Lecture 4 - The Nervous System PDF

▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan Electroencephalography (EEG) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Involves passing non-harmful radio...

▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan Electroencephalography (EEG) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Involves passing non-harmful radio Positron Emission Tomography frequencies through the brain (PET) Scan A computer measures how these signals Electroencephalography interact with brain cells and transforms this (EEG) interaction into a detailed image of the brain (or body) MRIs are used to study the structure of the brain. MRI scans show the location of structures inside the brain as well as identify tumors and sites of brain damage Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan Reveals the brain’s functioning as Electroencephalography well as its structure (EEG) Where the brain is especially active blood flows For example, as a person looks at a scene the fMRI detects blood rushing to the back of the brain, which processes visual information Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan Electroencephalography (EEG) Depicts brain activity by showing each brain area’s consumption of its chemical fuel – glucose Inject temporarily radioactive glucose – PET scan detects where this goes by locating the radioactivity Shows which spots are most active as the person performs different actions Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan Electroencephalography (EEG) Using electrodes on the scalp – it gives an amplified read-out of electrical activity waves in the brain By presenting a stimulus repeatedly and having a computer filter out the brain activity unrelated to the stimulus, one can identify the electrical wave evoked by the stimulus The Nervous System Somatic Division Peripheral Nervous Sympathetic System (PNS) Division Autonomic Division Parasympathetic Division Brain Central Nervous System (CNS) Spinal Cord ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Somatic Nervous System (SNS) ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) ▪ ▪ ▪ Sympathetic Division ▪ Parasympathetic Division ▪ ▪  Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain  Forebrain ▪ ▪ Midbrain ▪ Hindbrain  Forebrain Midbrain ▪ ▪ ▪ Hindbrain  Forebrain Midbrain ▪ Hindbrain  Cerebellum ▪ Coordinates motor movements but does not initiate voluntary movements ▪ Perform times motor responses ▪ Automatic or reflexive learning – classical conditioning Pons Medulla Oblongata  Cerebellum ▪ Functions as a bridge to transmit messages between the spinal cord and the brain ▪ Produces chemicals involved in sleep Pons Medulla Oblongata  Cerebellum ▪ Controls vital reflexes such as respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure ▪ Large amounts of alcohol or other depressants inhibit the functions of the medulla and can cause death Pons Medulla Oblongata ▪ Frontal Lobe – Parietal lobe – Temporal lobe Occipital lobe personality, perception – hearing and – processing emotions, and and sensory understanding visual motor experiences speech information behaviors ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Video ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Hypothalamus ▪ ▪ ▪ Amygdala ▪ ▪ Thalamus ▪ Hippocampus ▪ ▪ Video