصصون يف استفسارات البحث واسرتجاع البياانت‬ libraries that provide critical data for operations Specialists for research inquiries and data retrieval ‫‪Understanding Research Tools‬‬ ‫فهم أدوات البحث العلمي‬ ‫‪Key Resources for Research‬‬ ‫‪Library Catalogs‬‬ ‫‪Contains electronic records of physical holdings: books, journals, reports, audio, and video.‬‬ ‫‪Search tips: Limit by media type, publication date, and language. Use punctuation and‬‬ ‫‪logical operators (AND, OR, NOT) for effective searching.‬‬ ‫‪Online Databases‬‬ ‫)‪Access to full-text articles and documents (e.g., ProQuest‬‬ ‫‪AI-based Tools‬‬ ‫‪The aim is to enhance the researchresources‬‬ ‫املوارد ال ئريسية للبحث العلمي‬ ‫فهرس املكتبة‬ ‫حيتوي عىل جسالت إالكرتونية للمقتنيات املادية‪ :‬الكتب واجملالت العلمية والتقارير والصوت والفيديو‪.‬‬ ‫نصاحئ البحث‪ :‬حدد نطاق البحث حسب نوع الوسائط واترخي النرش واللغة‪.‬استخدم عالمات الرتقمي وأدوات العطف املنطقية للبحث الفعال‪.‬‬ ‫قواعد البياانت عرب ا إلنرتنت‬ ‫الوصول اإىل املقالت والواثئق اكمةل النص‬ ‫قواعد البياانت املتخصصة جملالت حمددة‪.‬‬ ‫الدوات املعمتدة عىل اذلاكء الاصطناعي‬ ‫الغاية تعزيز موارد البحث العلمي‬  Conducting Primary Research ‫اإجراء البحوث العلمية الساسية‬ Objective ‫الهدف‬ Answering research questions ‫إاجابة السئةل البحثية‬ Goal Obtaining new, accurate, credible, reliable, ‫الغاية‬ and unbiased information that answers the ‫احلصول عىل معلومات جديدة دقيقة وغري متحزية ذات مصداقية وموثوقية تعد إاجابة‬ research questions which is accepted by the ‫للسئةل البحثية يقبلها اجملمتع العلمي مكسامهة يف املعرفة البرشية‬ scientific community as a contribution to humanknowledge. ‫الفئات ال ئريسية من البحوث العلمية الساسية‬ Major Primary Research Categories ‫حتليل البياانت‬ Data Analysis ‫املالحظات التوضيحية‬ Observations and Demonstrations ‫الفحوصات‬ Inspections ‫التجارب‬ Experiments ‫البحث امليداين‬ Field research ‫املقابالت‬ Interviews ‫الاستفسارات‬ Inquiries Questionnaires ‫الاستبياانت‬ Conducting Experimental Primary Research ‫اإجراء البحوث العلمية التجريبية الساسية‬ Experimental ResearchPhases ‫مراحل البحث التجرييب‬ ‫تأسيس الفرضية العلمية‬ EstablishingaHypothesis ‫اختبار الفرضية‬ TestingtheHypothesis ‫حتليل البياانت‬ AnalyzingtheData ‫تبيان البياانت‬ ReportingtheData Thank You  WRITING & PRESENTATION SKILLS Lecture 4 Visual Aids Lecture 4 Why using Visuals? Types of Visuals. General guidelines & Considerations. Why using Visuals? Some 83 percent of what we learn derives from what we see, whereas only 11 percent derives from what we hear (Gatlin, 1988). People studying a document with graphics learn about 1/3 more than people studying a document without graphics (Levie & Lentz, 1982). People remember 43 percent more when a document includes graphics (Morrison & Jimmerson, 1989). 3 Why using Visuals? Demonstrating logical and numerical relationships. Communicating spatial information. Communicating steps in a process. Saving space. 4 Types of Visuals Chemical Equations Formulas Diagram Graphs Schematics Tables Images Typographies 5 1. Equations Represent rule, statement, principle, or relationship between two expressions. Follow same formatting rules. Symbols should be previously defined or immediately below equation or formula. By convention, – All variables and terms/symbols being defined are italicized. – Abbreviations and numerals are not italicized. Frequently written on separate line from body of text and numbered sequentially. If not too large, can be integrated into text. 6  1. Equations: In Text When working with antennas, you can calculate the additional loss caused by standing waves using Equation 1: where LA = additional loss a = 10dB/10 p = (SWR−1)/(SWR+1) dB = line loss in dB when perfectly matched SWR = standing wave ratio at the load When working with antennas, you can calculate the additional loss caused by standing waves using the equation, LA = 10 log ( a2 − p2 ) /a (1 – p2 ) − dB, LA is the additional loss caused by standing waves, a is equal w to 10dB/10, SWR is the standing wave ratio at the load, p is SWR − 1 divided by SWR + 1, and dB is the loss h in dB when perfectly matched. e r e 7 2. Chemical Formulas Symbolic representations of atoms, molecules, and/or chemical reactions. Equal sign or arrow separates symbols or quantities of reactants from products. By convention, numerals and elements are not italicized. Equations can be written on separate line of text or be integrated into text. Elements can be defined in text or directly below formula. 8 2. Chemical Formulas: In Text In fuel cells, hydrogen (H) ions are combined with oxygen (O) ions to generate free electrons, and in the process, water (Equation 2). 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O (2) To rehydrate the patient suffering from gastrointestinal malaise, an IV of glucose (C6H12O6) and water (H2O) was started. 9 3. Diagrams Drawings that show the components of a mechanism, steps of a process or relationship among parts of a system. Make them only as complex as is necessary. 10 3. Diagrams: Types of View External showing external physical attributes of device. Cross-sectional describing internal parts and perhaps process of operation. Exploded describing physical attributes of internal structure, providing assembly instructions, or describing process of operation. 11 4. Graphs Also called charts or plots. Great for presenting statistical information, including sets of numbers or proportions of mathematical values. 12 4. Graphs: Common Types Line charts. Scatter charts. Bar charts. Gantt charts. Pie charts. Pictographs. 13 Line Charts Show trends in data which have an intrinsic relationship (often time or distance). Typical axes. – x-axis is independent variable. – y-axis is dependent variable. Source: “Powerhouse Companies,” Hyper-Investor Newsletter, December 2020. 14 Scatter Charts Used to show correlation. Look like line charts, but typically used with two independent variables which do not have an intrinsic relationship. Source: RandomDogData.com, accessed December 19, 2020 15 Bar (or Column) Charts Excellent tools for comparing discrete variables. Trendlines not appropriate for categorical data. Use bar chart when value labels too long to fit on horizontal axis. Source: MomIsHappy.yay, accessed December 19, 2020. 16 Gantt Charts Specialized horizontal bar charts. Used as management and production tool to track tasks and events over time. 17 Pie Charts Used to show a part-to-whole comparison 18 Pictographs Often lack precision, but more interesting visually. Source: MomIsHappy.yay, accessed December 19, 2020. 19 5. Schematics Visually represent system’s structure or the procedures involved in a process, include flowcharts and circuit diagrams 20 6. Tables Orderly arrangements of data and information in columns and rows. Note: a table is NOT a chart. Table 2 Listing of students’ purchases. Table 1 Successful students’ weekly time management. Toys Gas Source Hours/Week Food Computers Studying 50 Drink Cleaning Supplies Clubs & Extracurriculars 10 Books Videogames Cleaning Apartment 5 Travel Netflix Utilities Happiness Source: MomIsHappy.yay, accessed December 19, 2020. 21 7. Images (Photographs) Add interest, credibility, and extreme visual detail. Two precautions: make sure that photographs. – Relevant to text. – Have adequate pixel density for purpose at hand. 22 7. Image (Alteration) Enhance or emphasize visually. Alterations of photographs and images acceptable if. – Used appropriately – do not use to change meaning or reality. – Documented appropriately – acknowledge alteration in figure title (beyond minor editing like contrast, brightness, or hue). 23  8. Typographies Typography is the art of arranging letters and text in a way that makes the copy legible, clear, and visually appealing to the reader. Make conscious decisions about fonts for both text and in visuals. Choose based on increasing readability and audience comprehension. Fonts Consideration: – Serif or sans serif. – Type. – Size. – Bold. – Underline. – Italics. 24 Fonts – Serif or Sans Serif? Serif fonts have the extra curves and flourishes that make discerning the difference between letters easier, and thus make text easier to read. Use serif fonts for blocks of text (body of a report), e.g., Times New Roman. Use sans serif fonts for headings and visual cues of sections, e.g., Arial. 25  Fonts – Type? Type choice can create or undermine credibility. Avoid “artistic” fonts in technical writing, e.g., Comic Sans. Font type Example Times New Roman Visuals should be designed with audience in mind. Arial Visuals should be designed with audience in mind. Comic Sans Visuals should be designed with audience in mind. 26 Fonts – Size? Measured using term “point” (abbreviated as pt). Two things to consider. – Size should be large enough to be easily legible. – Should not be so large that it makes a bad impression. Use size to reflect hierarchy of headings. 27 8. Typographies: Emphasis Consider carefully – some methods are more effective than others. Best option is often to boldface: – BEST OPTION IS OFTEN TO BOLDFACE (looks like yelling). – Best option is often to boldface (line visually connects letters). – Best option is often to boldface. 28 8. Typographies: Special Formatting Example: Includes Mathematic Terms like corollary, definition, theorem, rule, and proposition. Often set in large and small caps when they introduce a specific corollary, definition, theorem, rule, and proposition. RULE 1. The teacher is always right. LAW 2. Entropy will increase in any closed system. DEFINITION 3. RADAR is the use of electromagnetic energy to detect and track reflective objects. 29  General guidelines & Considerations Include visuals only when needed as it should serve a purpose, just because software allows a visual choice does not make it a good one. Visuals should provide clarity, not confusion. They should be simple, uncluttered and should present a manageable amount of information. Visuals should meet readers’ format expectations. Better to develop your own visuals and avoid copying figures (especially without CITATION) 30  General guidelines & Considerations Refer to a visual in the text before it appears and integrate them. Text in visuals should match that used in body of document. Visuals should be clearly labeled (Caption=Number + title) with titles that should allow them to stand alone. Table caption go on top of visual. Figure captions go below visual. 31  General guidelines & Considerations Document when visuals contain copyrighted information. Visuals’ colors should be translated to a world of gray as they may be shared in grayscale and printed on papers. Also consider that significant proportion of population has some degree of color blindness. 1 out of 12 men 1 out of 200 women 32  Don’t : Axis Truncation Significant difference because of x- axis truncation. Same color Insufficient information in title No units 33 Don’t: 3-D Distortion Avoid using 3-D charts when it is not needed 34 Activity 4 (4 points) Download the word document. Enhance the document readability using VISUALs Upload the document again  Yasmine Fahmy THANK YOU [email protected]